Disruption Of Transport Research Articles

Disorientation and time distortions during the metro commute: An analysis of 456 responses to a questionnaire distributed in real time on Twitter during traffic disruptions in the Paris area.

Public transport disruptions are conducive to disorientation narratives in which the temporal aspects of the experience are central, but it is difficult to collect psychometric data at the moment of disruption to quantify the occurring underlying feelings. We propose a new real-time survey distribution method based on travellers' interaction with disruption announcements on social media. We analyse 456 responses in the Paris area and find that travellers experience time slowing down and their destination feeling temporally farther away when undergoing traffic disruptions. Time dilation is more pronounced for people filling out the survey while still presently experiencing the disruption, suggesting that over time people remember a compressed version of their disorientation. Conflicted time feelings about the disruption, e.g., both faster and slower feelings of the passage of time, appear the longer the recollection delay. Travellers in a stopped train seem to change their itinerary not because the alternative journey feels shorter (it does not), but because it makes time pass faster. Time distortions are phenomenological hallmarks of public transport disruptions, but these distortions are poor predictors of confusion per se. Public transport operators can alleviate the time dilation experienced by their travellers by clearly stating whether they should reorient or wait for recovery when incidents occur. Our real-time survey distribution method can be used for the psychological study of crises, where a timely and targeted distribution is of paramount importance.

Optimizing the Use of Iodinated Contrast Media for CT: Managing Shortages and Planning for a Sustainable and Secure Supply


 Shortages of iodinated contrast media (ICM) due to pandemic-related lockdowns and transportation disruptions have exposed vulnerabilities in supply chains for essential medical supplies.
 Radiology associations, government agencies, and clinicians have suggested various strategies to address ICM shortages and strengthen supply chains.
 A systems approach to managing ICM shortages could help ensure the involvement of health care providers from all relevant clinical specialties, administration and purchasing, as well as government and industry. Clear communication is key to managing a critical shortage of ICM.
 Use of contrast-enhanced CT has increased and the ICM shortages may provide an opportunity to assess optimal use of ICM and reduce unnecessary exams.
 ICM use carries environmental consequences that have not yet been fully managed. Strategies to reduce the use of ICM may also help mitigate the environmental impact.

Extreme Weather Events and Economic Activity: The Case of Low Water Levels on the Rhine River

Abstract We make use of historical data on water levels on the Rhine river to analyze the impact of weather-related supply shocks on economic activity in Germany. Our analysis shows that low water levels lead to severe disruptions in inland water transportation and cause a significant and economically meaningful decrease of economic activity. In a month with 30 days of low water, industrial production in Germany declines by about 1 percent, ceteris paribus. Our analysis highlights the importance of extreme weather events for business cycle analysis and contributes to gauging the costs of extreme weather events in advanced economies.

Simulating the GB power system frequency during underfrequency events 2018–19

AbstractLightning hit a transmission power line outside London, England on 9 August 2019. There followed a loss of power from a cascade of generator outages that exceeded contingency reserves, leading to an exceptional fall in grid frequency causing widespread transport disruptions and the disconnection of over 1 m households. Simulating such events typically involves a system of differential equations representing the overall generation and load present at the time. A standard model based on the swing equation assumes unlimited capacity in aggregated resources, and the availability of these services throughout the duration of the frequency deviation. In simulating the effect of outages on the GB Grid frequency on 2019/8/9, the effect of limiting these services to the capacity of resources engaged during the event is examined. It is shown that by taking these refinements into account the timing and extent of the frequency nadir can be successfully estimated. Insight is gained into the responses of various grid characteristics and how they interact with unplanned generation imbalances. Using this adapted model, further events on the GB grid are examined to validate the influence of these features. With the model’s effectiveness validated, novel mitigating measures to preserve the stability of a low-inertia grid can be evaluated.

Phosphomimetics at Ser199/Ser202/Thr205 in Tau Impairs Axonal Transport in Rat Hippocampal Neurons.

