Dissemination Of Digital Technologies Research Articles

Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics: Key Issues and Modern Ways to Solve Them

Objective: modern achievements in the development and dissemination of digital technologies have attracted the attention of scholars and practitioners to the discussion of key ethical issues related to artificial intelligence and robotics. Hence, this study presents the most relevant of these issues, posing new challenges for legal scholars and practitioners to develop the regulation of artificial intelligence and robotics in terms of technology moralization.Methods: the research used practice- and risk-oriented approaches, complemented by multidisciplinary analysis of documents (European principles and codes of ethics) and studies, including those devoted to various problems of artificial intelligence and robotics.Results: the article identifies key ethical issues in the field of artificial intelligence and robotics. It is established that the key ethical issues involved can be solved if they are legally formalized and implemented at the international level. The algorithm proposed by the author, based on the analysis of the digital technologies application, will allow improving the moral actions of technologies in the process of their decision making.Scientific novelty: the article presents the latest ethical problems that concern scientists and practitioners in the field of artificial intelligence and robotics, and the methods of their solution by ethical and legal means aimed at moralizing technology and increasing its responsibility.Practical significance: all solutions presented in the article have practical significance and are ready for wide implementation at the international level. Their formalization in normative form and subsequent compliance will reduce the harm that artificial intelligence may cause in applied fields, including robotics using artificial intelligence. Regulatory, including legislative, decisions must therefore be taken as soon as possible to ensure that artificial intelligence and robotics become reliable tools for these systems to be used at work, at home, and in other areas such as shopping centers, stores, schools, universities, etc.

Двухуровневый цифровой экологический мониторинг городов горно-металлургического комплекса Урала

Introduction. The main approach to the development of modern cities is an approach based on the balance of social, economic, and environmental subsystems, within the framework of which plans to achieve sustainable growth are implemented. In the era of digitalization, the most important condition for effective environmental management is the use of advanced tools for analyzing data obtained during the environmental monitoring procedure. Materials and methods. The methodology for monitoring the state of various components of the environment involves a number of sequential operations. The first stage of the study (obtaining a priori information) pursues the goal of creating a landscape-geochemical basis on which information about typical elementary landscapes reflecting the structure of the area is placed. The second stage includes obtaining operational information about the state of selected environmental components using field and laboratory methods. At the third stage, desk processing of information is carried out. Results. The structure of environmental monitoring can be divided into levels in accordance with the degree of detail of the tasks assigned to it. The most appropriate division of environmental monitoring in cities for the conditions of the Urals seems to be the following levels: a) local, examining the state of the environment as a whole in the city or on the border of the sanitary protection zone of an enterprise and b) detailed, examining the state of the environment from the impact of waste disposal facilities. Discussion. In the field of environmental monitoring, a digital database should be created at the local and detailed levels, with the help of which it is possible to conduct analysis and further forecast the state of the environment, with the subsequent development of environmental measures. Environmental monitoring within cities with a mining and metallurgical complex must be carried out comprehensively, including the atmosphere, surface water, soil, snow cover, groundwater and vegetation. Conclusion. Thus, the proposed environmental monitoring system is characterized by high environmental and economic efficiency, which meets the requirements of sustainable development at the present stage. Resume. For the cities of the mining and metallurgical complex of the Urals, it is necessary to conduct two-level environmental monitoring with the development, implementation and dissemination of digital technologies in the environmental sphere. Environmental monitoring within cities with a mining and metallurgical complex must be carried out comprehensively, including the atmosphere, surface water, soil, snow cover, groundwater and vegetation. Conducting local monitoring in the territory of influence of the enterprise and detailed monitoring in the zone of influence of waste disposal facilities presupposes the presence of stable observations in the space-time interval and a stable ingredient composition. The instability of observations leads to deterioration of the analysis, which reduces the quality of the forecast of the situation and recommendations for preventive measures. Suggestions for practical applications and directions for future research. The research results can be useful in the formation of a data bank on the state of the environment for the development and adoption of environmental measures with high environmental and economic efficiency at industrial facilities of the mining and metallurgical complex.

