Dissipative Soliton Resonance Research Articles

Nonlinear polarization rotation based 635-nm praseodymium doped mode-locked fiber laser

Abstract We demonstrated a mode-locked fiber laser oscillator using nonlinear polarization rotation as a saturable absorption system. The fiber laser generates mode-locked pulses by adjusting four waveplates. A single-clad Pr3+-doped single mode fluoride fiber with a 425-mW threshold pump power serves as the foundation for the ring cavity, which operates in the dissipative soliton resonance regime. The radio frequency signal-to-noise ratio of the pulses at 634.9 nm is 60 dB, maximum output power of 5.5 mW, and repetition rate of 34.5 MHz. These findings provide a foundation for the advancement of photonic applications in the visible spectrum.

Dissipative soliton resonance in a normal dispersion all-polarization-maintaining thulium-doped fiber laser

We report a first demonstration of dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) in a normal dispersion thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL) constructed entirely of polarization-maintaining fibers. A nonlinear fiber loop mirror with a combination of normal and anomalous dispersion fibers inside the loop ensures a self-starting mode-locking operation in the DSR regime. The oscillator generated linearly polarized optical pulses with a fundamental repetition frequency of 5.735 MHz and a nearly constant peak power clamped at ∼ 4.35 W. The pulse duration extends from 217 ps to 6 ns, when the pump power increases from 417 mW to 1.86 W. The maximum average output power of the DSR pulses was 151 mW, corresponding to the single pulse energy of 26 nJ.

Development of Figure‐of‐Nine Laser Cavity for Mode‐Locked Fiber Lasers: A Review

AbstractArtificial saturable absorbers (SA) are nonlinear optical devices widely employed in mode‐locked lasers. Among the artificial SAs are nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE) and nonlinear amplifying loop mirrors that can work in either figure‐of‐eight (Fo8) or figure‐of‐nine (Fo9) laser cavities. The NPE technique is highly sensitive to environmental perturbations. Both Fo8 and Fo9 laser cavities exhibit a higher environmental stability than the NPE technique. Here the recent advances of the Fo9 laser cavity, with a focus on the pulse formation mechanisms and the role of different cavity parameters that can enable ultrafast mode‐locking analyses are discussed. Besides, the recent development of using the Fo9 laser cavity to generate high‐energy rectangular laser pulses through either dissipative soliton resonance or noise‐like pulse regimes is also reviewed. In conclusion, the current issues and challenges of pulse formation through the Fo9 laser cavity are highlighted and recommendations for future research directions are proposed. This review is expected to provide a deeper insight into the Fo9 laser cavity as the next generation of artificial SA with interesting cavity structures, laser features, and output performances.

High-precision passive stabilization of a dissipative soliton resonance laser repetition rate based on optical pulse injection.

I present what is believed to be the first demonstration of using the cross-phase modulation (XPM) effect to achieve high-precision, all-optical synchronization and stabilization of the pulse repetition rate of a dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) mode-locked (ML) fiber laser working in the 1.06 µm wavelength range. Nanosecond 1.55 µm Master oscillator pulses were injected into the Slave cavity of the DSR laser to induce the XPM effect and subsequently synchronize both repetition rates. When referencing the Master laser to a rubidium frequency standard, the fractional instability of the DSR ML laser pulse repetition rate reached 1.26 × 10-12 for 1000 s integration time. The locking range and stability of the XPM synchronization are experimentally verified under varying conditions and discussed in the paper.

Dissipative Soliton Resonance: Adiabatic Theory and Thermodynamics

We present the adiabatic theory of dissipative solitons (DS) of complex cubic-quintic nonlinear Ginzburg–Landau equation (CQGLE). Solutions in the closed analytical form in the spectral domain have the shape of Rayleigh–Jeans distribution for a positive (normal) dispersion. The DS parametric space forms a two-dimensional (or three-dimensional for the complex quintic nonlinearity) master diagram connecting the DS energy and a universal parameter formed by the ratio of four real and imaginary coefficients for dissipative and non-dissipative terms in CQGLE. The concept of dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) is formulated in terms of the master diagram, and the main signatures of transition to DSR are demonstrated and experimentally verified. We show a close analogy between DS and incoherent (semicoherent) solitons with an ensemble of quasi-particles confined by a collective potential. It allows applying the thermodynamical approach to DS and deriving the conditions for the DS energy scalability.

