Dissolution Of Carbonate Rocks Research Articles

Soil Calcium Speciation at Different Geomorphological Positions in the Yaji Karst Experimental Site in Guilin, China

Abstract: Limestone soil in karst areas is the product of weathering and carbonate rock dissolution in tropical and subtropical regions. Limestone soil in karst regions has a Ca-rich alkaline geochemical environment, but the characteristics of calcium speciation in limestone soil remain unclear. Here, to study changes in calcium speciation in soil across seasons in a karst area, different geomorphological positions and soil samples were collected from the Yaji karst experimental site. Using European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) methods, we analyzed and discuss soil calcium speciation and seasonal migration characteristics. We found that total soil Ca content was 2.80–11.75 g kg-1, with an average of 5.25±0.68 g kg-1 (mean±SE). The order of content of each Ca speciation is extractable-Ca>reducible-Ca>residual-Ca>oxidizable-Ca. In addition to oxidizable-Ca, other Ca species had a positive correlation with total calcium. The calcium content and various forms of calcium content decreased gradually with...

Inorganic carbon flux and its source in the karst catchment of Maocun, Guilin, China

New findings have shown that the contribution of carbonate weathering to the atmospheric CO2 sink is far greater than previous estimates, through the combined action of carbonate dissolution, the global water cycle, and photosynthetic uptake of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). However, in order for calculations to be accurate, any carbon source effect should be deducted from the overall carbon sink. In this study, we carried out high temporal resolution monitoring of flow and hydrochemistry within the Xiaolongbei (XLB) silicate catchment and Beidiping (BDP) carbonate catchment for 1 year. We found the dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations to be higher in BDP than in XLB, and the annual inorganic carbon fluxes in BDP are roughly 23.8 times higher than those in XLB. Similarly, the rate of carbonate rock dissolution is much higher than the rate of silicate rock dissolution. We find carbonate rock dissolution to respond rapidly to rainfall events, and it is sensitive to rainfall changes on hourly, diurnal, and seasonal scales. The high rate of carbonate rock dissolution gives rise to the high concentrations of DIC, Ca, Mg, and to the high inorganic carbon flux in this basin. Differences between the theoretical and calculated contributions of atmospheric and soil CO2 to the DIC are possibly due to CO2 outgassing.

A large-scale simulation model to assess karstic groundwater recharge over Europe and the Mediterranean

Abstract. Karst develops through the dissolution of carbonate rock and is a major source of groundwater contributing up to half of the total drinking water supply in some European countries. Previous approaches to model future water availability in Europe are either too-small scale or do not incorporate karst processes, i.e. preferential flow paths. This study presents the first simulations of groundwater recharge in all karst regions in Europe with a parsimonious karst hydrology model. A novel parameter confinement strategy combines a priori information with recharge-related observations (actual evapotranspiration and soil moisture) at locations across Europe while explicitly identifying uncertainty in the model parameters. Europe's karst regions are divided into four typical karst landscapes (humid, mountain, Mediterranean and desert) by cluster analysis and recharge is simulated from 2002 to 2012 for each karst landscape. Mean annual recharge ranges from negligible in deserts to > 1 m a−1 in humid regions. The majority of recharge rates range from 20 to 50% of precipitation and are sensitive to subannual climate variability. Simulation results are consistent with independent observations of mean annual recharge and significantly better than other global hydrology models that do not consider karst processes (PCR-GLOBWB, WaterGAP). Global hydrology models systematically under-estimate karst recharge implying that they over-estimate actual evapotranspiration and surface runoff. Karst water budgets and thus information to support management decisions regarding drinking water supply and flood risk are significantly improved by our model.

Origin and recharge mechanisms of groundwater in the upper part of the Awaj River (Syria) based on hydrochemistry and environmental isotope techniques