Digital interventions in mental health: challenges and perspectives

The high prevalence, burden and social impact of mental disorders, the lack of mental health care professionals and services around the world, the improvement and dissemination of digital technologies are the factors that have provided increased attention to the process of digital transformation in mental health care recently. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the importance of remote interaction between different participants in the therapeutic process. Digital technologies in mental health care can bring significant advances in both clinical and scientific psychiatry. The article presents the most promising digital solutions for the diagnosis, therapeutic interventions and prevention of mental disorders. The technologies by which they are implemented are described, including computer programs, virtual and augmented reality, internet resources. The advantages and disadvantages of digital technologies usage in psychiatric practice are analyzed. The article described the main barriers that stand in the way of digital transformation in mental health, including insufficient scientific and practical support of the developed digital products, the lack of methodological foundations, the regulatory framework, and legislation.

Divided in a digital economy: Understanding disability employment inequities stemming from the application of advanced workplace technologies

ObjectivesThe digital transformation of the economy is characterized by the rapid advancement and wide-spread workplace application of digital technologies. Our study aimed to unpack how the digital transformation of the economy contributes to challenges and opportunities for the sustainable employment and health of persons living with disabilities. MethodsOne-on-one semi-structured interviews with policy makers, disability employment service providers and future of work specialists were conducted. Interviewees asked about the implications of digital technology advancements for persons with disabilities. Participants were also asked about the strategies that could be used to support inclusive employment within a digitized working world. An iterative and flexible grounded theory methodological approach was taken to analyze the qualitative data and to develop a conceptual understanding of the digital transformation of the economy for persons living with disabilities. ResultsForty participants were interviewed from across Canada. The digital transformation of the economy was seen as disadvantageous to persons living with disabilities and could impact their ability to find and sustain paid work, advance within their career, and remain productive. Labelled as the digital divide, participants frequently referred to sources of inequities faced by persons with disabilities that shaped their ability to fully participate in a digital working world. The digital divide was characterized by three intersecting concepts which included disparities in digital technology access, personal resources, and job skills. Participants highlighted the importance of equity and inclusive design considerations in the development and dissemination of digital technology and more responsive skilling initiatives for a changing work environment. ConclusionsFindings provide an important conceptual foundation for scholarship on work and health inequities that can arise from the digital transformation of the economy and bring greater attention to the design of targeted disability employment support programs and policies that are relevant and inclusive for a digital working world.

Risks of Visual Impairment and Its Progression in Children and Adolescents under Modern Conditions of Education and Upbringing: A Scientific Review

Introduction: Intensive introduction of digital technologies and educational tools poses risks of visual impairment in children and adolescents as the most active users of the digital space. Objective: To assess risks of visual impairment in children and adolescents in the context of active dissemination of digital technologies in education and everyday life based on a literature review in order to choose directions for pediatric prevention of eye diseases. Materials and methods: We did a review of Russian and English language scientific literature published in 2007–2021, found on eLIBRARY.RU, PUBMED, Web of Science, and Scopus information portals and platforms. We selected 48 articles containing an evidence-based assessment of risks of eye diseases related to e-learning and long screen time in children and adolescents, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown. Results: We observed combined risks of visual impairment and musculoskeletal disorders due to violation of hygienic requirements for illumination, working posture, distance to the screen, and screen time when using various gadgets. Concomitant risk factors for eye diseases related to vitamin D deficiency were evaluated. Conclusions: We identified groups at risk of visual impairment based on health indicators and the intensity of using the digital environment. We also specified basic methodological and regulatory documents, the compliance with which could reduce the risks of visual impairment in children, adolescents, and students, and proposed up-to-date directions of research on the topic of the review for maintenance of eye health.

Visual Arts and Digital Technologies

With the advent and dissemination of digital technologies, devices and means in the middle of the twentieth century, dramatic changes occurred in all spheres of life. The data reporting environment is changing and the era of new media is approaching. Digital technologies and the global network have a fundamental impact on culture, traditions and art. In this context, in terms of visual art, digital technologies allow for the emergence of new artistic practices that take their place next to classical art activities. Leading the way is the idea that digital technology is not just a tool, but rather a creation process, thus focusing on the concept inspired by the digital context rather than on the means expressed. In modernity, visual art and scientific achievements live in harmony.

