Dissolution Precipitation Research Articles

A double-edged sword: Reductive soil disinfestation changes the fates of trace metal elements in soil

Although the effects of reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) in soil sterilization have been proven in several countries, the potential risks of trace metal elements (TMEs) caused by RSD require further assessment. Here, freshly Cd-spiked soil and historically contaminated greenhouse soil were exposed to RSD and the fates of TMEs, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, were investigated. All RSD treatments lasted for 21 days and subsamples were collected at different time intervals. Samples were open-air incubated for another 7 days until day 28 to simulate the situation after drainage. The bioavailability and geochemical fractionation of TMEs were investigated based on single and sequential extraction procedures and the environmental risks were assessed. The results showed that RSD increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and the content of functional groups, including Fe, Mn, and S compounds respirations increased after RSD, highlighting the possible reductive dissolution of FeMn oxides and precipitation of TMEs. The dissolution decreased the reducible fractions of TMEs and increased the acid-soluble fractions of Co, Ni, Pb, and Zn, in the European Community Bureau of Reference results, reflecting the activation of TMEs in soils. However, the precipitation of sulfate resulted in the stabilization of Cd and Cu in two types of soils, increased their residual fractions, and decreased their acid-soluble fractions and bioavailabilities. After drainage, because the influence caused by precipitation rapidly disappeared and the impact of FeMn oxides dissolution remained, the acid-solubility of TMEs was greater than their initial status in the two soils. Furthermore, as a highly toxic metal, the activation of Cd at 28 days caused the rapid increase of ecological risks, which is particularly concerning. The results suggest that RSD temporarily increases the potential risks of TMEs and that certain measures must be taken.

Iron-Carbon Interface Phenomenon and Reaction Behavior Analysis in Blast Furnace Hearth

The iron-carbon interface plays an important role in hearth, the dissection investigation of BFs was carried out to clarify the iron-carbon interface phenomenon and reaction behavior. The results show that the iron-coke interface can be divided into two types: partial coverage and overall coverage. The molten iron penetration from the interface to the center of coke is found. The hot face of residual carbon brick has obvious embrittlement layers, the pulverization phenomenon of carbon brick is observed, cracks appear in the carbon brick near the iron-carbon brick interface. Many holes in coke are filled with iron and slag, the filling rate increases as the coke moves towards the lower part of hearth. The graphitization degree of coke increases through dissolution precipitation and carbide transformation mechanism, the high graphitization of coke caused by carburization at iron-coke interface is the essential cause of coke deterioration. The flexural strength of carbon brick decreases under the alternate process of penetration and dissolution, effect of Zn. The critical temperature difference for crack generation decreases from 286°C to 208°C after the reaction, which makes it easier for the carbon brick to produce cracks. These cracks produce brittle embrittlement layers, which accelerates the erosion of carbon brick. The carburization of coke and the dissolution carburization of carbon brick are carried out simultaneously in hearth, there is a competitive carburization between iron-coke interface and iron-carbon brick interface. The methods of controlling competitive carburization are put forward to delay the erosion of carbon brick.

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Shape-Anisotropic Particles through Wet Milling Using High-Energy Mills

A high-energy ball mill, such as a planetary ball mill, is widely used for preparing a homogeneously mixed powder and reducing particle size. Because of the high impact energy generated by the collision of ball media, the planetary ball milling is expected to produce local high-temperature and high-pressure zones. In wet milling, the solubility of the material varies owing to the local and instantaneous changes caused by the collision. Consequently, mechanochemical reactions through a dissolution–precipitation mechanism can be attained without external heating. In this paper, we show the wet mechanochemical process in water to synthesize functional hydrous or hydrate materials with various shapes, including nanosheets, nanotubes, plates, flakes, rods, and nanoparticles. Morphology-controlled particles can be obtained by only adjusting the milling conditions, such as milling time, ball size, and centrifugal acceleration. Further, the products can be converted into electrode materials for Li-ion batteries, retaining the precursor morphologies. This wet mechanochemical synthesis can be also applied in a bead mill, where mass production and continuous processing are possible. The wet mechanochemical process is a new particle synthesis method that can achieve both grinding and crystal growth.