The Barada and Awaj basin is the most important and extensively used water basin in Syria. Chemical and isotopic data of groundwater have been used to determine the spatial distribution of hydrogeological features in the upper part of Awaj River catchment area located southwest of this basin. Hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater reveals the domination of dissolution/precipitation mechanisms in these very complex stratigraphic sequences. The dissolution of carbonate rocks as well as reverse cation exchange processes seem to be the main factors controlling groundwater mineralization. The isotopic composition of precipitation and groundwater indicate that the modern-day atmospheric precipitation is the main source of groundwater recharge before an important evaporation occurred. The isotopic data also imply an existence of hydraulic connection between the different aquifers system. The results obtained allowed us to delineate two main spatial groundwater zones within the study area with different flow components. The south, central and eastern parts are considered to be one zone which is characterised by a shallow horizontal flow associated with active interaction between groundwater and hosting rocks. The nitrate concentrations in this zone are attributed to anthropogenic sources. The second zone consists in south-western, western and north-western parts where the karstic features are well developed mainly in the Jurassic strata. This zone is characterized by a high vulnerability to pollution confirmed by high values of nitrate coming from sewage water. The deep vertical groundwater flow component seems to be dominant in this zone and is controlled by fractures and geological structures.

Changes in porosity, permeability, water retention curve and reactive surface area during carbonate rock dissolution

Chemical reactions between fluids and the solid phase change porous media by dissolution and precipitation processes that modify the pore space geometry and associated hydraulic and chemical properties (saturated and relative permeability, porosity, capillary pressure curve, pore size distribution, reactive surface area). Knowledge of these properties and how they evolve with time is important for understanding and modelling multi-phase flow or reactive transport. Most published studies for reservoir rocks concentrate on the changes of porosity and saturated liquid permeability, but few data are available on the other parameters, and even less on their evolution during interaction with acidic solutions.We investigate the joint evolution of transport parameters of sedimentary carbonate rocks upon reaction with dilute acid (HCl). We first characterize the initial permeability, porosity and pore size distribution. We then attack the rock samples by permeation with HCl (pH3.5 or 4.1) and characterize them again after partial dissolution. Several dissolution-characterization cycles were performed on each sample in order to study the evolution and interaction of the different parameters.In two coarse calcite cores C1 (dissolved at pH3.5) and C2 (pH4.1) with high initial permeability, significant dissolution occurred only in pores with diameters greater than 0.022mm. Permeability increased very little even though porosities increased by 2.6–5.8%. In fine-grained dolomite cores, dissolution affected a broader range of pore sizes, down to 0.001mm in D1 (pH3.5), and down to 0.0066mm in D2 (pH4.1). A wormhole broke through in D1 after percolation of only 5000 pore volumes of acid. Effective reactive surface areas decreased by a factor of 240–250 in the cores dissolved at pH3.5, but only by a factor of 2–25 in the cores dissolved at pH4.1. A simple 1-D model was unable to simulate the evolution of the reactive surface during wormhole formation. Effective reactive surface area correlated negatively with permeability, and was consistent with the geometric area of the pores that carried most flux, which was calculated from the retention curves.

Hydrogeochemical characteristics in karst subterranean streams: a case history from Chongqing, China

Karst subterranean streams are important water resources and life-support systems in karst areas and hydrogeochemistry research is an indispensable tool for karst aquifer protection. There are approximately 380 known subterranean streams in the Chongqing area, which are a fundamental groundwater resource. Hydrogeochemical analysis of 84 karst subterranean streams in Chongqing indicated that the solutes mainly came from the dissolution of carbonate rock (using the Gibbs diagram) and most subterranean streams are influenced by the anthropogenic processes. Also, the hydrochemical characteristics showed clear regional effects in natural background chemistry and human impacts. The calcite content decreases and the dolomite content increase from Triassic to Cambrian carbonate rock (except in the Permian carbonate rock), so that subterranean streams that developed in the Cambrian carbonate rock have the highest Mg2+ concentration. Karst subterranean streams that developed in the Permian strata displayed the lowest Mg2+ concentration due to the lowest dolomite concentration in Permian strata. Under the same geological settings, major hydrochemical parameters of karst subterranean streams showed significant diversity across regions as a result of the varying intensity of human activities. Utilizing the Gibbs diagram, it is concluded the karst subterranean streams are deteriorating under the impact of industry activities, agriculture activities and city sewage.

