Dispose Off Research Articles

Lifetime milk production efficiency of jersey cows under sub-temperate conditions

Lifetime performance and disposal data on 154 Jersey cows, progeny of 14 sires getting disposed off due to natural reasons after completing at least one lactation of more than 180 days duration from the dairy herd of Instructional livestock farm, CSK, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur were utilized to evaluate the lifetime production efficiency in terms of milk yield per day of herd life, milk yield per day of total lactation period and milk yield per day of longevity of the exotic Jersey cows in sub-temperate climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh to judge overall suitability and adaptation of the breed to native environs. The overall least squares means estimated for lifetime milk yield per day of herd life, lifetime milk yield per day of total lactation length and lifetime milk yield per day of longevity were 4.77± 0.18 kg, 6.46± 0.13 kg and 2.92± 0.12 kg respectively. The mean performance for these traits was comparable to earlier estimates reported for Jersey and its crossbred cows in different agro climatic regions of the country. The analysis of different factors affecting these traits revealed period of calving and first lactation milk yield as significant sources of variation for milk yield per day of herd life and lactation period while the age at first calving and first lactation milk yield significantly influenced milk yield per day of longevity. The results suggested reasonably good performance and adaptation of the breed in local agro climatic conditions and validated the effect of existing culling of low yielders based on first lactation yields.

DPSCs and SHED in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) from permanent teeth and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have attracted tremendous interest recently by playing a major role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, since stem cell technology is still in its infancy, interdisciplinary cooperation between medicine, ba- sic biological research, nanotechnology and materials science is needed to achieve successful clinical applications. Similar to mesenchymal stem cells, DPSCs and SHED can undergo self-renewal and have multipotent differentiation ability, but unlike other sources of stem cells such as embryonic stem cells, which involves the destruction of human embryo, DPSCs and SHED have limited ethical concerns as they are readily and easily accessible, non-invasive and disposed off naturally. Not only DPSCs and SHED can be used for cell based therapies and bio-artificial tissue constructs but also made to differentiate into other cell types. Here, we discuss on definitions, opportunities, advantages and limitations of DPSCs and SHED in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Vermicomposting: An Eco‐Friendly Option for Fermentation and Dye Decolourization Waste Disposal

AbstractBy‐products of various industrial fermentations can be good adsorbents for removing hazardous dyes from wastewater. However, after biosorption, regeneration of biomass is essential to minimize the solid waste generation or else the dye laden biomass should be suitably disposed off. In the present work, experiments were conducted on the Acid Navy Blue and Methylene Blue dyes which were biosorbed to the fungal biomass (strain closely related to Aspergillus lentulus) produced on corncob as the substrate through solid state fermentation. In order to dispose the dye laden biomass, it was vermicomposted along with cow dung (CD) employing Eisenia fetida. Results indicated that the dye laden biomass was not lethal toward the earthworms as no mortality was observed. However, as compared with control experiments (where dye laden biomass was absent), the reproductive potential of the earthworms was affected. Nevertheless, further investigations on optimization of biomass and CD ratios can facilitate vermicomposting as a potential route for disposing dye laden biomass.

Recycle or Dispose Off? Lifecycle Environmental Sustainability Assessment of Paint Recycling Process

People are so metimes confronted with the need to decide whether a product should be recycled or disposed off. The purpose of this project was to assess whether it is more environ mentally sustainable to recycle paint than to dispose it off in a landfill or not. Lifecycle assessment method was used to analyze potential environ mental costs and benefits associated with paint recycling. Data used for the analyses were collected from a recycled paint manufacturing company, literature, and a database. The lifecycle impact analyses of the paint recycling p rocess were based on monthly production of a recycled latex paint brand. Results of the analyses revealed that the process have a monthly 122760.8kg CO2-eq global warming potential (GWP), 1481.6 max kg O2-eq eutrophication potential (EP), and 106.8kg C2H4-eq photochemical o zone creat ion potential (POCP). The LCA results showed an environ mental benefit of eliminating 31,237.29kg CO2-eq GWP, 0.02kg CFC-11eq Ozone depletion potential (ODP), 5943.58kg C2H4 eq POCP and 197.83 max kg O2 eq EP by recycling latex paint rather than disposing it off in the landfill and producing equal amount of latex paint to replace it . Results also revealed that recycling of paint containers and plastics reduces the GWP by 25.34%, ODP by 29.79%, POCP by 15.39%, and EP by 12.47%. Paint recycling is therefore not only econo mically wise but it is also ecologically sustainable.