Our understanding of the biological functions of the tau protein now includes its role as a scaffolding protein involved in signaling regulation, which also has implications for tau-mediated dysfunction and degeneration in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Recently, we found that pseudophosphorylation at sites linked to the pathology-associated AT8 phosphoepitope of tau disrupts normal fast axonal transport through a protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)-dependent pathway in squid axoplasm. Activation of the pathway and the resulting transport deficits required tau's N-terminal phosphatase-activating domain (PAD) and PP1 but the connection between tau and PP1 was not well defined. Here, we studied functional interactions between tau and PP1 isoforms and their effects on axonal transport in mammalian neurons. First, we found that wild-type tau interacted with PP1α and PP1γ primarily through its microtubule-binding repeat domain. Pseudophosphorylation of tau at S199/S202/T205 (psTau) increased PAD exposure, enhanced interactions with PP1γ, and increased active PP1γ levels in mammalian cells. Expression of psTau also significantly impaired axonal transport in primary rat hippocampal neurons. Deletion of PAD in psTau significantly reduced the interaction with PP1γ, eliminated increases of active PP1γ levels, and rescued axonal transport impairment in neurons. These data suggest that a functional consequence of phosphorylation within S199-T205 in tau, which occurs in AD and several other tauopathies, may be aberrant interaction with and activation of PP1γ and subsequent axonal transport disruption in a PAD-dependent fashion.

Urban Drainage: The Challenges and Failure Assessment Using AHP, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Urban drainage infrastructures are facing critical challenges due to a lack of integrated asset management, periodic maintenance, improper design, and construction methodologies. The objective of this study is to understand the urban drainage challenges and assess the failure causes and their impacts to recommend possible mitigation measures. Drainage failure causes and impacts are analyzed using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) qualitative multicriteria decision model after conducting technical group discussions, interviews, and technical field surveys. The assessment was performed by taking representative samples from both cross- and longitudinal drainage infrastructures. The AHP analysis results showed that approximately 35.5% and 28.6% of failure causes are debris and various solid wastes for cross- and longitudinal drainage structures with correlation coefficients of 0.93 and 0.95, respectively. The result showed that design and construction defects are the second major failure causes. The research results showed that urbanization has a direct relationship with major drainage failure causes, resulting from man-made debris and solid waste clogging. On the other hand, drainage failure caused by siltation, drifts, and vegetation is higher in newly developing semi-urban and agricultural areas. The number of barrels in cross-drainage structures also contribute significantly to cross-drainage failure by creating a flow barrier due to the intermediate columns. The drainage failure impact assessment result showed that both cross- and longitudinal drainage failures primarily impact road pavement following transport disruption and traffic accidents, accounting for 38.5%, 18%, and 16%, respectively. Our research recommended that the mitigation measures for drainage failure are proper asset management and maintenance, appropriate construction supervision, and awareness creation, with weights of 36.3%, 15.5%, and 15.3%, respectively. As a drainage problem mitigation measure, the longitudinal drainage analysis results showed that the provision of a combination of cross-fall slopes, gutter slopes, and local depressions at the inlets can contribute to an increase in the trapping efficiency of the drainage system by 50%, which can reduce surface flooding substantially.

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE ATTITUDE TOWARDS DIFFICULTIES FACED DURING ANTENATAL VISITS IN PANDEMIC SITUATION AMONG ANTENATAL MOTHERS AT SMVMCH, PUDUCHERRY.

The COVID-19 pandemic is posing considerable challenges for countries to maintain the provision of high quality, essential maternal and newborn health services. Pregnant women and mothers with newborns may experience difculties accessing services due to transport disruptions and lockdown measures or be reluctant to come to health facilities due to fear of infection. Thus, a modest decline of 10% in coverage of pregnancy related and newborn health-care services were reported due to pandemics. This would result in 28,000 maternal deaths Anxiety and stress are prevalent psychiatric disorders that can result in negative health outcomes in the long run. The risk factors of anxiety and stress are numerous among which personal factors and genetic susceptibility are the main important ones; furthermore, the inappropriate coping with the changing environment has been identied as an important source of stress that causes anxiety as well. Pregnancy is one of the life periods with a high frequency of stress and anxiety disorders, supposed to be triggered by hormonal and physical changes, the fear of the neonate's health, giving birth, and other pregnancy-related factors. Majority of the antenatal mothers 45 (90%) had moderately favourable level of attitude, 4(8%) had unfavourable level of attitude and 1(2%) had favourable level of attitude s and the mean and standard deviation of level of attitude towards difculties faced during antenatal visits in pandemic situation among antenatal mothers is (36.92+6.074) respectively. Therefore the study should be conducted to test the level of attitude about the difculties faced by the antenatal mothers during the pandemic situation in SMVMCH