Textural features and isotope geochemistry of the Scillato travertine (north-central Sicily): genetic implications

The travertine deposit, outcropping near the Scillato town (north-central Sicily), was originated by precipitation of calcium carbonate from the Scillato springs, documented as bicarbonateenriched waters due to dissolution of the Madonie mountains carbonate rocks. This deposit is today well represented by the Travertine Cave, essentially constituted by stalactites and stalagmites in which travertine typically appears laminated with alternation of light and dark laminae. Mineralogical analysis have revealed the almost exclusive presence of calcite and observation under the polarized-light microscope showed different textural features, like presence of debris and porous portions, micritic portions, and crystalline concretionated portions. The morphologic and textural features allow to conclude that the Travertine Cave formed in a waterfall depositional environment in which vegetation and cyanobacteria played a key role. Moreover, the carbon and oxygen stable isotopes determination has provided δ18O and δ13C values varying in correspondence of alternating laminae, suggesting that calcium carbonate precipitation is seasonally controlled.

Anti-correlated Porosity–Permeability Changes During the Dissolution of Carbonate Rocks: Experimental Evidences and Modeling

The dissolution of carbonate rocks usually leads to both porosity $$(\phi )$$ and permeability $$(k)$$ increase. We present experimental evidences and physical-based models of positive and anti-correlated dynamics of $$k$$ and $$\phi $$ observed during dissolution experiments of carbonate rocks. We study the way the rate of change of $$\phi $$ and $$k$$ is controlled by the degree of undersaturation of the percolating solution for two different types of carbonate rocks. We document the occurrence of an anti-correlated $$k-\phi $$ trend when the flowing fluid (deionized water) has a weak capacity of dissolution. A positive correlation is found when $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ is added to the deionized water to increase the potential dissolution rate. Detailed analyses of the microstructures of the rock performed by X-ray microtomography reveal that low dissolution rate favors detachment of solid particles and their subsequent accumulation at the pore-throat inlet. Particles are detached from the rock matrix due to the differential dissolution rate of the indurated grains and the microporous cement. We then propose a simple phenomenological model to interpret the effect of the pore-throat clogging by the accumulation of partially dissolved carbonate particles. We conjecture that permeability is controlled by the decrease of the effective hydraulic radius and the increase of the tortuosity due to partial and localized obstruction of the pore network. Conversely, increasing the level of undersaturation of the flowing solution leads to an augmented potential of dissolving most of the transported particles before they reach the throats. In this case, both $$k$$ and $$\phi $$ increase and display power-law correlations.

Rock dissolution patterns and geochemical shutdown of –brine–carbonate reactions during convective mixing in porous media

AbstractMotivated by the process of $\text{CO}_{2}$ convective mixing in porous media, here we study the formation of rock-dissolution patterns that arise from geochemical reactions during Rayleigh–Bénard–Darcy convection. Under the assumption of instantaneous chemical equilibrium, we adopt a formulation of the local reaction rate as a function of scalar dissipation rate, a measure that depends solely on flow and transport, and chemical speciation, which is a measure that depends only on the equilibrium thermodynamics of the chemical system. We use high-resolution simulations to examine the interplay between the density-driven hydrodynamic instability and the rock dissolution reactions, and analyse the impact of geochemical reactions on the macroscopic mass exchange rate. We find that dissolution of carbonate rock initiates in regions of locally high mixing, but that the geochemical reaction shuts down significantly earlier than shutdown of convective mixing. This early shutdown feature reflects the important role that chemical speciation plays in this hydrodynamics–reaction coupled process. Finally, we extend our analysis to three dimensions and explore the morphology of dissolution patterns in three dimensions.

A study of the characteristics of karst groundwater circulation based on multi-isotope approach in the Liulin spring area, North China

Due to the significance of karst groundwater for water supply in arid and semi-arid regions, the characteristics of the karst groundwater flow system in the Liulin spring area, North China, are analysed through isotopic tracing (δ2H, δ18O, δ13C and 3H) and dating approaches (14C). The results show that the primary recharge source of karst groundwater is precipitation. Evaporation during dropping and infiltration of rainfall results in a certain offset in the values of δ2H and δ18O in groundwater samples from the global meteoric water line (GMWL) and the local meteoric water line (LMWL). The altitudes of the recharge region calculated by δ18O range from 1280 to 2020 m above sea level, which is consistent with the altitudes of the recharge area. The Liulin spring groups could be regarded as the mixing of groundwater with long and short flow paths at a ratio of 4:1. In the upgradient of the Liulin spring, the groundwater represents modern groundwater features and its is mainly derived from dissolution of soil CO2, while in the downgradient of the Liulin spring, the 14C age of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in groundwater shows an apparent increase and is mainly derived from the dissolution of carbonate rocks. The mean flow rate calculated by 14C ages of DIC between IS10 and IS12 is 1.23 m/year.

