Dispositional Flow Scale-2 Research Articles

Long Dispositional Flow Scale (DFS-2) General: Adaptation to and Validation for Brazilian Portuguese

The aim of the present study was to adapt the LONG Dispositional Flow Scale–General (DFS-2 General) to Brazilian Portuguese and assess evidence of the instrument’s validity. The DFS-2 General is an instrument for measuring flow in general contexts. The study was divided into two phases. The first involved translation and cultural adaptation of the DFS-2. The second entailed conducting an empirical study to assess evidence of construct and convergent validity, as well as internal consistency. The sample consisted of 310 adults (77.4% female) between the ages of 18 and 63 (M = 30.7 SD = 9.2). Based on the parameters of Jackson et al. (2010), we performed confirmatory factor analysis of two models: one with nine first-order factors, and the other with one second-order Flow factor and the same nine first-order factors. A new six-factor model, also with one second-order Flow factor, was proposed. The DFS-2 General presented adequate psychometric properties, indicating its suitability for assessing flow at work within the Brazilian context. The results revealed significant positive correlations between flow and both satisfaction with life and positive affects, as well as a significant negative correlation between flow and negative affects. Significant negative correlations between flow and stress were also found.

Dispositional Flow and Performance in Brazilian Triathletes.

Flow is a mental state characterized by total immersion and focus in an activity; performing it pleasurably. Such a state is considered optimal for performance. The present study analyzed the relationship between dispositional flow and performance in triathletes. The sample consisted of 328 athletes (294 males and 34 females; mean age of 37.42 ± 7.18 years) competing in the Ironman Brazil – Florianópolis – South American Championship 2017. Instruments were an identification sheet, the Dispositional Flow Scale (DFS-2) and athletes’ total race times. Data were analyzed using R, through the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, Mann–Whitney’s U, Spearman Correlation, and Network Analysis [Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO)], using strength, closeness, and betweenness as centrality measurements. Results show a positive correlation between age and practice time (r = 0.34), inverse relationship between practice time and total race time (r = −0.25), and inverse correlations between race time and 05 of the 09 flow dimensions (r between −0.17 and −0.11), suggesting better performances were related to more practice time and higher disposition to flow. Flow conditions, flow characteristics, individual characteristics, and performance were separately grouped in the network structure. Challenge–skill balance was the most influential node, with the highest closeness and betweenness values; challenge–skill balance, clear goals, control, and action-awareness merge directly influenced better race times. Sample’s top 50 performers had significantly higher disposition to challenge-skill balance, clear goals, control and feedback. Practical implications of flow mechanisms are discussed. Dispositional flow was positively related to objective performance in Brazilian triathletes.

Investigation of the Relationship Between Dispositional Flow State, Sensation Seeking and Ski Resort Preference of Skiing and Snowboarding Participants

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between was to examine dispositional flow state, sensation seeking and ski resort preference of skiing and snowboarding participants. The sample of this study constituted 510 (126 female x̄ = 23.94 ± 5.79 years; 384 male x̄ = 27.33 ± 7.87 years) skiers and snowboarders from varied ski resort between the years 2018–2019. A demographic questionnaire, The Contextual Sensation Seeking Questionnaire for Skiing and Snowboarding (CSSQ-S) Ski Resort Preference Scale (SRPS) and Dispositional Flow Scale-2—Short Form (DFS2-SF) were used to collect data. Before the statistical analysis, coefficient of kurtosis, coefficient of skewness and test of normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test) of the data were examined and the deviation from the normal distribution was determined meaningless (p > .05). Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the relationship between variables. The mediator effect of sensation seeking in the relationship between ski resort preference and flow of participants were examined with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The correlation value between the variables was determined between 0.196–0.549. (P < 0.01). There is causal relationship between; SRPS and DFS2-SF (β = .187, p < .01), SRPS and CSSQ-S (β = .932, p < .01), CSSQ-S and DFS2-SF (β = .581, p < .01) respectively. It was found that when SRPS variable was included in the model as a mediating variable, causal relationship between SRPS and DFS2-SF was eliminated (β = 7.067, p > .05) and causal relationship between CSSQ-S and DFS2-SF was significantly increased (β = .722, p < .01). When the fit indexes of the models were examined, all values in all four models indicated acceptable/perfect fit. The results show that ski resort preference has a significant causal relationship on flow state and sensation seeking in skier and snowboarders. However, when sensation seeking is included in the model as a mediating factor, effect of the ski resort preference on the flow state disappears, while the effect level of sensation seeking increases.