Management of dental waste by practitioners in Nairobi, Kenya

Objective: Dental wastes are material that has been utilized in dental clinics, which are no longer wanted for use and therefore discarded. Improper disposal of these dental wastes can cause harm to the dentist, the people in immediate vicinity of the dentist, waste handlers and general public and the environment through production of toxins or as by products of the destruction process. This study aims to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practice on management of dental wastes among dental practitioners in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study of 70 dental practitioners practicing in Nairobi, Kenya. Results: A total of 50 dental practitioners were included in the study. Majority had graduated between 1991-1995. 47.5% had only a bachelors degree, 25% had masters 7.5% had PhD and 12.5% had postgraduate diploma. Forty five percent of the respondents indicated they have attended training on management of dental waste while 89.5% had been attending continuous dental education. Forty-two percent of the respondents worked in public institution while the rest were in private practice. Only 48.7% of the practitioners were aware of the existence of waste management guidelines. Only 64% felt it was important to follow the set guidelines, 5% thought it was tedious, 2% said they were not practical and the rest were not interested in the guidelines. Eighty-two percent of the respondents said that amalgam was toxic if disposed improperly with only 10.7% indicating pollution to be a consequence of improper disposal of amalgam. Seventyseven percent of the respondents did not know the hazardous effects of improper disposal of amalgam. Only half of the respondents stored waste amalgam under water, 25% said they did not know how to dispose amalgam. All (100%) knew about occurrence of cross-infection with improper disposal of bloody waste but only 56.1% said they incinerated bloody body waste while 24.4% disposed off bloody waste with general waste 35.7% of the respondents indicated that sharps were hazardous if improperly disposed. Only 52.4% incinerated their pathological wasted. On expired drugs, 7.3% disposed them off as part of general wastes. Conclusion: There is need for continuous professional development on waste management among dentists in Kenya. Key words : Access, Oral health, HIV, Physician, Dental waste.

Study of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding biomedical waste among paramedical workers

Study of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding biomedical waste among paramedical workers

Recycling of waste tyre rubber into oil absorbent

The abundant and indiscriminant disposal of waste tyres has caused both health and environmental problems. In this work, we provide a new way to dispose off waste tyres by reusing the waste tyre rubber (WTR) for oil absorptive material production. To investigate this feasibility, a series of absorbents were prepared by graft copolymerization-blending method, using waste tyre rubber and 4-tert-butylstyrene (tBS) as monomers. Divinylbenzene (DVB) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) were employed as crosslinker and initiator, respectively. The existence of graft-blends (WTR-g-tBS) was determined by FTIR spectrometry and verified using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). In addition, the thermal properties of WTR-g-tBS were confirmed by a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Oil absorbency of the grafted-blends increased with increases in either feed ratio of WTR to tBS or DVB concentration. This absorbency reached a maximum of 24.0gg(-1) as the feed ratio and DVB concentration were 60/40 and 1wt%, respectively, after which it decreased. At other ratios and concentrations the absorbency decreased. The gel fraction of grafted-blends increased with increasing concentration of DVB. Oil-absorption processes in pure toluene and crude oil diluted with toluene were found to adhere to first-order absorption kinetics. Furthermore, the oil-absorption rate in diluted crude oil was observed to be lower than pure toluene.

Multi-objective optimization of fuel oil blending using the jumping gene adaptation of genetic algorithm

Production and marketing of heavy fuel oil (HFO) are an easy, effective and economical way to dispose off certain very heavy refinery streams such as short residue (SR, available from the bottom of vacuum distillation units) and clarified liquid oil (CLO, available from the bottom of the main fractionators of fluidized-bed catalytic crackers). Certain lighter streams such as heavy cycle oil (HCO), light cycle oil (LCO) and kerosene, are added to the heavy residual stock to improve its quality in terms of fluidity, combustibility, etc., to be marketed as fuel oil. The present study aims at optimization of the fuel oil blending process to maximize profit, minimize quality give-away, maximize production, minimize use of lighter products such as LCO and kerosene, and maximize the calorific value, etc. Several multi-objective optimization problems have been formulated comprising of two and three-objective functions and solved using the elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). This evolutionary technique produces a set of non-dominating (equally good) Pareto optimal solutions from which the operator can choose the one that is most suitable (preferred point). Also, a fixed-length macro–macro mutation operator, inspired by jumping genes in natural genetics, has been used with NSGA-II to solve this problem. This modified algorithm leads to a significant reduction in the computational effort. Indeed, this adaptation can be of immense use in reducing the computational effort for other problems in chemical engineering.