The contribution of karstic rocks to soil quality, Ioannina plain (Epirus, Hellas)

Soil is a significant link to the food chain as trace elements and compounds are provided, directly or indirectly, to plants, animals and people. In certain areas, soil quality depends mainly on karstic rocks, such as limestone and dolomite, on which a certain type of ecosystem (karst ecosystem), is developed.Ioannina plateau in NW Hellas constitutes a large karstic basin. According to the analytical results of 112 soil samples from the plain to the north-west of the city of Ioannina, a 100km2 area, which is part of the same karstic system (polje) there is a sufficient amount of samples with over 4% of CaCO3 in about 23.20% of the sampled area. The highest values of CaCO3, water extractable and exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations, bicarbonate (HCO3−), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and pH are observed specifically in a NW–SE trending zone near to the foothills of the limestone of Mitsikeli mountain. This is mainly due to the higher supply of material, derived from the dissolution of carbonate rocks, transportation and deposition of CaCO3 of soil originating from the Mitsikeli mountain. The foothills of Mitsikeli mountain are enriched in the detritus derived from the weathering of limestone, and subsequent fluvial erosion and deposition of the calcium carbonate detritus downstream. The transport capacity of the many streams, that drain the slopes of Mitsikeli mountain, is increased, because the inclination is up to 30° and, therefore, with concurrent increase in the supply of such sediments in the eastern part of the Ioannina polje. Thus, the quality of soil in this NW–SE trending zone is definitely improved, mainly because of the supply of calcium carbonate from the aforementioned karst structure, resulting in the development of good quality soil for agricultural use and, consequently, in the development of karst ecosystem.

A comparative study of soil carbon transfer between forest soils in subtropical karst and clasolite areas and the karst carbon sink effect in Guilin, Guangxi, China

Elucidating soil carbon cycle in karst areas has been a major research focus, while the relationship between karst soil carbon transfer and karst carbon sinks is unclear. A comparative study of soil respiration rates, δ13C values of CO2 from soil respiration, and CO2 concentrations in forest soil layers was conducted from September 2006 to August 2008 between karst and clasolite areas of the Maocun karst underground river catchment. The main results are as follows: (1) the soil respiration rate in limestone soil from the karst area is apparently lower than that in red soil from the clasolite area. The soil respiration rate in the karst area varied from 23.12 to 271.26 mgC/m2 h, with an average of 111.57 mgC/m2 h, while the soil respiration rate in the clasolite area varied from 51.60 to 326.28 mgC/m2 h, with an average of 148.99 mgC/m2 h. Taking the averages into account, the soil respiration rate in limestone soil was 25.12 % less than that in red soil; (2) the δ13C values of soil respiration in the karst and clasolite areas were −29.35 to −18.26‰ and −29.21 to −22.60‰, respectively, with respective mean values of −22.68 and −26.21‰. The δ13C value of soil respiration in the karst area was heavier than that in the clasolite area; (3) the CO2 concentration of limestone soil profiles had a bi-directional gradient, which was more obvious in seasons with good moisture and air temperature conditions. In contrast, the CO2 concentration of red soil profile had a uni-directional gradient, that is to say, the deeper the red soil layer, the higher the CO2 concentration. Taking into account the mean values of CO2 concentration, the CO2 concentration of limestone soil ranged between 0.05 and 0.60 %, with an annual average of 0.25 %. The CO2 concentration of red soil ranged between 0.05 and 1.09 %, with an annual average of 0.57 %, which indicated that the lower soil layer CO2 could be consumed and absorbed by carbonate rock dissolution at the soil/rock interface in the karst area. In other words, karst processes in soil represented one of the carbon sinks.