Dissipative soliton resonance within different dispersion regimes in a single mode-locked laser

Abstract Dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) was previously studied in separated mode-locked fiber lasers within different dispersion regimes including anomalous, near-zero and normal dispersion. Here we propose a method to study DSR in a single mode-locked laser in these different dispersion regimes. This is achieved by virtue of a waveshaper which can control the laser dispersion readily using software, avoiding the usual tedious cutback method. We find that dispersion has a negligible effect on DSR since the pulse duration keeps constant while dispersion is varied. Moreover, we examine the dynamics of DSR on the parameters of the SA including modulation depth and saturation power, and find that the pulse duration can be changed in a large range when the saturation power is decreased. Our numerical simulations could be important to guide relative experimental studies.

5.4 W, 2.35 µm cascaded Raman fiber laser pumped by dissipative soliton resonance-like pulses

We present a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror-based mode-locked fiber laser. By adjusting the pump power, the proposed laser exhibits a dissipative soliton resonance (DSR)-like pulse operation with a maximum pulse width of 150 ns. Subsequently, a three-stage Tm3+-doped fiber amplifier is implemented using a single-mode double-cladding Tm3+-doped fiber to increase the DSR-like pulse output power to 52.5 W, achieving a pump slope efficiency of 47.1% in the main amplifier. A 25 m first-order Raman-gain fiber (UHNA7) is pumped by a DSR-like pulse, and 16.3 W of pure 2.135 µm first-order Raman light with a spectral purity of 73.4% is obtained. Finally, 5.4 W of 2.35 µm second-order Raman light with a spectral purity of 66% is obtained using a 10 m 98% germania-core fiber as a second-order Raman-gain fiber cascaded after UHNA7 fiber. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output power ever obtained from a 2.3 µm laser.

Efficient tunable cascaded Raman source with all-silica fibers based on 2-µm DSR pulse pumping.

We present an efficient tunable all-silica-fiber 2nd-order cascaded Raman pulse laser utilizing 2-µm dissipative-soliton-resonance (DSR) rectangular pulses for pumping and highly GeO2-doped silica fiber as Raman gain medium. When pumped at 1966.5 nm, the maximum 1st-order Raman optical conversion efficiency is up to 64.4% at 2153 nm, with 92.4% spectral purity and 0.39-W average power. The maximum 2nd-order Raman optical conversion efficiency is 19.3% at 2370 nm, with 39.2% spectral purity and 0.25-W average power. To our knowledge, these conversion efficiencies and spectral purities represent the highest levels achieved in a mid-infrared all-silica-fiber cascaded pulsed Raman laser. Additionally, by adjusting the central wavelength of the DSR seed pulse, the 2nd-order Raman light can be tuned within a range of 41 nm (2354∼2395 nm). Our system provides a simple and easy-to-implement solution for realizing efficient tunable cascaded pulsed Raman lasers in the 2.4-µm band.

Generation of Different Mode-Locked States in Nonlinear Multimodal Interference-Based Fiber Lasers

A novel mode-locking method based on nonlinear multimode interference (NLMI) using a distributed large-core (105 μm) graded-index multimode fiber (GIMF)-based saturable absorber (SA) capable of generating four pulse modes is proposed. The distributed SA geometry consists of two GIMFs located at different positions in the resonant cavity. The coupling and joint operation not only facilitate resistance to pulse fragmentation but also provide a sophisticated and widely tunable transmission with saturable and reverse saturable absorption phenomena. Based on this, dissipative soliton (DS), dissipative soliton resonance (DSR), wedge-shaped, and staircase pulses are achieved without additional filters. The DS has accessible output power, pulse energy, bandwidth, and duration of up to 15.33 mW, 2.02 nJ, 22.63 nm, and ~1.68 ps. The DSR has an achievable pulse duration and energy of ~32.39 ns, 30.3 nJ. The dispersion range that allows DS operation is studied, and the dynamics of the evolution from DS to DSR are observed. The versatility, flexibility, and simplicity of the SA device, combined with the possibility of scaling the pulse energy, make it highly attractive for ultrafast optics and nonlinear dynamics.

Diverse mode operation fiber laser mode-locked by nonlinear multimode interference

We present an all-fiber passively mode-locked (ML) laser with a nonlinear multimode interference (NLMI)-based saturable absorber (SA) capable of generating five pulse modes. The SA consists of two centrally aligned graded index multimode fiber (GIMF) with different diameters (105-50 µm) and features a widely adjustable transmission with saturable/reverse-saturable absorption. Based on this, dissipative soliton (DS), Q-switched rectangular pulse (QRP), dissipative soliton resonance (DSR), noise-like pulse (NLP) and bright-dark pulse pairs (BDP) are observed at three dispersions without additional filter. The DS has a pulse energy, bandwidth and duration of up to 1.15 nJ, 17.98 nm and ∼2.78 ps. The achievable pulse duration and energy of DSR and NLP are 5.21, 48.06 ns and 4.53, 5.12 nJ, respectively. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the BDP is superimposed by a chair-case pulse (CP) and a rectangular pulse (RP) belonging to orthogonal polarization states. The versatility, flexibility, simplicity and energy scalability of the large-core hybrid GIMF-SA, make it interesting and highly attractive in ultrafast photonics.