Field Investigation into Tree Fates from Recent Apple Tree Decline: Abrupt Hydraulic Failure Versus Gradual Hydraulic Loss

In the last decade, a sporadic tree health syndrome affecting high-density apple plantings in North America has become known as Rapid Apple Decline (RAD) or Sudden Apple Decline (SAD). The affected apple trees were typically grafted on small dwarfing rootstocks, often displayed necrosis at the graft union, and suffered from sudden mortality that occurred over 2–3 weeks amid the growing season or a gradual decline. In 2019 and 2020, we conducted a multi-site investigation in the south Okanagan, British Columbia, Canada, to assess the stem hydraulic characteristics, stomatal conductance, leaf δ13C‰, and fruit dry matter accumulation of the declining trees during disease progression. In trees that died, mortality appeared to be associated with severe disruption in xylem water transport at the damaged graft union, followed by abrupt hydraulic failure. In contrast, symptomatic trees that did not die exhibited the moderately declined plant water relations and a reduction in fruit dry matter accumulation followed by either further deterioration or eventual recovery. This pattern indicates the risk of carbohydrate depletion over gradual hydraulic decline and the importance of timely horticultural remedies. In the present study, we discuss potential horticultural practices to mitigate hydraulic dysfunctions and enhance crop tolerance.

Allergic inflammation disrupts epithelial electrogenic electrolyte transport through cholinergic regulation in the mouse colon.

Intestinal transport of electrolytes is regulated by the enteric nervous system. Acetylcholine (ACh) is considered the most important neurotransmitter for electrolyte transport in the colon. However, electrolyte transport regulated by ACh is not fully understood in the colon. We investigated the regulation of electrogenic electrolyte transport by cholinergic agonists in the mouse colon by measuring the short-circuit current (Isc) using an Ussing chamber system. Muscarinic stimulation induced transient electrogenic Cl- secretion, and nicotinic stimulation induced electrogenic K+ secretion to the apical side in the normal mouse colon, and these effects were reduced in the colon of mice with food allergy (FA). Administration of prednisolone to mice with FA suppressed mild inflammation in the colon and allergic symptoms and thereby ameliorated the disruption of electrogenic electrolyte transport induced not only by cholinergic pathway activation but also by electrical field stimulation and intracellular cAMP signaling pathway activation in the colon. These results suggest that the electrogenic electrolyte transport function in the colon is impaired by FA-induced colonic inflammation and that the suppression of inflammation ameliorates the dysfunction of electrogenic electrolyte transport in the colon of mice with FA.

Role of GSK-3β Inhibitors: New Promises and Opportunities for Alzheimer's Disease.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was discovered to be a multifunctional enzyme involved in a wide variety of biological processes, including early embryo formation, oncogenesis, as well cell death in neurodegenerative diseases. Several critical cellular processes in the brain are regulated by the GSK-3β, serving as a central switch in the signaling pathways. Dysregulation of GSK-3β kinase has been reported in diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, inflammation, and Huntington's disease. Thus, GSK-3β is widely regarded as a promising target for therapeutic use. The current review article focuses mainly on Alzheimer's disease, an age-related neurodegenerative brain disorder. GSK-3β activation increases amyloid-beta (Aβ) and the development of neurofibrillary tangles that are involved in the disruption of material transport between axons and dendrites. The drug-binding cavities of GSK-3β are explored, and different existing classes of GSK-3β inhibitors are explained in this review. Non-ATP competitive inhibitors, such as allosteric inhibitors, can reduce the side effects compared to ATP-competitive inhibitors. Whereas ATP-competitive inhibitors produce disarrangement of the cytoskeleton, neurofibrillary tangles formation, and lead to the death of neurons, etc. This could be because they are binding to a site separate from ATP. Owing to their interaction in particular and special binding sites, allosteric ligands interact with substrates more selectively, which will be beneficial in resolving drug-induced resistance and also helpful in reducing side effects. Hence, in this review, we focussed on the allosteric GSK-3β inhibitors and discussed their futuristic opportunities as anti-Alzheimer's compounds.

