Disposal Volume Research Articles

Looking at the Big picture: Reclassifying water disposal wells into injectors to safeguard field reserves and future potential

The Deep Water Disposal project was initiated in 1995 with the aim of managing excess water output from the primary facility. The injection into a shared deep formation has resulted in a significant boost to the pressure in nearby fields. This effect can be observed through pressure measurements, which demonstrate that the field was in a state of depletion before the commencement of water disposal. However, the pressure stabilized once stable disposal rates were established. Recently, a decline in nearby fields' pressure has been noticed in response to lower disposal rates[5]. The objective of this study is to evaluate the level of pressure support in adjacent areas resulting from the volume of waste disposal and establish the necessary disposal rate needed to sustain the desired pressures. Ultimately, the goal is to reclassify the relevant portion of deep-water disposal volume as proper water injection[1], to avoid any unnecessary decommissioning of the disposal wells and hence losing this energy source to the reservoir. This Novel approach of mixing operational and reservoir data deals directly with the topic of voidage replacement, pressure decline, reservoir behavior, impact of deep water disposal and water injection of performance, and conducting simple forecasting methodology that is fit for purpose to come up with practical results to be directly applied in a real life situation.

Constructed Wetlands Using Treated Membrane Concentrate for Coastal Wetland Restoration and the Renewal of Multiple Ecosystem Services

The management of reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) poses a challenge to utilities as it requires expensive disposal methods and advanced treatment in order to comply with regulations. This paper presents studies of natural treatment approaches, such as constructed wetlands (CWs), that have been tailored to treat ROC. Conceptually, with testing and planning, these wetlands could meet regulatory criteria before discharging to the surface water and achieving multiple benefits. Lessons learned from pilot studies of wetland treatment of ROC point to the potential benefits of designing full-scale wetlands for concentrate management. Studies have illustrated the ability of CWs to reduce the concentrations of metals and simultaneously remove nutrients to meet state standards for aquatic and wildlife designated uses. Nutrient removal processes include denitrification for nitrogen removal (possibly supplemented with Annamox reduction of NO3-N), labile carbon assimilation supporting oxidized nitrogen reduction, and phosphate-P uptake and precipitation. Because of the evaporative water loss, mass removal efficiencies were greater than concentration reductions. Studies illustrate how engineered wetlands help with the management of ROC produced from reclaimed water through reductions in concentration and volume for disposal through evapotranspiration. The associated creation of wildlife habitats and coastal wetland restoration could result in the renewal of multiple ecosystem services.

E-waste management and Achieving SDG-Challenges in Indian Context

Revolutions in the electronics sector revealed an unfortunate aspect of the technology in the form of e-waste, considered fatal and toxic wealth of digitized word. Electronic gadgets regularly get replaced from regular due to altering market trends, socio-economic necessity and fashion. Each e product has a limited life span and after their useful life reaches end of life stage in the form of e waste at different phases of their lifecycle. E-waste is complex in nature and consist of more than 1000 materials such as plastic, glass, precious and toxic metals and hence inappropriate discard would have long term consequence in the form loss of resources and adverse impact on health and environment. effects. Growing volumes of e-waste, improper, unsafe disposal and treatment have been substantial challenges in achieving the SDG. Goal 3 with focus on Good health and Well-being of SDG 2030 is closely linked to better understanding and management of e-waste whereas Goal 6 has onus on Clean water and Sanitation is related to scientific disposal of e-waste. Goal 11 and Goal 12 with aims of Responsible Consumption and Production and Sustainable Cities relates to stakeholder awareness. In developing country like India being recognised as one of major e-waste generators, managing e-waste scientifically is the need of the hour to achieve SDG. E waste management requires awareness about e-waste as a precious resource and a toxic element. The user’s awareness about e-waste plays an important role in achieving SDG’s. The author in the paper has an objective to relate the E-waste management and SDG’s achievement with focus on awareness of e waste and associated effects on health and environment.