Controlling Electrolyte Properties and Redox Reactions Using Solvation and Implications in Battery Functions: A Mini‐Review

AbstractElectrolytes will play a central role in the development of next‐generation batteries with increased energy density and cycle life and reduced cost. While molecular designs can enable electrolytes with favorable properties like increased (electro)chemical stability, such properties can be manipulated additionally through the intermolecular interactions among species within the electrolyte. In this mini‐review, a number of intermolecular interactions in the electrolyte that can give rise to significant enhancement in battery functions are highlighted. The critical role of reactant and product solubility is shown in battery reactions, where increasing solubility can enable a dissolution–precipitation reaction pathway, decrease overpotential, and increase capacity. Through the intermolecular interactions among solvent, additives, and ions, the reactivity of electrolyte species can be altered significantly by either enhancing solvent (electro)chemical stability or facilitating water deprotonation in Li–O2 reactions. It is shown that incorporating redox active species in the electrolyte can reduce the reaction overpotential and enhance cycle life. Moreover, intermolecular interactions that can increase the ionic conductivity and transference number of electrolytes are identified. Finally, future opportunities are highlighted to exploit these intermolecular interactions to gain unprecedented molecular control over the electrolyte and enable next‐generation batteries.

Manganese-doped hydroxyapatite as an effective adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II)

The water polluted by lead(Pb(II)) and cadmium(Cd(II)) seriously endangers ecological safety and needs to be solved urgently. Because of the relatively low adsorption rate of pure hydroxyapatite for heavy metals, a series of manganese-doped hydroxyapatites (MnHAPs) were prepared by using manganese, a common impurity in hydroxyapatite, as a doping element to improve the adsorption performance. The structural and functional groups of the materials with different Mn/(Ca +Mn) molar ratios (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization. The presence of manganese influenced the formation and growth of hydroxyapatite crystals, resulting in lattice distortion and a large number of lattice defects in materials. Among them, manganese-doped hydroxyapatite with a Mn/(Ca +Mn) molar ratio of 10% (MnHAP-10) could most effectively remove Pb(II) and Cd(II), with the adsorption capacity of 1806.09 mg g−1 for Pb(II) at pH = 5 and 176.88 mg g−1 for Cd(II) at pH = 5.5. Then the adsorption behavior and mechanism were further researched systemically. It was concluded that the immobilization of Pb(II) by MnHAP-10 was mainly through dissolution precipitation and ion exchange, while Cd(II) was adsorbed by ion exchange and electrostatic interaction. In conclusion, MnHAP-10 has the potential to be applied as an effective adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) pollution.

Acquiring Iron-Reducing Enrichment Cultures: Environments, Methods and Quality Assessments

Lateritic duricrusts cover iron ore deposits and form spatially restricted, unique canga ecosystems endangered by mining. Iron cycling, i.e., the dissolution and subsequent precipitation of iron, is able to restitute canga duricrusts, generating new habitats for endangered biota in post-mining landscapes. As iron-reducing bacteria can accelerate this iron cycling, we aim to retrieve microbial enrichment cultures suitable to mediate the large-scale restoration of cangas. For that, we collected water and sediment samples from the Carajás National Forest and cultivated the iron-reducing microorganisms therein using a specific medium. We measured the potential to reduce iron using ferrozine assays, growth rate and metabolic activity. Six out of seven enrichment cultures effectively reduced iron, showing that different environments harbor iron-reducing bacteria. The most promising enrichment cultures were obtained from environments with repeated flooding and drying cycles, i.e., periodically inundated grasslands and a plateau of an iron mining waste pile characterized by frequent soaking. Selected enrichment cultures contained iron-reducing and fermenting bacteria, such as Serratia and Enterobacter. We found higher iron-reducing potential in enrichment cultures with a higher cell density and microorganism diversity. The obtained enrichment cultures should be tested for canga restoration to generate benefits for biodiversity and contribute to more sustainable iron mining in the region.