Lowering Cost Approach for CIGS-Based Solar Cell Through Optimizing Band Gap Profile and Doping of Stacked Active Layers-SCAPS Modeling.

In this research article, we carry out investigation on compensating the efficiency loss in thin-film CIGS photovoltaic (PV) cell due to absorber coat depth reduction. We demonstrate that the efficiency loss is mainly caused by the disruption of the charge-carrier transport. We propose an architecture engineered with a stepped band gap profile for improving the efficiency of charge-carrier transport and collection. By modifying the gallium content, we tuned the band gap profile of the active layer of a reference experimental cell from which we previously collected all parameters. Using the simulator environment SCAPS-1D, we modeled a three-steps stacking profile of active layer with different gallium contents from one layer to another. Based on the results obtained, the band gap configuration herein proposed appears to be a prospective strategy for high-performance ultrathin Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based PV cell architecture engineering. By combining this approach with the optimization of the active layer doping, we enhanced the yields of the reference structure from 18.93% for a 2 μm active layer to 23.36% for only 0.5 μm thickness of active layer, that is, an enhancement of 4.4%. The fill factor increased from 73.24 to 81.73%, that is, an additional stability indicator value of 8.5%. The good values of the obtained efficiency and the improvement of the fill factor value are relevant indicators of a stable device. Active layer stacking combined with a stepped band gap profile and doping level optimization is definitely providing new perspectives in thin-film CIGS high-performance PV cell achievement.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 AND UKRAINE-RUSSIA WAR ON THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND LOGISTICS

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a series of disruptions in production and transportation. After the reduction in mortality from COVID-19, trade, and tourism began to accelerate sharply, which resulted in increased demand, primarily for air transport. And then, there came a special intervention of Russia in Ukraine. During the ongoing intervention, the transport infrastructure in Ukraine was damaged significantly. The EU actively joined the war and adopted a series of sanctions to undermine Russian economic and financial ability to wage war. That led to the closure of the EU airspace for Russian aircraft, the closure of the EU ports to Russian ships, the banning of Russian transport operators, and bans on the export of goods and technology to the aviation, maritime, and space sectors. Pipeline transport is also under attack. The United States and several countries introduced similar bans. The sanctions caused a backlash and also affected transport in the EU, leading to difficulties in traffic, gas, and oil supply. Western airlines also cannot fly to or through Russia. Bottlenecks emerged in supply chains and the need to bypass traditional routes. That increased travel time and costs significantly. Transport companies faced restrictions from both the the Western countries and the Russian Federation. In connection with the 'special' operations in Ukraine and the Western sanctions, the transport situation in the Russian Federation has also deteriorated significantly. This paper will not deal in detail with the causes of crises but their effects on transport.

Rhine low water crisis: From individual adaptation possibilities to strategical pathways

IntroductionIn 2018, the Rhine transport sector experienced an unprecedented low water crisis, during which large cargo vessels were no longer able to navigate on certain sections of the river. This led to a major disruption in inland waterway transport. This article aims at questioning how the crisis acted as a stimulus for port authorities and their customers to consider the risks for their assets and operations and as a window of opportunity for creating a new collective and for defining “solutions.”MethodologyInspired by the Impact Chain methodology, a step-by-step protocol integrating focus groups and interviews, was applied so that stakeholders affected by low waters can identify their individual and common vulnerability and define possible ways of acting (pathways).ResultsOne of these pathways, the transitional infrastructural pathway, targets to increase the water level and overcome low water levels (use of Lake Constance as a water reservoir or creation of new water storage areas; deepening of the channel at Kaub and Maxau). It appears as the most suitable because it is a technical, well-controlled process that provides a comfortable solution in the short term. It exemplifies the lock-ins set by infrastructure.DiscussionHowever, the participative approach also highlights the fundamental challenge of developing new processes and new intermodal organizations in the long term.