A Mental Approach to Digital Transformation of Education

Purpose of the study. The rapid and widespread dissemination of digital technologies in society necessitates the fastest and most effective digital transformation of education. The processes of digitalization of education face difficulties associated with unreasonable updates of the means and methods of electronic and distance learning in traditional methodological systems, the unpreparedness of teaching staff for professional activities in the new realities, laboriousness and large material and intellectual costs. In this regard, innovative approaches are of interest to achieve greater efficiency in the digital transformation of the educational process. The work is devoted to the substantiation of a mental approach that develops and complements the principles of modern didactics in the digital transformation of education, and provides an update of the means and methods of teaching using mental technologies.Methodology and methods. The mental approach is built on the foundation of mental schemes that define reality and a person from the position of his mentality, formed as a result of his individual and collective life experience. In the digital era, the approach determines the mechanisms for achieving new goals of education, such as the formation and development in a person of computa- tional, structural, intuitive, algorithmic thinking. The basis of the mental approach is made up of mental learning technologies that use various subject mental structures, concept and mind maps, suggesting a qualitative and meaningful change and correction of individual knowledge mental schemes. Considering learning with the help of mental schemes and mental models, the principles of mental didactics are formulated.Results. The contours of the mental approach in education, which allows the organization of the educational process on the basis of the means and methods of teaching, based on the foundation of mental schemes of thinking, are outlined. It provides a real opportunity to implement the principles of person-centered learning, for example, through the “transparent” box model, mental learning primitives, inverted resources and transforming resources, as well as mental technologies. The method of algorithmic primitives for the development of structural thinking is described. New approaches to the presenta- tion of electronic educational resources in an inverted form and in a transformer format have been substantiated.Conclusions. The importance of the mental approach manifests itself in several directions: the application of the “transparent box” model in teaching and control of knowledge; the use of teaching primitives to design structural-mental schemes for learning problem solving; crea- tion of personalized educational resources in the format of transformers and inverted textbooks that best match the mentality of the digital generation; the possibility of implementing person-centered learning. The approach allows the formation and development of mental didactics to ensure the effectiveness of the digital transformation of education, facilitates the achievement of the cognitive goals of subject learning and can effectively meet the modern requirements of the digital society for education.

Влияние цифровизации экономики на трансформацию подготовки кадров рыбопромышленной отрасли

Digitalization is one of the key challenges for modern society. Given the inevitability of "digitalization" as a global phenomenon, there is no doubt that transformation processes should take place taking into account the needs of the development of the digital economy, innovative and creative entrepreneurship, scientific opportunities, new needs and challenges both for each individual country and for the world in the whole. Currently, the use of "digital" technologies in industry is one of the most important and sustainable trends in world development. The active introduction and dissemination of digital technologies (artificial intelligence, machine learning algorithms, "cloud" computing, etc.) leads to a large-scale transformation of requirements for specialists, changes the content of work and the demand for competencies, the key role in the formation of which belongs to education. In this context, the study of the peculiarities of the impact of digitalization of the economy on the transformation of personnel training in the fishing industry acquires particular relevance and significance. Special attention in the article is paid to key competencies and digital literacy, which should become an integral attribute of personnel qualifications. The need for the formation of "hard" and "soft" skills is also indicated. Based on the results of the study, recommendations were formulated for increasing digital literacy and proper training for the fishing industry at the level of the education system as a whole and directly by the business entities themselves.

ANALYTICAL TOOLS FOR EVALUATION OF ECONOMIC ENTITIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF BUSINESS DIGITALIZATION

The article, based on literature sources, identifies approaches to the formation of a set of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of economic entities in terms of business digitalization: traditional and cost-oriented.Within the framework of the traditional approach application, on the basis of financial results the expediency of application of the well-known indicators is proved.Characteristics of «DuPont» factor model application in the conditions of digitalization of entities' activity are stressed, emphasis is placed on the need to structure sales revenue by separate operating segments, make changes in costs, asset structure, structure of funding sources through the use of various crowdfunding models.Within the cost-oriented approach, the need to maintain the priority of maximizing value for business is justified, based on which the features of the indicators system to assess its effectiveness in connection with the introduction and dissemination of digital technologies are considered. Keywords: digitalization, digital economy, digital business, digital assets, profit, profitability, factor model «DuPont», crowdfunding, cost-oriented indicators, economic value added, monetary value added, market value added, shareholder value added