The Relationship between Motivation and Flow States in Sports Faculty Students

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between motivation and flow states in sports faculty students. A total of 289 athletes who were studying at Ondokuz Mayis University Yasar Dogu Faculty of Sports Sciences participated in the study. Sport Motivation Scale and The Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2 were used. T-test was used for comparisons. While there was no significant difference between the subscale scores of motivational orientation by gender (p> 0.05), a significant difference was found between the amotivation subscale (p 0.05). No significant difference was found between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation states of student athletes according to gender differences (p> 0.05). No significant difference was found between all sub-dimensions of flow state according to gender, team and individual sports (p> 0.05). T Conclusion: It can be said that motivation levels of sports educated students have an effect on flow states or flow states have an influence on motivation states. The studies that increase the flow states of the sports educated students can increase the motivation levels of the students, as well as studies that increase the motivation levels of the students can increase the flow states. Studies should be conducted in different age groups and different groups to find out in which sub-dimensions flow states and motivation states differ or are similar.

Relationships Between Dispositional Flow, Motivational Climate, and Self-Talk in Physical Education Classes

This cross-sectional study explored the relationships between dispositional flow, motivational climate, and self-talk in physical education. Six hundred forty-eight participants completed the Dispositional Flow Scale for Physical Education, the Learning and Performance Orientation in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire, and the Automatic Self-Talk Questionnaire for Physical Education. The results revealed that dispositional flow subscales were negatively related to students’ negative self-talk dimensions and positively related to students’ positive self-talk dimensions. Moreover, significant relationships emerged between perceived motivational climate subscales and students’ self-talk dimensions. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that the dispositional flow subscale of unambiguous feedback and the subscale of motivational climate of students’ learning orientation significantly predicted students’ positive self-talk dimensions (positively) and negative self-talk dimensions (negatively). In contrast, the motivational climate subscales of students’ worry about mistakes significantly and positively predicted students’ negative self-talk dimensions. Finally, significant differences were found in study variables as a function of gender, leisure-time sport participation, sport type, and grade level. Overall, these correlational findings stress the importance of dispositional flow and perceived motivational climate in physical education as potential factors that shape students’ self-talk. Subscribe to TPE

Traditional-Chinese Dispositional Flow Scale-2 and Flow State Scale-2 in Taiwanese subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder

IntroductionThe 36-item Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) and Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) were developed to assess flow experience in daily and specific activities. Although their validity and reliability had been examined in general populations and different cultures, little is known for schizophrenic subjects. Thus, this study aimed to validate Traditional-Chinese DFS-2 (TCDFS-2) and FSS-2 (TCFSS-2) in Taiwanese subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. MethodsWe recruited 229 adult participants from outpatient clinics, day care centers, and psychiatric rehabilitation centers in Taipei. They filled out 36-item TCDFS-2 and TCFSS-2 under guidance. The LISREL 9.30 software was used to conduct exploratory factor analysis for exploring measurement structures, and then confirmatory factor analysis for identifying factor models. ResultsThe six first-order factor and one second-order factor measurement models were obtained for both 36-item TCDFS-2 (Chi-square statistic = 999.1, df = 545, p < 0.0001, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.0603, and Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.9213) and TCFSS-2 (Chi-square statistic = 987.9, df = 539, p < 0.0001, RMSEA = 0.0603, and CFI = 0.9213). ConclusionOur factor models differed remarkably from those of 36-item DFS-2 and FSS-2. Yet, they were barely acceptable to be used to measure flow experiences in schizophrenic subjects in clinical applications. Since the factor scores, measurement structures, or even definitions of flow experiences could differ substantially between healthy people and patients with mental illness, disease-specific instruments of flow experiences should be considered in the future.

Relationships Between Flow, Mental Toughness, and Subjective Performance Perception in Various Triathletes.

This study examined the relationship between mental toughness (MT), subjectively perceived performance, and dispositional flow in a sample of 114 high-performing ironmen and standard distance triathletes ( Mage = 28.81 years, SD = 3.45) recruited from triathlon clubs. Participants completed the Mental Toughness Questionnaire, Dispositional Flow Scale, and self-rated subjectively perceived performance. Pearson's correlations between these measures revealed a significant, positive relationship between global MT and subjective performance ratings ( r = .62, p < .01) and between global MT and all Dispositional Flow subscales ( r = .67-.81, p < .05). Linear regression analyses found that MT subscales accounted for 64% of the variance in dispositional flow. Subjective performance ratings did not add significantly to the regression model. Overall, these findings suggest that MT may contribute positively to ironman competitors' and triathletes' exertion of the cognitive and emotional control necessary to experience flow and perform better. We discuss these results in the context of ironman and triathlon competitions.