Composition Modulation Induced Superelasticity Over a Wide Temperature Due to Precipitate Dissolution

Composition Modulation Induced Superelasticity Over a Wide Temperature Due to Precipitate Dissolution

Gefapixant Citrate (MK-7264) Sulfonamide Step Speciation Study: Investigation into Precipitation–Dissolution Events during Addition of Chlorosulfonic Acid

Gefapixant Citrate (MK-7264) Sulfonamide Step Speciation Study: Investigation into Precipitation–Dissolution Events during Addition of Chlorosulfonic Acid

Palaeoenvironments and sequence development of the Upper Palaeogene-Lower Neogene Succession in Kirkuk, Bai Hassan and Khabaz oil Fields, Northern Iraq

Microfacies analysis of the Upper Palaeogene-Lower Neogene succession which include Jaddala, Palani, Sheikh Allas, Shurau, Tarjil, Baba, Bajwan, Ibrahim, Azkand, Anah and Jeribe formations within Kirkuk area led to the recognition of many microfacies. They were grouped into nine facies associations ranging from supratidal to basin setting. These facies associations were deposited within a rimmed shelf with a barrier reef during the Palaeogene and a steepened ramp setting with fringing patch reef during the Neogene. The digenetic imprints on the recognized microfacies are prominent and dominated by cementation, neomorphism, dolomitization, precipitation of authigenic minerals, dissolution (leaching), compaction, mechanical degredation, micritization and geopitalstractures.
 The Upper Palaeogene-Lower Neogene succession is represented by a 2nd order cycle, It includes five 3rd order cycles within the shallowing upward upper part (The highstand systems tract) of this cycle. Cycles A and B were deposited during the Oligocene and present in the wells of Kirkuk oil field and bounded below by a transgressive surface and above by Type1 sequence boundary, Cycles C and D were deposited during the Aquitanian Early Miocene and found in Khabaz Field only and bounded below and above by a Type1 sequence boundary. These cycles were formed where the tectonic component was the major controlling factor on their development, This have caused successive episodes of relative sea level rises and stillstands, followed by sea level fall. Another 3rd order cycle within the Jeribe Formation was identified at Bai Hassan and Khabaz fields, this cycle is bounded below and above by a Type1 sequence boundary and also represent a brief episode of relative sea level rise followed by a major fall eroding most of the formation.
 The development of the Upper Palaeogene-Lower Neogene succession went through three main stages. The first stage was represented by the deposition of the basinal Jaddala and Palani formations (Eocene-Early Oligocene) all over the study area. The second stage was characterized by the basin trend being to the south toward the Khabaz Field and the reef buildup was located near Kirkuk Field and an interfingering took place between the Sheikh Allas and Palani formations deposited as a 3rd order cycle (A) therefore the fore reef and reef of Sheikh Allas and the back reef Shurau were deposited as a second 3rd order cycle (B) in Kirkuk Field only whereas the deposition of the basinal facies of the Palani Formation continued in both Bai Hassan and Khabaz areas. The third stage took place during the Aquitanian Early Miocene where a positive area developed as the Baba Dome and the Bai Hassan Field were uplifted with Avanah and Khurmala domes in Kirkuk Field; therefore the Bajwan and Baba formations (Late Oligocene) became subject to erosion, and the Khabaz Field represent the area of reef buildup, and the depositional system was changed from the shelf to ramp setting. During the Langhian new transgression took place where the Bai Hassan and Khabaz areas represent a tidal flat and the Jeribe Formation was deposited, whereas the Kirkuk Field was a positive area.

Similarity-based laboratory study of CO2 huff-n-puff in tight conglomerate cores

Tight conglomerate reservoirs are featured with extremely low permeability, strong heterogeneity and poor water injectivity. CO2 huff-n-puff has been considered a promising candidate to enhance oil recovery in tight reservoirs, owing to its advantages in reducing oil viscosity, improving mobility ratio, quickly replenishing formation pressure, and potentially achieving a miscible state. However, reliable in-house laboratory evaluation of CO2 huff-n-puff in natural conglomerate cores is challenging due to the inherent high formation pressure. In this study, we put forward an equivalent method based on the similarity of the miscibility index and Grashof number to acquire a lab-controllable pressure that features the flow characteristics of CO2 injection in a tight conglomerate reservoir. The impacts of depletion degree, pore volume injection of CO2 and soaking time on ultimate oil recovery in tight cores from the Mahu conglomerate reservoir were successfully tested at an equivalent pressure. Our results showed that oil recovery decreased with increased depletion degree while exhibiting a non-monotonic tendency (first increased and then decreased) with increased CO2 injection volume and soaking time. The lower oil recoveries under excess CO2 injection and soaking time were attributed to limited CO2 dissolution and asphaltene precipitation. This work guides secure and reliable laboratory design of CO2 huff-n-puff in tight reservoirs with high formation pressure.