Санітарно-епідеміологічна оцінка проєктних рішень щодо сучасного поводження з твердими побутовими відходами

Objective: sanitary and hygienic assessment of the project of a complex for processing and disposal of solid waste. In context, tasks of determining predictive indicators of environmental impact and establishing the hazard category of RDF fuel from sorted fractions of municipal solid waste with the possibility of its further use as an alternative fuel were solved. Materials and methods. Objects - the designed parameters of the arrangement of the object for the treatment of solid waste, indicators of alternative fuel from combustible fractions of solid waste and the conditions for the further operation of the object. RDF fuel from MSW fractions was evaluated in terms of physicochemical and toxicological parameters with laboratory tests and calculation of hazard category. The assessment of operating conditions of facility was carried out by the method of hygienic analysis, taking into account the specifics of impact on the environment. Results. A modern complex for the processing and disposal of solid waste as part of a waste sorting and landfill for the non-utilizable part of solid waste is planned to be located outside the boundaries of the settlement. Arrangement of the landfill is provided in accordance with construction and environmental standards. From combustible fractions of sorted waste, it is planned to produce RDF fuel. Studies have established the main indicators of fuel. According to results of acute toxicity assessment and calculated coefficients, the waste mixture in composition of RDF fuel belongs to the 4th category of waste and 4th class in terms of acute toxicity in accordance with the requirements of the EU Regulations. Combustion of this fuel in whirlpool kilns of cement plants is optimal solution, since safety conditions are observed in accordance with requirements of EU Directive for combustion at a temperature of at least 850 ◦C for a duration of at least 2 seconds. The sanitary and hygienic assessment of probabilistic impact of the object was made on the basis of predictive calculated indicators, which indicate the absence of excess impact and determine the 300 m area of its distribution, which is less than 500 m of the standard size of the sanitary protection zone. Conclusions. It has been established that the planned sorting activities with the removal of recyclable materials and the disposal of non-utilizable part of MSW make it possible to further use the useful part of waste, reduce volume and area of disposal, and extend the life of landfill. Design solutions for arrangement of a modern complex for processing and disposal of solid waste, according to the predictive assessment, will not have an excess impact on the environment, will ensure environmental safety in the area of probable impact of the facility and comply with domestic and European standards. Production of RDF fuel to specifications and further use as an alternative fuel for whirlpool kilns in cement plants is in line with the Basel Convention, the Glasgow UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and will contribute to environmentally sound waste disposal in accordance with EU Directive 2010/75 /EU. Arrangement of a modern facility for the treatment of solid waste will create appropriate living conditions for the population and compliance with the sanitary and epidemiological safety of settlements’ territories of in service area.

Using a Low-Temperature Pyrolysis Device for Polymeric Waste to Implement a Distributed Energy System

Due to global changes, the international community is paying attention to the application of innovative energy technologies to meet the sustainable development of ecology and the environment. As a result, the concept of “waste-to-energy” has been developed. This study proposes a modular device for low-temperature pyrolysis (less than 300 °C) of polymers as a verifiable framework for a decentralized energy supply. Experiments with various plastics as waste feedstocks for conversion into fuel products were carefully analyzed. Mixed plastics (petrochemical polymers) and natural materials (organic polymers) were further subjected to energy conversion efficiency evaluation. The feasibility of continuous implementation was verified, converting 4000 kg of waste plastics with chemical potential into 3188 L of waste polymer oil (WPO), and generating 6031 kWh of electricity. Integrated electromechanical control realizes a low-temperature microwave pyrolysis process with low pollution emissions. The new technology harvests energy from troublesome garbage, reduces waste disposal volume by 55~88%, and produces cleaner, low-toxicity residual, easy-to-store fuel that can be used in general internal combustion engines. Standardized modular equipment provides an effective solution for resilient energy systems, and its easy scalability can reduce the load on the basic grid and improve the stability and dispatchability of energy supply. This research will realize on-site waste treatment, reduce transportation energy consumption, meet regional energy demands, and apply it to coastal, remote villages, offshore platforms, and emergency scenarios.

Large-scale morphological changes and sediment budget of the Western Scheldt estuary 1955–2020: the impact of large-scale sediment management