Testing the Measurement Equivalence of the Chinese Dispositional Flow Scale–2 Between Schizophrenia and General Populations in Taiwan

Abstract Date Presented 4/19/2018 The results in this study did not support the measurement equivalence of the Chinese Dispositional Flow Scale–2 between schizophrenia and general populations. Developing a measuring of dispositional flow tendency for the schizophrenia population should be considered. Primary Author and Speaker: Lin-Jye Huang Additional Authors and Speakers: Fu-Chang Hu, Chinyu Wu, Yi-Hong Yang, Shu-Chun Lee, Hsu-Chang Huang, Chun-Yi Yu, Kuan-Yu Lai

Dispositional Flow State among Open Skill Athletes: A Predictor and Quantification of Sport Performance

The present study was aimed to identify the role of Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) among open skill athletes. In order to achieve the objective of the study, Sixty (N=60) male university level open skill athletes of 19 to 25 years of age were selected to act as a subject. A prior consent was sought from all the subjects after being informed about the objective and protocol of a study. The sixty (N=60) subjects were segregated into three groups i.e. N 1 = 20 Basketball, N 2 =20 Handball, N 3 =20 Football. To measure the level of Flow of the subjects, the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) Questionnaire constructed by Jackson and Eklund (2004) was administered. One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare various sports groups i.e. open skill athletes. Where ‘F’ values were found significant, LSD (Least Significant Difference) Post-hoc test was applied to find out the direction and degree of differences. For testing the hypothesis, the level of significance was set at 0.05. Significant differences were found among various sport groups (basketball, handball, and football) on the sub-variables of DFS-2 i.e. unambiguous feedback, sense of control, loss of self-consciousness and overall dispositional flow scale-2. However, no significant differences were found on the sub-variables of DFS-2 i.e. challenge-skill balance, action-awareness merging, clear goals, concentration on the task at hand, transformation of time and autotelic experience.

“Add Flow to the Fire”: Flow and Hope as a Shield against Burnout of Fire Service Workers

Being related to optimal functioning, the concept of flow is valuable for a variety of tasks and activities that entails human endeavor. Though flow gives the individuals the ability to focus energetically and direct their resources towards their goals, it was not studied in relation to the goal-directed variable of hope to date. The present study aimed to examine flow, hope and burnout in professional firefighters in Greece and to examine the antecedents of flow and hope after a challenging work incident. The Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2), the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and the Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS) were filled in by 180 firefighters in a pre- and post-study design. The results showed that after a fire incident, firemen’s burnout scores increased, whereas hope scores decreased. Flow and hope were positively related to professional efficacy, while stable pathways of the ADHS were associated with increased flow after the fire incident. Significant differences were detected in both flow and hope levels in relation to the participants’ burn out, as well as their age, educational level, and family status. The findings have important practical and research implications in terms of empowering workers at such stressful and demanding professions of high social and public health importance.

Antecedents of flow and the flow-performance relationship in cricket

The present study aspires to elaborate on the conceptual framework of flow by further elucidating integration and conceptualization of a relationship between flow and objective and subjective measures of performance. The aims of the study were twofold: (1) to examine the relationship between flow and its key correlates, anxiety, motivation, and perceived ability; (2) to assess whether the relationship between these measures and performance is direct or mediated. Participant sample included a group of cricketers with varying performance level (n = 40) and a group of 20 non-cricket team athletes; all were between 18 and 35 years of age. Their performance was assessed objectively by batting average, along with administering the Dispositional Flow Scale (DFS), Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS), Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), and Perceived Sport Ability (PSA) questionnaires. Results show that the three flow correlates accounted for 77% of dispositional flow variance; individual correlates varied, however, in their predicting power, anxiety: 0%; motivation: 1%; perceived ability: 57%. In addition, total flow and flow correlates accounted for a total of 54% of variance in performance, whereas unique variance of 8% was accounted for by anxiety and perceived ability, each. Notably, flow and two correlates, anxiety and perceived ability, were found to have a direct impact on performance; in contrast, a weak partial mediation of flow was found between motivation and performance. Based on the findings on the flow-performance relationship, expansion of the flow theory is suggested; benefits for advancing intervention research in sport psychology are discussed.