Repeat-associated non-AUG translation induces cytoplasmic aggregation of CAG repeat-containing RNAs

CAG trinucleotide repeat expansions cause several neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia. RNAs with expanded CAG repeats contribute to disease in two unusual ways. First, these repeat-containing RNAs may agglomerate in the nucleus as foci that sequester several RNA-binding proteins. Second, these RNAs may undergo aberrant repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation in multiple frames and produce aggregation-prone proteins. The relationship between RAN translation and RNA foci, and their relative contributions to cellular dysfunction, are unclear. Here, we show that CAG repeat-containing RNAs that undergo RAN translation first accumulate at nuclear foci and, over time, are exported to the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, these RNAs are initially dispersed but, upon RAN translation, aggregate with the RAN translation products. These RNA-RAN protein agglomerates sequester various RNA-binding proteins and are associated with the disruption of nucleocytoplasmic transport and cell death. In contrast, RNA accumulation at nuclear foci alone does not produce discernable defects in nucleocytoplasmic transport or cell viability. Inhibition of RAN translation prevents cytoplasmic RNA aggregation and alleviates cell toxicity. Our findings demonstrate that RAN translation-induced RNA-protein aggregation correlates with the key pathological hallmarks observed in disease and suggest that cytoplasmic RNA aggregation may be an underappreciated phenomenon in CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders.

Impact of public transport disruption on access to healthcare facility and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative case study in Metro Manila, Philippines

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many governments to halt public transport operations. A consequence of such disruption is the reduction in access to critical facilities by individuals who rely on public transport for their daily mobility. We investigate the impact disparities caused by the restriction of public transportation on the access of healthcare workers and patients to healthcare facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Metro Manila is an appropriate case study site because the duration of suspension of public transport in the mega-city is one of the longest in the world. The prolonged duration of the lockdown could have devastating impacts on the well-being of individuals who are reliant on public transport to access essential services. Guided by the Yin-Eisenhardt approach to qualitative research, we examined the data from 55 individuals using within-case and cross-case analyses iteratively for the purpose of building a model on the impact of change in access due to public transport disruption on well-being. We mobilized constructs and concepts known in the literature, such as well-being, access, disruption, resistance, resilience, and vulnerability, in developing our two-step conceptual model. Given the profound impact of the prolonged and system-wide suspension of public transport on the well-being of individuals, it is necessary to provide sufficient public transport and active transport infrastructure and services that can cover their mobility needs. The two-step conceptual model from this study can provide guidance on specific policy interventions.

A city-level transport vision for 2050: Reimagined since COVID-19

Transformative changes are needed in the transport sector to limit global warming. Radical transport disruptions experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as greater Working from Home (WFH) and active travel, present a unique opportunity to reimagine more sustainable transport systems. The aim of the current study was to develop a 2050 transport vision and identify short term priorities for Melbourne (Australia) based on in-depth stakeholder interviews. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first backcasting study since COVID-19. As the city with the ‘longest lockdown’, Melbourne has valuable lessons for the rest of the world. Overall, participants reported that they were uncertain about the future of the central business district. Participants envisaged that the transport system would be carbon-neutral or carbon-positive. However, private motor vehicles (including electric and automated) were not considered the solution for handling the scale of trips anticipated with the projected population size. Instead, participants perceived that in Melbourne by 2050, there will be less work-related travel due to greater job flexibility and WFH. More localised neighbourhood living (20-minute cities), with most short trips undertaken by active travel, and longer trips by public transport. Furthermore, it was projected that regional centres will grow and the transport system will be for the whole state of Victoria and not just Melbourne. Finally, the study identified short term (2021–2030) travel behaviour priorities and eight immediate actions, including: urban design focusing on inspiring active travel; reallocating road space to prioritise active and public transport modes; planning for micromobility urban freight; improving public transport services; expanding public transport networks; installing electric vehicle charging infrastructure; supporting WFH to encourage trip avoidance; and encouraging political consensus when building major transport projects.