Abstract In the Western Scheldt estuary, like in many estuaries, safe navigation, flood protection, and ecological targets require a balanced and sustainable sediment management. A thorough understanding of the morphodynamic functioning of the estuary and its response to changes in hydrodynamics (natural sediment transport) and large-scale interventions is imperative. This paper presents a detailed overview of over 65 years of morphological changes and a comprehensive sediment budget of the Western Scheldt estuary that is based on analysis of a unique series of frequent bathymetric surveys and historical data on human–sediment interactions of dredging, dredge disposal and sand mining. Solving the sediment budget reveals an annual sediment import of 2.2 million m3. The highest sediment imports occurred between 1980–1994 and 2005–2020 (2.9 and 3.7 million m3/year). A 1.3 million m3/year net export prevailed between 1994 and 2005. Natural variations in the hydrodynamics (e.g., tidal asymmetry and amplification) and sediment transports cannot explain the derived temporal variations in sediment import rates. Anthropogenic activities play a dominant role. Capital dredging of the main navigation channel has led to channel deepening and significantly increased dredge and disposal volumes. Disposal on tidal flats and in the secondary channel leads to a long-term storage of sand and, consequently, a local increase in bed level and a sand deficit in the remainder of the system that results in increased sediment imports. Large-scale disposal in the western part of the estuary can (temporarily) reverse the sediment exchange between the estuary and its mouth area, as observed between 1994 and 2005. Apparently, large-scale anthropogenic reallocation of sediment by dredging and/or disposal as part of navigation channel improvement, sand mining or nourishment essentially influences the morphological development of the Western Scheldt estuary. This reveals responsibilities as well as opportunities of sediment management for the Western Scheldt and similar estuaries worldwide.

Економічні інструменти подолання екологічних проблем в Україні

The purpose of the article is to develop proposals for improving the economic instruments for overcoming ecological problems in Ukraine. A significant deterioration in the state of the environment in an unstable economic situation is emphasized. The significant aggravation of ecological and economic problems in the country during the wartime and the need to overcome them are underlined. The dynamics of changes in the state of the environment, in particular the volume of waste generation and disposal in Ukraine during 2016-2020, is examined. It is concluded that there is an unstable trend of changes in the volume of waste generated, which allowed to state the inconsistent and unsystematic ecological policy of the government recently. As a positive point, the tendency to reduction of the waste of I–III hazard classes is specified. The tendency to decrease the volume of recycled and burned waste and increase the amount of waste in specially designated places and facilities is determined, which can also be the cause of aggravation of ecological problems in the country. An analysis of the dynamics of capital investments and current costs for the protection and rational use of natural resources is carried out. It is concluded that at the state level in Ukraine the problem of greening production has not yet been resolved. It is emphasized that ecologically safe and resource-saving technologies, as well as waste processing and purification require additional financial investments. It is underlined that economic instruments for regulating the behavior of economic and ecological systems today require additional substantiation. The possibilities of more efficient use of methods of taxation, customs policy, lending, provision of subsidies and benefits, imposition of fines, etc. are considered. The need to introduce ecological management as an important direction to overcome ecological problems in the country is proved. In order to ensure the efficiency of the considered economic instruments, the need for an appropriate control system with performance control and compliance with standards is substantiated.

О вариантах технических решений по обращению с радиоактивными отходами класса 1 при создании и эксплуатации ПГЗРО

The article focuses on design options proposed for radioactive waste Class 1 (RW-1) transportation and horizontal disposal in DGR using corrosion-resistant overpacks or packages. Since canisters with RW-1 are going to be shipped from the PA Mayak site in TUK-108/r, the article suggests that a special Pick Up and Packaging Station can be arranged to provide RW-1 packaging in accordance with the DGR waste acceptance criteria for disposal. It also considers the proposals on the fabrication of non-returnable packages and their transportation from the Pick Up and Packaging Station to the horizontal RW disposal compartment. The article presents the proposed compartment layout. It provides preliminary estimates regarding possible RW-1 and RW-2 disposal volumes assuming the concept of horizontal RW-1 disposal in the DGR.

Green Finance Instruments as a Factor of Increasing Industrial Waste Utilization in Russia

Influenced by the governmental policy of national economy decarbonization and greening fundamentally new institution of green finance is currently developing in Russia. One of the key areas for the development of green finance is industrial waste disposal. The aim of the paper is to determine the efficiency of green financing of industrial waste utilization projects in Russia. The methodological basis of the paper consists of domestic and foreign scientific articles in the field of green financing and waste disposal, regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as Rosstat data on the volume of industrial waste disposal. As a research method, the authors applied an analytical approach to systemize green finance concept definitions, and analyzed foreign experience of using green financial instruments in the industrial waste management industry. The article represents the content analysis of the Russian taxonomy of green and adaptation projects, as well as an assessment of the industrial waste utilization volumes that can potentially be achieved due to the implementation of projects within the framework of taxonomy areas. The results of the analysis show that through the implementation of green and adaptation projects, it is possible to additionally dispose of about 91 million tons of industrial waste, or 2.5% of the total volume of waste generated. Such a low recycling rate is a result of the limited amount of industrial waste types, the utilization of which is included in the taxonomy. It is necessary to expand the list of industrial waste, the disposal of which can be recognized as an independent project or a criterion for the implementation of projects within the framework of the taxonomy.