Minerals in Soils and Forages Irrigated with Secondary Treated Sewage Water in Sebele, Botswana

Production of forage using treated sewage water is a viable practice internationally. However, there is not much information on the heavy metal content of such forages. This study was conducted to determine the effect of sewage water on soils and forages irrigated with treated sewage water at Botswana College of Agriculture 's farm. The study was conducted for a period of 120 days using established forage pastures of rye grass (Lolium multiflorum) and lucerne (Medicago sativa). Heavy metals determined were Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb and Cd. Generally the treated sewage water contained relatively low levels of heavy metals. Zn, Ni and Mn concentration were below the detectable levels. In the sewage water while soils and plants had low levels of heavy metals. Comparatively the soil and plants heavy metal levels were much higher than those in the water and the difference was significant (p<0.05). There was some low correlation between trace element contents in the water and soil. In addition there was some significant difference (p<0.05) in heavy metal concentration in sewage water between the months during which the analyses were done. However, the sewage water, soils and forage mineral concentrations were within the internationally allowable heavy metal concentration with respect to irrigation, soil loadings and animal feeds. poor performance is largely attributed to low and variable effluent is generated per annum and discarded in rainfall as well as the occurrence of successive droughts. Gaborone alone as sewage . The use of sewage water for This calls for exploitation of other means of water sources irrigation is a positive way to dispose off sewage. Such to sustain the sector as underground water from huge volumes of water in a country with persistent boreholes, damming of rivers and sewage water. The latter droughts and unreliable rainfall can be of great agronomic being the most sustainable as it minimizes the cost of and economic importance. Irrigation with sewage water procuring portable or fresh water for agricultural use. can increase available water supply or release water for Concern for water quality denotes it's suitability and is alternative use. The utilization of sewage water also related to it's effect on the soil and plants and the contributes to cleaning of the environment, as the water management that may be necessary to control or is not discharged into water bodies that could otherwise compensate for a water quality related problem is the most get polluted. In addition to these direct economic benefits limiting factor in the use of sewage water for agricultural that conserve natural resources, this water contains a lot purposes. The principle for evaluating the quality of of nutrients and can serve as an alternative source to irrigation water deals with the total concentration and expensive chemical fertilizers. FAO estimated that typical composition of soluble salts in water . Soluble salts wastewater from domestic sources could supply all of the (2)

The cessation of long-term fly-ash dumping: Effects on macrobenthos and sediments

Four decades of continual fly-ash disposal off Northumberland, U.K., ended in December 1992. Quantitative sampling of the sediment and the macrobenthos was undertaken in the Summer 1993 over 27 km 2 of seabed covering the Blyth Fly-ash Dumpsite and the surrounding area. The offshore portion of the region surveyed bore only traces of fly-ash particles, waste being confined to the region shallower than 45 m. There, disposals have changed local sedimentary conditions increasing the spatial patchiness of sediment types and altering silt-clay dynamics. Inshore of the dumpsite, substrata affected by long-term tipping have effectively become an artificial reef due to the cementation of the waste. The seabed within the designated dumpsite was still composed of pure fly ash, resulting in macrobenthic densities and species richness markedly lower than control areas, though higher than recorded in a previous survey in 1988. At the dumpsite, between 47 and 66% of the species had only one or two representatives and juveniles made up 47–88% of the individuals. Additional faunal impoverishment occurred where pebbly clinker and aggregates abounded. Nine months after cessation of dumping recovery was essentially dependant on the decrease in the concentration of the waste and will proceed as the gradual fertilization of the sediments occurs.

Benthic communities as influenced by nuclear testing and radioactive waste disposal off Novaya Zemlya in the Russian Arctic

On the material of sampling, accomplished in: (i) Chernaya Inlet of the Barents Sea (one of the flats of Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site), (ii) in the Open Kara Sea and (iii) on the shoal off Novaya Zemlya from Stepovogo Fjord to Abrosimov Fjord (sites of radioactive waste disposal with activity 90% from total for the Kara Sea), characteristics of macro-, meio- and microbenthic bottom communities on the areas of potential radioactive danger are presented. Significant changes in macro- and meiobenthic communities are not revealed. In Chernaya Inlet, where three nuclear explosions were held in 1955–1961, disturbances in microbenthic protozoa communities are found. These disturbances expressed in the infusoria elimination from the fauna of the inlet deep-water sites and in morphological abnormality of this group individuals in population, inhabiting low depth of the inlet top. The assumed origin of revealed disturbances is high concentration (by 3–4 orders of magnitude above the background) of plutonium in bottom sediments of the inlet. Similar responses of the microbenthic flagellates are not detected.