Трансформация цепей поставок в ситуации глобального кризиса

The article is devoted to the process of transformation of international supply chains in a crisis caused by the overlapping of three powerful negative factors: the consequences of the financial and economic crisis of 2008, of the COVID-19 pandemic and of economic sanctions against the Russian Federation. The authors point out that the destabilizing effect of the crisis primarily affected the functioning of the global supply chain system, one of the main components of the world economy. Under the current conditions, the normal functioning of supply chains is disrupted or is becoming nearly impossible due to disruptions in transport and commodity flows, denials of service, unpredictable delays, significant fluctuations in prices for goods and services, etc. The article emphasizes that the system of criteria and the basic principles of supply chain management, which have been established over decades of relatively stable development, are currently ineffective or completely inapplicable and need to be substantially adjusted. The theoretical recommendations identified by the authors are compared with the results of their survey of 240 Russian companies representing industry, distribution of goods, retail, logistics services and other segments. The survey made it possible to identify both the main negative factors affecting the supply chains and the most significant course of action for Russian business in order to reconfigure the import in crisis conditions. Based on the available theoretical and empirical data, the authors make an assumption about the new characteristics of international supply chains that they will acquire in the foreseeable future, both in terms of the general ideology of management and operation, and in terms of operational decisions.

Travel behavior shifts under extreme system-level disruptions

This paper attempts to identify and critically discuss how travel behaviour may be affected by any extreme system-level conditions of the transportation system in the cities. These disruptions refer to non-recurrent events and indicatively include hazardous events, and perturbations of the road network. To this end, the international literature on the changes in travel behaviour in the case where system-level disruption occur is collected and analysed. The analysis is conducted on the basis of the three pillars of travel behaviour, namely travel mode, route and departure time choices. The results show that most people tend to postpone their trip when extreme weather conditions occur, whereas in case of a public transportation disruption travellers are keen on altering their route choice. Finally, a clear mode shift towards cars has been observed due to the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic.

Review on Traditional Cow Milk Preservation Method and Marketing Practice in Ethiopia

The purpose of this review was to evaluate different reviews in different regions on traditional Ethiopian milk storage methods and marketing practices. Ethiopian farmers have a traditional system of handling milk containers that vary from place to place. Milking jars are thoroughly washed before smoking treatment, to mention a few, but the cleanliness of the wash water has been questioned. Milk processing began with the goal of turning fresh milk into long-lived dairy products and reducing food poisoning. Processing alone cannot solve the milk quality problem. Therefore, it is important to use proper processing and storage materials and to take the necessary precautions when handling milk and dairy products. Milk processing is progressing in Ethiopia. In the country, the average milk producer produces small quantities. The market for supplying fresh milk to consumers is not always easy, and local processors can suffer from problems such as power outages and disruptions in transportation. In most parts of the country, existing production and local marketing systems cannot easily meet growing demand. The degree of vertical and horizontal integration in the milk marketing system can vary from country to country or between regional and domestic milkfish. Therefore, this review should evaluate traditional domestic milk storage methods and marketing practices.

The 2-Oxoglutarate Carrier Is S-Nitrosylated in the Spinal Cord of G93A Mutant hSOD1 Mice Resulting in Disruption of Mitochondrial Glutathione Transport.

Mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Glutathione (GSH) is an endogenous antioxidant that exists as distinct cytosolic and mitochondrial pools. The status of the mitochondrial GSH pool is reliant on transport from the cytosol through the 2-oxoglutarate carrier (OGC), an inner membrane anion carrier. We have previously reported that the outer mitochondrial membrane protein, Bcl-2, directly binds GSH and is a key regulator of OGC-dependent mitochondrial GSH transport. Here, we show that G93A mutant SOD1 (Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase) reduces the binding of GSH to Bcl-2 and disrupts mitochondrial GSH uptake in vitro. In the G93A mutant hSOD1 mouse model of ALS, mitochondrial GSH is significantly depleted in spinal cord of end-stage mice. Finally, we show that OGC is heavily S-nitrosylated in the spinal cord of end-stage mice and consequently, the GSH uptake capacity of spinal cord mitochondria isolated from these mutant mice is significantly diminished. Collectively, these findings suggest that spinal cord GSH depletion, particularly at the level of the mitochondria, plays a significant role in ALS pathogenesis induced by mutant SOD1. Furthermore, the depletion of mitochondrial GSH in the G93A mutant hSOD1 mouse model may be caused by the S-nitrosylation of OGC and the capacity of mutant SOD1 to disrupt the Bcl-2/GSH interaction, resulting in a disruption of mitochondrial GSH transport.