The impact of hydrogeochemical processes on karst groundwater quality in arid and semiarid area: a case study in the Liulin spring area, north China

Karst groundwater is the major source of water supply for economic development and drinking water in Liulin spring area, north China. Thus, karst groundwater quality and its variation have aroused wide public concern. The primary hydrogeochemical processes that dominate karst groundwater quality, including dissolution of carbonate rocks and evaporite, mixing, and dedolomitization, are analyzed by hydrogeochemical method in combination with multivariate statistical theory and computer simulation technology. The results show that the redox state of groundwater environment transforms gradually from oxidation state to reducing state with increasing temperature and total dissolved solids (TDS) and decreasing pH value along flow path. The hydrogeochemical types of groundwater range from HCO3-Ca·Mg to Cl·SO4-Na. The Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3 − in karst groundwater mainly originate from dissolution of calcite and dolomite. Dissolution of calcite occurs in infiltration of rainfall into soils and unsaturated zones and then reaches to saturation before arriving groundwater level. Though saturation index of dolomite (SID) is greater than 0 in most of the samples, dolomite still dissolves along flow path due to the dedolomitization. The SO4 2− derives basically from the dissolution of gypsum rather than oxidation of pyrite. The dissolution of gypsum causes dedolomitization that increases the concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO4 2− while the concentration of HCO3 − has smaller changes. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl− are mainly controlled by dissolution of halite. The enrichment of Na+ relative to Cl− in most samples may result from leakage of surface water enriched Na+ and dissolution of mirabilte fragments.

Continental runoff of solid matter as a source of dissolved calcium in the ocean

It was found in the experiments that the transfer of calcium from the solid phase to the dissolved state took place under the interaction of terrigenous matter (bottom sediments from the freshwater lake) with the solutions modeling the interstitial waters of the sediments of high-productive regions of the ocean. This calcium might later bind the autochthonous CO2 formed in the ocean under the oxidation of organic matter. According to the data of the three-week experiment, 1 g of the terrigenous matter evolved on average ∼2.3 mg Ca2+ into interstitial solutions, which conforms to the involving of exclusively surface layers of the grains of the solid phase into the reaction. In view of the true rate of halmyrolysis of the grains of terrigenous silicates (a few μm/year), at the value of the continental runoff of solid matter being equal to 16 billion t/year, the amount of dissolved calcium supplied to the ocean as a result of the transformation of the terrigenous sedimentary matter at the stage of diagenesis amounts to 250–440 million t/year and over. These values are 3- to 5-fold higher that the amount of calcium in the continental runoff of dissolved matter supplied by the erosion of silicates and capable of forming carbonate sediments in the ocean under the interaction with autochthonous CO2, unlike the calcium that is product of the dissolution of carbonate rocks.

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of Karst Aquifer from a semi-arid region of Southern India and impact of rainfall recharge on groundwater chemistry

The highly heterogeneous and anisotropic property of karst aquifers is a result of the dissolution and karstification of carbonate rocks. Hydrogeochemical evolution and possible water–rock interaction is therefore discussed through spatial and temporal variations in physico–chemical variables of groundwater. Samples were collected both from spring and bore wells. Dissolution of carbonate minerals is the main source of major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3−) in the water. Agricultural activities cause an increase in the concentration of pollution-related ions (nitrates, sulphates, chlorides, etc.). The variability of water chemistry was discussed in terms of different processes like dilution and water–rock interactions, etc. The study reveals a pronounced seasonal hydrochemical variation in the limestone aquifer. In general, the karst groundwater is of Ca–Mg–HCO3 type. Hydrogeochemical signature also helped to analyse the recharge types in the area. The semi-arid climate of the area also contributes to the increase of concentration of certain ions.

An attempt to evaluate the recharge source and extent using hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes in North Henan Plain, China

A thorough understanding of groundwater recharge source, particularly its rate, is usually a prerequisite for effective water resources management. In this paper, we report the impact of Yellow River water seepage from the North Henan Plain, using both hydrogeochemical and stable isotopic analysis data. Seven Yellow River water samples, 10 groundwater samples from a river-parallel transect, and 36 groundwater samples from four different perpendicular transects to the Yellow River in the western, middle, and eastern plain were collected and analyzed. It inferred that cation exchange of Ca(2+) and/or Mg(2+) for Na(+) occurred in groundwaters because of the dissolution of carbonate rocks. The hydrogeochemical results indicate that western piedmont lateral groundwater and the Yellow River are both important sources of groundwater recharge for the western transect of the North Henan Plain, while the former is a greater recharge source for the middle transect, and the latter is a greater recharge source for the eastern transect. Stable isotope data support Yellow River water incursion into the groundwater. The approximate distance (based on chloride concentration) from the Yellow River to border of the impact zone is17.43-23.40km in the western plain, 52.46km in the middle plain, and 49.82km in the eastern plain.