Analysis of digitalization processes in the field of science of Russia

The essence of the processes of digitalization in the field of science of Russia has been considered, the specific issues of adaptation of science to the demands of the information society have been revealed, the readiness of the Informatization process of the Russian scientific sphere has been assessed. The criteria for the formation of the potential of digital technologies used in scientific and design work have been evaluated. The statistics of the state of development of high and knowledge-intensive technologies in General and information and communication technologies used in research and development, in particular, has been adduced.The complexities of determining indicators and classification of information and communication technologies used have been reviewed. The approaches to determining the statistics of the number of employees employed in computer science and related industries have been presented. The indicators of development of research and developments in the field of digital technologies have been investigated. The distribution of the employed in various sectors of the national economy has been given. An increase in the cost of importing technologies has been noted, which indicates a rise in the country’s technological dependence on sources of external (foreign) technologies. It has been noticed, that in the field of information and communication technologies, Russia had a significant profit from technology exports, which indicates the progressiveness of scientific developments in the field of digital technologies. The issues of financing research and development, shortcomings in the incentive mechanisms of the methods used and sources of funding have been considered. The state of educational processes, that form the personnel component of the digitalization of the economy, has been analysed.The results of information activity in the field of research and development will allow us to draw a conclusion about the lack of readiness of the sphere of research and development in the field of information and communication technologies in the organization of promotion and dissemination of digital technologies in the scientific field.

СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ РАЗВИТИЯ ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ

Scientific and technological progress in the post-industrial society makes it possible to improve the entire system of economic relations both nationally and globally. Today, the activities of the leading countries are inextricably linked with the development of information technologies. On their basis, the USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain and other countries are actively involved in the process of digitalization of their economies, using the information and communication infrastructure as a foundation. Digital technologies are actively spreading in economic and social spheres (artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of things, wireless technology). The digital economy is becoming the basis for the development of the economic system. Very often the digital economy is seen as a sign of the fourth industrial revolution and the third wave of globalization. New opportunities for digitalization consist in gaining access to goods when the buyer needs it, thereby helping to save material and financial resources, space and time. The availability of many benefits affects the development of the behavioral economy, thereby linking it to the digital one. The era of high technologies and communications has highlighted the key points in favor of the development of the digital economy. However, this process is contradictory and its implementation requires a comprehensive analysis, since touches upon issues of a socio-economic nature. Digitalization can solve many problems, but it can also create the same number. These problems relate to the massive dissemination of digital technologies, the formation of human capital, the development of the labor market, as well as the moral and ethical side of human life and society. This is a new era in which not the whole society benefits, but a community of IT companies influencing fluctuations in the price of securities that constantly generate new stock speculations. It is clear that the transition of society to the digital economy is inevitable; this is an essential requirement of the times. The digital economy manifests in itself dialectical principles and the identification of the ambiguity of this phenomenon in economic reality determines its relevance, significance and the possibility of further development.

The System for Statistical Measurement of Digital Economy Parameters: Development Trends

The main challenges faced by statistical activities under the pressure of the global dissemination of digital technologies are outlined. The need for constructing a comprehensive system for measurement of digital economy parameters is demonstrated, and the requirements with which it has to comply are set. The principal trends of the process involved in the development of the system for measurement of digital economy parameters are determined. 
 The need for elaboration, implementation and formalization of the metadata laying the ground for constructing the system for statistical measurement of digital transformations, and for making the relevant regulatory base is substantiated; the difficulties involved in this process are outlined. A comparative description of the views held by proponents and opponents of change in the traditional conceptual framework for measurement of economic parameters in the new conditions is given. Problems are highlighted that are associated with constructing a new model of statistics for the digital economy, supposed to integrate all the existing methodical and methodological elaborations in the field of information society’s statistics, on the one hand, and offer new approaches to statistical measurement of various aspects of digitalization, on the other. Main problems related with creating an appropriate information base for constructing the indicators that would report on digital economy components are determined, with outlining ways for their solution. The essential types of efforts on modernization of technological facilities in the official statistics system are shown. Change in the pattern of the demand for statistical information is described, and ways to improve feedback of statistical information users are proposed. It is justified that the staff of statistical offices needs to build the competencies required for design of digital technologies and their use in the professional activities; recommendations on the content of training and professional development programs are given. It is demonstrated that practices of digital economy measurement and dissemination of its results need to be globally standardized; the role of international organizations in optimization and standardization of various processes involved in the production of official statistics at national and international level is highlighted. Potential areas of future efforts in constructing the system for measurement of digital economy are outlined.