Separation of tungsten and cobalt from cemented tungsten carbide by rapid breakdown anodization

Cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) has been used as an important industrial material and secondary resource of tungsten (W) and cobalt (Co). The recycling methodology of WC-Co scraps has drawn much attention because the recovery of strategic metals such as W and Co are critical. Here, rapid breakdown anodization (RBA) was applied for the first time to the conversion of WC-Co into high-purity hydrated tungsten oxide (WO3-H2O) up to 99.99 wt% and pure Co metal up to 90.43 wt% by using WC-Co as a sacrificial anode. Effective cobalt leaching was achieved in acidic aqueous solution without encountering anodic passivation issue due to the successful removal of tungsten oxidation layer during the electro-dissolution of WC-Co. Based on the particle formation mechanism of RBA, a two-stage reaction was confirmed, including electrochemical dissolution and chemical precipitation. The high purity of recovered WO3-H2O powders was realized by using high current density and high electrolyte concentration. We demonstrate that RBA is a new pathway for effective and environmentally-friendly WC-Co recycling with a significantly simplified process compared to conventional hydrometallurgical methods.

Low-Temperature Synthesis Approach for Calcium Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Titanium Substrate

In this study, a low-temperature synthetic approach was developed for the fabrication of calcium hydroxyapatite (CHAp) coatings on a titanium substrate. The titanium substrates were first coated with CaCO3 by a spin-coating technique using a sol–gel chemistry approach, and the obtained product was transformed into CHAp during a dissolution–precipitation reaction. The phase purity and structural and morphological features of the obtained CHAp coatings were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and using a 3D optical profilometer. It was demonstrated that almost-single-phase CHAp formed on the titanium substrate with a negligible number of side phases, such as Na2HPO4 (starting material) and TiO2. In the Raman spectrum of the CHAp coating, the peaks of phosphate group vibrations were clearly seen. Thus, the obtained results of Raman spectroscopy correlated well with the results of X-ray diffraction analysis. The corrosive behaviour of CHAp coatings on a titanium substrate was also evaluated using electrochemical methods. It was found that the corrosion resistance of titanium coated with CHAp increased significantly. These CHAp thin films may be potential candidates for use in not only in regenerative medicine but also in the development of different sensors.

Single Crystallization of Cs4PbBr6 Perovskite from Supersaturated Organic Solutions Optimized Through Solubility Studies.

We demonstrate the fabrication of millimeter-sized single crystals of 0D-Cs4PbBr6 grown in a supersaturated solution consisting of organic solvents without HBr (aq). One of the precursors, CsBr, was dissolved in ethylene glycol (EG) mixed with dimethyl sulfoxide, which is a good solvent for the other precursor, PbBr2. At a solvent ratio of 20 vol % EG, the solubility of cesium bromide decreased and the title compound, Cs4PbBr6, was selectively formed, whereas, with an EG ratio of 80 vol %, 3D-CsPbBr3 was formed. A phase diagram (solubility curve) of Cs4PbBr6 in the mixed solvent containing 20 vol % EG was obtained by visually observing dissolution and crystal precipitation while changing the temperature. Because the solubility was proportional to the temperature, the solubility curve demonstrated an upper critical solution phenomenon. The solubility near the boiling point of the solution (150 °C) was approximately 0.14 M. A single crystal of Cs4PbBr6 was formed by growing a seed crystal in a supersaturated solution on the low-temperature side of the solubility curve. X-ray analysis established the crystal structure; a fluorescence emission at 520 nm with a full width at half maximum of 20 nm confirms the composition of the single crystal to be Cs4PbBr6.

Characterization of Microstructural Evolution in Heat-Affected Zone of Cu-Bearing Ultra-High-Strength Steel with Lamellar Microstructure.