Nonlinear frequency conversion of dissipative soliton resonance pulses using the second harmonic generation effect

Nonlinear frequency conversion of dissipative soliton resonance pulses using the second harmonic generation effect

Narrow-bandwidth picosecond dissipative soliton resonance in an all-anomalous-dispersion Er/Yb co-doped fiber laser

First, it is numerically demonstrated that narrow-bandwidth picosecond dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) pulses can be obtained in the all-anomalous-dispersion Er/Yb co-doped fiber (EYDF) laser, which is based on the nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) mode-locking and narrow-band spectral filtering. The generated DSR pulses are characterized by a central peak on top of a rectangular pedestal temporally and two high-intensity spectral sidebands with less than 0.6-nm bandwidth. Second, the impacts of several key cavity parameters on characteristics of DSR pulses are investigated. Particularly, a new phenomenon of periodic evolution of the DSR pulse, featuring alternated high and low peak powers with the round-trips, is discovered by tuning filter bandwidth or net-cavity dispersion. Multi-pulse dissipative soliton (DS) and noise-like pulse (NLP) are also observed in the fiber laser. Finally, a 22.3-ps DSR pulse with 287.5-W peak power can be further compressed to 4.3 ps with 1126.5-W peak power by the dispersion compensation. This work further enriches the DSR pulse dynamics in the anomalous-dispersion region and paves a way to realize narrow-bandwidth picosecond DSR pulse fiber lasers.

Fabrication of amorphous nanoporous ZrO2/SiO2 aerogel enabling nonlinear optical properties

Amorphous oxides have unique physicochemical properties with extensive opto-electronic applications such as the thin-film transistor, light-emitting diode backplanes, and supercontinuum generation. In this contribution, we synthesize the amorphous ZrO2/SiO2 nanoporous aerogel with high structural integrity. With the femtosecond excitation laser at 800–1,064 nm, the broadband second harmonic generation is observed. The nonlinear optical properties of the as-prepared ZrO2/SiO2 aerogel are investigated at 1.0 μm and 1.5 μm for the first time. Subsequently, the amorphous ZrO2/SiO2 saturable absorber is originally applied in the Yb-doped and Er-doped fiber lasers to realize the mode-locking operations. In the Yb-doped fiber laser, the dissipative soliton resonance mode-locking operation is demonstrated with the largest pulse duration of 22 ns at a repetition rate of 7.8 MHz and a high signal-to-noise ratio of 64 dB. In the Er-doped fiber laser, a conventional soliton mod-locking regime is observed with an ultrashort pulse width of 960 fs, a repetition frequency of 6.55 MHz, and a time-bandwidth production of 0.347. Our work shows the good ability of the ZrO2/SiO2 aerogel in generating ultrafast pulses and extends the saturable absorber into the amorphous material realm.

Enhanced Interband Transition in FeCoNiAlTi High‐Entropy Alloy for Ultrafast Nonlinear Optical Applications

AbstractHigh‐entropy alloys (HEAs) possess superior mechanical, thermal, and electronic properties, which attract great interest in the fields of photothermal, electrocatalysis, and magnetic applications. Herein, the nonlinear optical properties of FeCoNiAlTi HEA with a large specific surface area for the first time is investigated. Owing to the strong d–d interaction, the interband transition near the Fermi level could be enhanced in HEAs, leading to broadband optical absorption. Excitation with the picosecond laser source, the FeCoNiAlTi HEA possesses saturable absorption with a large modulation depth of 7.61% and 30.47% at 1 and 1.5 µm, respectively. Furthermore, at the higher excitation level at 1.5 µm, the saturable absorber exhibits a typical reverse saturable absorption property. Subsequently, the FeCoNiAlTi HEA on the tapered fiber first serves as the saturable absorber in the Yb‐doped fiber laser and the Er‐doped fiber laser, leading to the noise‐like pulses at 1 µm, and the stable Q‐switching, conventional soliton, and dissipative soliton resonance mode‐locking operations at 1.5 µm. This work confirms that the enhanced saturable absorption in HEAs can endow the high‐performance ultrashort pulse generation.