Flow Experiences in Physical Education Classes: The Role of Perceived Motivational Climate and Situational Motivation

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of perceived motivational climate and situational motivation levels on dispositional flow in physical education classes. 242 boys (Mage=13.38; SD=0.95) and 251 girls (Mage=13.27; SD=0.88) a total of 493 secondary school students (Mage=13.32; SD=0.91) voluntarily participated in this study. Physical Education Situational Motivational Scale, Learning and Performance Orientation in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire and Physical Education Dispositional Flow Scale-2 were administered to all participants. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that identified regulation, intrinsic motivation, pupil learning climate and teacher-initiated learning explained a significant amount of variance in dispositional flow in physical education (p<0.05). The pupil learning climate, identified regulation and leisure time sport participation were the strongest predictors, respectively. These findings suggested that promoting mastery-oriented climate, self-determined situational motivation, and participation in sport will foster dispositional flow in the physical education setting.

Measuring Dispositional Flow: Validity and reliability of the Dispositional Flow State Scale 2, Italian version.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2), for use with Italian adults, young adults and adolescents.MethodIn accordance with the guidelines for test adaptation, the scale has been translated with the method of back translation. The understanding of the item has been checked according to the latest standards on the culturally sensitive translation. The scale thus produced was administered to 843 individuals (of which 60.69% female), between the ages of 15 and 74. The sample is balanced between workers and students. The main activities defined by the subjects allow the sample to be divided into three categories: students, workers, athletes (professionals and semi-professionals).ResultsThe confirmatory factor analysis, conducted using the Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLM), showed acceptable fit indexes. Reliability and validity have been verified, and structural invariance has been verified on 6 categories of Flow experience and for 3 subsamples with different with different fields of action. Correlational analysis shows significant high values between the nine dimensions.ConclusionsOur data confirmed the validity and reliability of the Italian DFS-2 in measuring Flow experiences. The scale is reliable for use with Italian adults, young adults and adolescents. The Italian version of the scale is suitable for the evaluation of the subjective tendency to experience Flow trait characteristic in different contest, as sport, study and work.

Absorption in Sport: A Cross-Validation Study.

Absorption has been identified as readiness for experiences of deep involvement in the task. Conceptually, absorption is a key psychological construct, incorporating experiential, cognitive, and motivational components. Although, no operationalization of the construct has been provided to facilitate research in this area, the purpose of this research was the development and examination of the psychometric properties of a sport-specific measure of absorption that evolved from the use of the modified Tellegen Absorption Scale (MODTAS; Jamieson, 2005) in mainstream psychology. The study aimed to provide evidence of the psychometric properties, reliability, and validity of the Measure of Absorption in Sport Contexts (MASCs). The psychometric examination included a calibration sample from Scotland and a cross-validation sample from Australia using a cross-sectional design. The item pool was developed based on existing items from the modified Tellegen Absorption Scale (Jamieson, 2005). The MODTAS items were reworded and translated into a sport context. The Scottish sample consisted of 292 participants and the Australian sample of 314 participants. Congeneric model testing and confirmatory factor analysis for both samples and multi-group invariance testing across samples was used. In the cross-validation sample the MASC subscales showed acceptable internal consistency and construct reliability (≥0.70). Excellent fit indices were found for the final 18-item, six-factor measure in the cross-validation sample, = 197.486, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.957; TLI = 0.945; RMSEA = 0.045; SRMR = 0.044. Multi-group invariance testing revealed no differences in item meaning, except for two items. The MASC and the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 showed moderate-to-strong positive correlations in both samples, r = 0.38, p < 0.001 and r = 0.42, p < 0.001, supporting the external validity of the MASC. This article provides initial evidence in support of the psychometric properties, reliability, and validity of the sport-specific measure of absorption. The MASC provides rich research opportunities in sport psychology that can enhance the theoretical understanding between absorption and related constructs and facilitate future intervention studies.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Short Dispositional Flow Scale–2 and Short Flow State Scale–2 for Persons With Schizophrenia in Taiwan

Abstract Date Presented 3/30/2017 The Chinese versions of the Short Dispositional Flow Scale–2 (DFS–2) and Short Flow State Scale–2 (FSS–2) showed goodness of fit when administered to persons with schizophrenia in Taiwan, and future studies would be suggested to apply the same validation method for the Short DFS–2 and Short FSS–2 in other cultures or populations. Primary Author and Speaker: Lin-Jye Huang Additional Authors and Speakers: Fu-Chang Hu, Chinyu Wu, Yi-Hong Yang, Shu-Chun Lee, Yung-Chun Fang, Hsu-Chang Huang, Kuan-Yu Lai, Chun-Yi Yu

Roles of Perceived Motivational Climates Created by Coach, Peer, and Parent on Dispositional Flow in Young Athletes.