The advanced lamellar microstructure significantly improves the toughness of Cu-bearing ultra-high strength steel by delamination toughening (yield strength: 1370 MPa, impact toughness at -40 °C: 60 J). The lamellar microstructure affects the microstructure evolution of heat-affected zone (HAZ), resulting in separate distributions of lath martensite and granular bainite in the complete austenitizing zone and the formation of cluster fresh martensite in the partial austenitizing zone. The grain refinement and decrease in dislocation density are predominant features, especially for the complete austenitizing zone, where the grain is refined to 4.33 μm, and dislocation density is decreased by 27%. With the degree of austenitizing increase, the dissolution of Cu-rich precipitates (CRPs) aggravates during welding. A small fraction of CRPs in the complete austenitizing zone implies the onset of reprecipitation of CRPs. The reason for softening in HAZ is attributed to a combined effect of granular bainite forming, dislocation density decreasing, and CRPs dissolving. After PWTH, large numbered reprecipitation of coherent CRPs occurs, contributing to the hardness recovery of HAZ. Meanwhile, due to the high density of dislocation of lamellar microstructure inherited by partial austenitizing zone, coarsening of coherent CRPs is easy to occur, and various incoherent structures are observed.

Effect of Fe3+ and/or PO43– Doping on the Electrochemical Performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

An Fe3+/PO43– codoped LiNi0.5Mn1.4667Fe0.02P0.0133O4 sample has been prepared by a coprecipitation–hydrothermal method followed by two-step calcination. A novel wet chemical route, using FeSO4 rather than Fe2(SO4)3 as the Fe3+ source and NaH2PO4 as the PO43– source, is adopted to obtain uniform codoping of Fe3+ and PO43– ions in a carbonate precursor according to the precipitation–dissolution–transformation mechanism. For comparison, Fe3+-doped and PO43–-doped samples have been also synthesized via the same route. The effects of Fe3+/PO43– codoping and single doping on the crystalline structure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 are investigated. Compared with pristine and single doped samples, the codoped sample shows better electrochemical performance, with a specific discharge capacity of 125.2 mAh g–1 at 10 C and a capacity retention rate of 85.9% after 200 cycles at 1 C, under the synergy of Fe3+/PO43– codoping, including enhanced crystallinity, decreased Mn3+ content, significantly reduced primary particle size and secondary agglomeration, as well as the appearance of (110) surfaces in truncated octahedral primary particles.

Solvent based dissolution–precipitation of waste polyethylene terephthalate: economic and environmental performance metrics

Evaluating six economic and two environmental performance metrics for recycling of waste PET via solvent-based dissolution–precipitation processes.