Desafios para uma transformação pedagógica: ambientes educativos criativos e inovadores

The accelerated expansion and dissemination of digital technologies has been promotingcreativity and pedagogical innovation. In turn, creativity and innovation are today’s socialcapital. Education plays a key role in this process as it is the engine of economic, social and human development and the future of societies. In addition, the world has evolved with technology, based on two interdependent allies, creativity and innovation. The purpose of this study is to reflect on the importance of creative and innovative environments, which are an enabler of pedagogical transformation and social progress. Methodologically, it was used a bibliographical research collected in electronic repositories of free access from the descriptors educational environments, creativity, innovation and technologies. The results consistent with the literature suggest that the task is required of teachers to design environments that are conducive to the development of skills that reflect openness, coping with risk, critical thinking, flexibility, sensitivity, questioning and nonconformity, whose direct impact is fundamental to the process in the future life of students, in human development and in social progress.

Simulational Realism—Playing as Trying to Remember

Summary In this text, I describe a specific way of addressing the past in video games which are set in historical times but at the same time deliberately undermine the facticity of their virtual worlds. By grounding my argument in analyses of two blockbuster productions—Assassin’s Creed (Ubisoft, 2007) and Call of Duty: Black Ops (Activision, 2010)—I introduce and define the notion of “simulational realism”. Both games belong to best-selling franchises and share an interesting set of features: they relate to historical places, events, and figures, establish counter-factual narratives based around conspiracy theories, and—most importantly—display many formal similarities. Like most AAA games, Assassin’s Creed and Black Ops intend to immerse the player in the virtual reality and, for this purpose, they naturalize their interfaces as integral elements of reality. However, in the process of naturalizing simulation, objectivity of the past becomes unthinkable. In my considerations, I situate this problem in two contexts: 1) of a cultural and epistemic shift in perceiving reality which was influenced by dissemination of digital technologies; 2) Vilém Flusser’s prognosis on the effects of computation on human knowledge. According to Flusser’s theory of communication, history—as a specific kind of human knowledge—emerged out of writing that was always linear and referential. Consequently, the crisis of literary culture resulted in the emergence of new aesthetics and forms of representations which—given their digital origin—dictate new ways of understanding reality. As history is now being substituted by timeless post-history, aesthetic conventions of realism are also transformed and replaced by digital equivalents. Following Flusser’s theory, I assert that we should reflect on the epistemological consequences of presenting the past as simulation, especially if we consider the belief shared by many players that games like Assassin’s Creed can be great tools for learning history. I find such statements problematic, if we consider that the historical discourse, grounded on fact, is completely incompatible with the aesthetics of sim-realism which evokes no illusion of objective reality.

DESAFIOS E POSSIBILIDADES DA ESCOLA CONTEMPORÂNEA: DO QUADRO NEGRO AO MUNDO DIGITAL

The changes through which society has been going through in recent years also reflect modifications in the educational field. The dissemination of digital technologies has further dilated the lists of challenges for the school with many teachers not knowing how to handle those resources. Thus, in this article we intend to present and analyze the perceptions two teachers from Basic Education have regarding the challenges and possibilities for contemporary education. To do so, a structured interview was made with two teachers who work at different basic schooling levels, as well as the production of a photograph from the school space they are inserted. The gathered data were analyzed under the perspective of Ramos do O & Costa (2007), Corazza (2005), Moran (2013), Belloni (2013), among others. From the results, it became evident that one of the characteristics of the contemporary school is to take over functions that originally were the family's, as is the case with ethical and moral values, and, because of that, the school has an increasingly significant role in individual formation. It was also ascertained that the Digital Information and Communication Technologies (DICT) are the main challenges for contemporary schooling in the opinion of the interviewed teachers.