We investigated the contribution of perceived motivational climates created by coach, peer, and parent on the dispositional flow experience of young athletes. Eighty-six female ( Mage = 14.24, SD = 1.38 years) and 134 male ( Mage = 16.28, SD = 1.17 years) athletes completed questionnaires of perceived motivational climates created by coach, peer, and parent and the Dispositional Flow Scale-2. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that perceived task-involving coach (β = .40, p < .001) and peer (β = .28, p < .002) motivational climates were the only significant predictors of dispositional flow. These findings suggest that task-involving motivational climates should be strengthened to increase experience of flow.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Dispositional Flow Scale–2 and Flow Status Scale–2 for Persons With Schizophrenia

Abstract Date Presented 4/8/2016 The Chinese version of the Dispositional Flow Scale–2 (DFS–2) and Flow Status Scale–2 (FSS–2) showed adequate goodness of fit when administered to persons with schizophrenia in Taiwan, and future studies would be suggested to apply the same validation method for DFS–2 and FSS–2 in other cultures or populations. Primary Author and Speaker: Lin-Jye Huang Additional Authors and Speakers: Chinyu Wu, Fu-Chang Hu, Kuan-Yu Lai, Yi-Hong Yang, Shu-Chun Lee, Yung-Chun Fang, Su-Mei Chang, Chun-Yi Yu, Hsu-Chang Huang

Moderating Roles of Hardiness and Self-Efficacy in the Relationship between Flow and Academic Procrastination on Academic Performance: A Structural Equation Model Approach

Academic procrastination is common among students and is due to various reasons. One of the reasons can be difficulty level of the task. To involve in the task and experience a deep sense of enjoyment, there should be balance between students’ skills and task challenges which is a characteristic of flow. The present study aimed to find out the moderating role of Hardiness and Self-efficacy in the relationship between Flow and Academic Procrastination on Academic Performance. For that 170 undergraduate students were taken from different streams using stratified random sampling method. Procrastination Scale, Dispositional Flow Scale, Hardiness Scale and Self-efficacy scales were used to measure the proposed variable in the model. Results showed a significant negative relation between academic performance and procrastination and a positive relation between Academic Performance, flow, and Self-efficacy. However, there seems no significant relationship between academic performance and hardiness. Structural equation modeling results reveal that procrastination has a significant direct effect on performance and that self-efficacy plays a moderating role in the relationship between flow and procrastination on academic performance, whereas hardiness is non-significant. Hence, it can be concluded from the SEM analysis result that model can be partially accepted. The implications of the study suggest designing the syllabus to match the abilities of all the students, training to elude procrastination and to increase a student’s level of self-efficacy.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FLOW STATE IN BASKETBALL PERFORMANCE: A PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBE

Purpose: The present study was conducted to examine the flow state in basketball performance. Materials: The investigator had selected Forty Five (N=45) female basketball players of 19 to 25 years of age to act as subjects. They were divided into three groups; (i.e., N1=15; District, N2=15; State and N3=15 National). The purposive sampling technique was used to select the subjects. All the subjects, after having been informed about the objective and protocol of the study, gave their consent and volunteered to participate in this study. Statistical Analyses: To measure the level of dispositional flow state of the subjects, the flow state battery constructed by Jackson &amp; Eklund (2004) was administered. One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to find out the intra-group differences. Where F values were found significant, LSD (Least Significant Difference) Post-hoc test was applied to find out the direction and degree of difference. For testing the hypotheses, the level of significance was set at 0.05. Results &amp; Conclusion: The results revealed no significant differences were found among female basketball players on the sub-variables of Dispositional Flow Scale-2 i.e., Challenge Skill Balance, Action-Awareness Merging, Clear Goals, Unambiguous Feedback, Concentration on the Task at Hand, Sense of Control, Loss of Self-Consciousness, Time transformation and Autotelic experience.

The applied model of imagery use: Examination of moderation and mediation effects.

The applied model of mental imagery use proposed an interaction effect between imagery type and imagery ability. This study had two aims: (a) the examination of imagery ability as a moderating variable between imagery type and dispositional flow, and (b) the testing of alternative mediation models. The sample consisted of 367 athletes from Scotland and Australia, who completed the Sport Imagery Questionnaire, Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire, and Dispositional Flow Scale-2. Hierarchical regression analysis showed direct effects of imagery use and imagery ability on flow, but no significant interaction. Mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect path, indicating a partially mediated relationship (P = 0.002) between imagery use, imagery ability, and flow. Partial mediation was confirmed when the effect of cognitive imagery use and cognitive imagery ability was tested, and a full mediation model was found between motivational imagery use, motivational imagery ability, and flow. The results are discussed in conjunction with potential future research directions on advancing theory and applications.