Three-Way Coupled Modeling Evaluates CO2 Sequestration in Depleted Reservoir

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 206156, “Importance of Three-Way Coupled Modeling for Carbon-Dioxide Sequestration in a Depleted Reservoir,” by Prasanna Chidambaram, SPE, Pankaj K. Tiwari, SPE, and Parimal A. Patil, SPE, Petronas, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ Three major depleted gas reservoirs in the Central Luconia field offshore Sarawak, Malaysia, are being evaluated for future carbon-dioxide (CO2) storage. A three-way coupled modeling approach that integrates dynamic, geochemistry, and geomechanics models is used to obtain the cumulative effect of all three changes. This integrated model provides a more-accurate estimate of CO2 storage capacity, caprock-integrity evaluation, CO2-plume migration path, and volume of CO2 stored through different mechanisms. Background The CO2 storage sites being evaluated are depleted gas reservoirs that have been in production for a few decades. At the end of their producing life, they have the potential to be converted into CO2 storage sites. The Central Luconia sedimentary basin is in a seismic-free zone with limited faults and consists of shale interbedded with high-sand-content sediment, making it ideal for CO2 storage. These reservoirs provide the required geological characteristics and volume needed to ensure long-term CO2 storage in a safe and economical way. The depleted gas reservoirs have an in-place volume of approximately 1.5–3 Tscf. Their thickness ranges from 100 to 150 m, with a porosity of 15–32% and permeability of 10–1600 md. These fields are believed to be supported by a regional aquifer several thousand feet thick. Large seafloor subsidence has been observed in these reservoirs. Storage-Capacity Estimation Storage capacity of a depleted hydrocarbon reservoir is affected by several factors including voidage created; aquifer influx and efflux during the production and CO2-injection phases, respectively; maximum injection pressure; rock compressibility; and geochemical effects. Depending on which of these factors are prominent in the storage reservoir, CO2-storage capacity may be estimated using a simple material-balance model or may require a more-complex approach to capture these effects. Use of the Three-Way Coupled Model Injected CO2 is anticipated to react with reservoir rock, leading to either dissolution of reservoir rock or precipitation of solids that are products of the geochemical reactions, causing a net change in porosity and permeability. With regard to geomechanical effects, uplift is anticipated to occur during CO2 injection. The degree to which subsidence is reversed depends on whether compaction of the reservoir is fully elastic or if plastic deformation has occurred. During production, reduction in porosity and permeability has occurred because of subsidence. Conventional or stand-alone reservoir simulation does not capture geochemical and geomechanical effects. Hence, it is critical to use an integrated model that captures the effects of dynamic, geochemical, and geomechanical changes caused by CO2 injection in order to evaluate suitability of the reservoir for long-term CO2 storage. A three-way coupled modeling approach that integrates dynamic, geochemistry, and geomechanics models provides a more-accurate estimate of CO2 storage capacity, along with estimation of subsidence. In three-way coupled modeling, the dynamic model is at the center, which passes input parameters to the geochemical and geomechanical models. Once it receives updated porosity and permeability values back from the geochemical and geomechanical models, the dynamic model incorporates these changes before proceeding to the next simulation timestep.

A sustainable one-pot method to transform seashell waste calcium carbonate to osteoinductive hydroxyapatite micro-nanoparticles.

We have developed a straightforward, one-pot, low-temperature hydrothermal method to transform oyster shell waste particles (bCCP) from the species Crassostrea gigas (Mg-calcite, 5 wt% Mg) into hydroxyapatite (HA) micro/nanoparticles. The influence of the P reagents (H3PO4, KH2PO4, and K2HPO4), P/bCCP molar ratios (0.24, 0.6, and 0.96), digestion temperatures (25-200 °C), and digestion times (1 week-2 months) on the transformation process was thoroughly investigated. At 1 week, the minimum temperature to yield the full transformation significantly reduced from 160 °C to 120 °C when using K2HPO4 instead of KH2PO4 at a P/bCCP ratio of 0.6, and even to 80 °C at a P/bCCP ratio of 0.96. The transformation took place via a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism driven by the favorable balance between HA precipitation and bCCP dissolution, due to the lower solubility product of HA than that of calcite at any of the tested temperatures. Both the bCCP and the derived HA particles were cytocompatible for MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells and m17.ASC murine mesenchymal stem cells, and additionally, they promoted the osteogenic differentiation of m17.ASC, especially the HA particles. Because of their physicochemical features and biological compatibility, both particles could be useful osteoinductive platforms for translational applications in bone tissue engineering.

Substitution of dicarboxylate ions as succinate ion in lsquo;Apatite Worldrsquo;

In crystal chemistry, the apatite crystals is prepared by the dissolution precipitation reaction reaction, which led to HAP (hydroxyapatite; Ca10(PO4)6.(OH)2) nanocrystals formation under hydrothermal condition from OCP (octacalcium phosphate; Ca8(HPO4)2.(PO4)4.5H2O) at 180℃ for 3 hours with adjusted 5.5 pH range. The prepared solution is incorporating to dicarboxylate as succinate (OOC.(CH2)2.COO)2- ions. During incorporating of succinate ions in OCP crystals, the hydrogen phosphate (HPO42-) ions in the hydrated layers of OCP are being substituted by succinate ions. These organically modified OCP which generated to HAP have unique hexagonal nanostructure with micrometer thickness are characterized by reporting of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and Scherrer’s equation as well.

Dissolution–precipitation synthesis and thermal stability of magnesium whitlockite

Thermally induced degradation and phase transformation of magnesium whitlockite (Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12) powders were investigated in detail by combining XRD analysis, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy as well as 1H and 31P NMR.