Origin and carbon isotope fractionation of CO2 in marine sour gas reservoirs in the Eastern Sichuan Basin

According to gas chemical and carbon isotopic compositions for 75 gas samples from the Eastern Sichuan Basin, C1–C3 gaseous hydrocarbons are dominant with high dryness coefficient (C1/C1–3=0.99–1.0). Despite the presence of various contents of H2S and CO2, a reasonably good positive correlation is exhibited when both contents are>5%. The carbon dioxide in the natural gas in the Eastern Sichuan Basin mainly originated from carbonate dissolution by acid gases and thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). The content of CO2 produced at the early stage of acid gas dissolution is commonly<5%, with δ13CCO2 value<−3.0‰. However, when the CO2 content exceeds 5%, the δ13CCO2 values range from −8‰ to +2‰, and the CO2 and H2S contents demonstrated a positive correlation. The majority of CO2 is generated via TSR as well as acid gas dissolution during the late uplift of the basin. Particularly, the CO2 with δ13CCO2 value<−3‰ is primarily the residual CO2 generated via the TSR after it was partially precipitated to form calcite, while the CO2 with δ13CCO2 value>−3‰ is a mixture of the CO2 produced early via TSR and the CO2 produced by the subsequent carbonate rock dissolution by acid gases.

Hydrochemical indications of human impact on karst groundwater in a subtropical karst area, Chongqing, China

The application of combined isotopic and hydrochemical compositions may be useful for evaluating water quality problems in karst aquifers in which it is difficult to distinguish the sources of solutes from the natural background of those due to human activities. Multiple isotopes (δ13C–DIC, δ34S–SO42−) and chemical parameters were measured in rainwater, groundwater and sewage in order to elucidate the solute sources and impacts from human activities and natural background in the Laolongdong karst catchment in Chongqing Municipality, SW China. Overall, the dissolution of carbonate rock controls Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3− content in rainwater and karst groundwater. SO42− originated mainly from gypsum dissolution in karst groundwater. Carbonate rocks in the studied site could be dissolved jointly by H2CO3 from the natural CO2–H2O reaction and other acids (organic acids and HNO3) from sewage and soils. Sewage discharge from urban areas and agriculture activities lead to the increase of NO3−, PO43− and Cl− in karst groundwater. To protect and sustainably utilize the karst aquifer, sewage originating from urban areas must be controlled and treated and the use of fertilizer should be limited.

Delineation of Natural and Anthropogenic Process Controlling Hydrogeochemistry of Layered Aquifer Sequence

Groundwater is the source for many activities in urban regions and the quality plays a significant role in determination of its usage. In coastal regions the situation becomes more complex due to the interplay of complex chemical processes like natural weathering, anthropogenic activities and sea water intrusion. Hence an attempt has been made in this study to delineate these processes and to identify the regions dominated by them. In this regard, 92 groundwater samples were collected and analysed for major cations and anions. Among the analysed parameters the ratios of the cations like Ca/Mg, (Ca + Mg)*/HCO3:(Na + K)*/HCO3 were used to identify the process of weathering. Moreover, the ternary plots of cations and selected anions were also used to identify the weathering and the anthropogenic processes. HCO3− and SiO2 in groundwater were used to unravel the nature of weathering, supported by pH and pCO2 observations. HCO3−-derived by the carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering were calculated from the total HCO3− and it was found that HCO3− derived from the carbonate rock dissolution is dominant in alluvium, tertiary and cretaceous formations due to the presence of kankar, calcareous sandstone and limestone. The (HCO3 + SiO2)/(Cl + NO3) ratios were used to demarcate the regions of weathering and anthropogenic activities and it was found that the central and north eastern part of the study area is dominated by the anthropogenic activities.

Оцінка впливу коефіцієнтів фільтрації водоносних комплексів у четвертинних та верхньокрейдових відкладах на швидкість розчинення карбонатних порід на території Рівненської АЕС

Оцінка впливу коефіцієнтів фільтрації водоносних комплексів у четвертинних та верхньокрейдових відкладах на швидкість розчинення карбонатних порід на території Рівненської АЕС