Generation of dual large energy pulses in Er3+-doped fiber lasers based on ZrTe2 saturable absorber via polarization manipulation

We report on the generation of dual large energy pulses in a passively mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser based on ZrTe2 as saturable absorber. When the pump power is 100.4 mW, dissipative soliton resonance mode-locked operation with an output power of 9.1 mW is generated. With the increase of pump power, its average output power increased from 9.1 to 52 mW, and its corresponding fundamental repetition rate and maximum single-pulse energy are 1.22 MHz and 42.6 nJ, respectively. By properly adjusting the polarization controller, stable large energy mode-locked pulse is obtained at the same pump power. At the maximum pump power of 617.5 mW, the maximum average output power, and single-pulse energy are 55.8 mW and 45.7 nJ, respectively. Our experimental results proved that ZrTe2 has good performance in obtaining large energy pulse operations, which promotes the development of ZrTe2 nanosheets as an effective saturable absorber in the future.

Dynamics of solitons in NOLM based all-normal dispersion Yb-doped mode-locked fiber laser

The properties of the saturable absorber are critical to the soliton dynamics in the all-normal dispersion Yb-doped mode-locked fiber laser based on the nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM). In this paper, it is found that by adjusting the splitting ratio f and cavity length L of the NOLM, self-similar pulse (SSP), soliton molecule (SM), dissipative soliton resonance (DSR), dissipative soliton (DS) and dissipative soliton pair (DSP) can be obtained in such fiber laser system. In addition, the mechanisms and characteristics of these solitons are discussed. These findings will facilitate the in-depth understanding of the characteristics of nonlinear pulses generated by NOLM-based all-normal dispersion Yb-doped mode-locked fiber laser.

High Energy Singular Beams Generation From a Dissipative Soliton Resonance Raman Fiber Laser

We demonstrated the high energy 1.65 μm singular beam generation from a dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) all-fiber Raman laser experimentally. By utilizing advantages of the high nonlinearity and home-made mode-selective coupler (MSC), different DSR pulsed singular beams, including cylindrical vector beam (CVB) and vortex beams (VB), have been generated experimentally. The maximum pulse energy can be enhanced up to 698.19 nJ with high signal to noise ratio of 80 dB by optimizing the intra-cavity nonlinearity. Our research may provide a new method to generate high energy pulsed singular beams with a flexible operation wavelength.

Spatiotemporal dissipative soliton resonances in multimode fiber lasers

Spatiotemporal mode-locking in multimode fiber lasers is intriguing for the complex nonlinear dynamics and the increase of theoretical energy limit. In this paper, we enrich spatiotemporal mode-locking with dissipative soliton resonances, a kind of solitons which is characterized by large pulse energy in single mode fiber lasers, and demonstrate their emergence in multimode fiber lasers by employing the reverse saturable absorption effect from real saturable absorbers. The spatiotemporal dissipative soliton resonances are expected to raise the energy limit further by the locking of dissipative soliton resonances in different transverse modes, whose energy is about twice the maximum single-mode energy in our results. Moreover, properties of spatiotemporal dissipative soliton resonances are investigated by tailoring parameters of the multimode fiber laser, where evolution and transformation of the proposed pulses including shaping and broadening are disclosed. The spatiotemporal dissipative soliton resonances in multimode fiber lasers may open up new avenue for high-power and spatiotemporally engineered coherent light fields in laser dynamics and nonlinear optics.

Predicting behavior of photonic crystal fiber lasers using artificial neural networks

Simulating pulse propagation within fiber lasers is a difficult and computationally demanding task, which limits the ability to accurately capture their complex nonlinear dynamics. This paper leverages artificial intelligence (AI) and artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict the output pulse shape parameters for a ring cavity fiber laser, thus avoiding the need for traditional complex numerical calculations and reducing the overall computational cost. This study focuses on a dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) ring cavity fiber laser, incorporating a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and mode locked by a real saturable absorber. The integration of the PCF into the laser cavity design enhances the control of both dispersion and nonlinearity, allowing for a greater range of output pulse shapes and parameters. The proposed approach demonstrates the effectiveness of artificial neural networks in predicting pulse parameters, and could pave the way for more efficient design and optimization of fiber lasers. The results of the study show that the ANN model can accurately predict the output pulse shape parameters for the DSR ring cavity fiber laser, and thus offers a promising tool for future research in the field.

Dissipative soliton resonance in a figure-eight multimode fiber laser.

We report, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, a spatiotemporal mode-locked (STML) multimode fiber laser based on nonlinear amplifying loop mirror (NALM), generating dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) pulses. Due to the complex filtering characteristics caused by the inherent multimode interference filtering structure and NALM in the cavity, the STML DSR pulse has wavelength tunable function. What's more, kinds of DSR pulses are also achieved, including multiple DSR pulses, and the period doubling bifurcations of single DSR pulse and multiple DSR pulses. These results contribute to further understand the nonlinear properties of STML lasers and may shed some light on improving the performance of the multimode fiber lasers.