Utilization of Construction and Demolition Mix Waste in the Fired Brick Production: The Impact on Mechanical Properties.

The European Green Deal, which emphasizes zero-waste economies, and waste recycling in construction and building materials, has arisen due to significant worldwide needs for solid waste recovery and usage. This ambitious study focuses on recycling mixed construction and demolition (C&D) waste into burnt bricks and investigating the influence of firing temperature. While pursuing its objectives, this is dependent on raw material characterization and burnt-brick product quality assessment. The recycling of mixed C&D waste is explored by mixing the waste into two soil types (alluvial and laterite) in ratios ranging from 5% to 45% at three firing temperatures (700 °C, 850 °C and 900 °C). The utilization of mixed C&D waste in amounts of 10% at 700 °C and 25% at 850 °C and 900 °C fulfilled the Indian standard. Although a fire at 700 °C results in less optimal waste utilization, it is beneficial and recommended for reducing the carbon footprint and energy use. Additional mineralogical and microstructural analyzes are performed on the optimal fired samples. The study's findings are promising for sustainable resource usage, reducing carbon footprint, and reducing waste disposal volume. This research is a big step toward the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations and a circular economy.

Fikih Lingkungan: Revitalisasi Pengelolaan Sampah di Kota Kendari

This study aims to provide a database of waste distribution patterns and describe paradigm variants in waste processing in Kendari City and hack acceptance of environmental jurisprudence as a theological approach in the practical practice of waste control. Root cause identification and precision analysis in the form of management area surveys, observation and sorting of waste materials, in-depth interviews, and aerial photographs (UAVs). The results showed that the pattern of waste distribution in Kendari City was measured through education level, income level, number of members in the KK, and type of work affecting the large volume of waste disposal and waste dominated by food waste and waste. Consumptive behavior describes a practical and pragmatic perspective seen in the behavior of people who use disposable materials and dispose of garbage instead of in landfills, which results in many wastes generation points. The Muslim community of Kendari City has not fully understood and realized the consequences of Islamic law related to environmental pollution. The review of environmental jurisprudence is expressly in the provisions of the law that it is mandatory to preserve the environment and that it is legally illegal to dispose of garbage in any place. Optimization can be reaped by actively implementing the Kendari City government as a service provider by preparing infrastructure for organik and inorganic waste management and providing counseling on the benefits of waste management. The participation of the community begins with understanding and theological awareness related to aspects of behavior, operational techniques, and environmental sustainability by practicing the 5R's towards Kendari City Zero Waste Home.

The Solid Waste Management System and Its Impact on the Sustainable Development of the Resort Area. A Case from Kazakhstan

The article examines the current management system for heavy household waste (MSW) in resort areas in Kazakhstan. The work carried out an assessment of the municipal solid waste management infrastructure, which used the data of experts in the field of sustainable development in terms of environmental impact. The analysis of the prerequisites for the creation of a solid waste management system in the Shortandy-Burabay and Bayanaul resort zones has been carried out. Analysis of the dynamics of production and consumption waste generation shows a sharp tendency for their increase in recent years in the areas of resort areas. This is mainly due to the improvement in the general economic situation. The sanitary situation in resort areas is significantly complicated by environmental pollution by waste from settlements, recreational complexes, industrial and agricultural enterprises. Waste from production and consumption is stored in certain places, the organization and content of which in most cases does not meet regulatory requirements. The article proposes an integrated solid waste management system. The introduction of an integrated management system will reduce the volume of waste disposal, as well as bring economic and social effects in the considered resort areas.

Performance and implications of forward osmosis-membrane distillation hybrid system for simultaneous treatment of different real produced water streams

This study investigates the simultaneous treatment of different real produced water streams using forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) hybrid system. The water–oil separator outlet (WO) was used simultaneously as FO draw solution (DS) and MD feed solution (FS). The FO process generated stable average fluxes of 13.6 L/m2/h and 15.8 L/m2/h with desalter effluent (DE) and wash water (WW) as FO feed streams, while MD produced 13.2 L/m2/h and 11 L/m2/h, respectively. Monovalent ions induced internal concentration polarization and CaSiO3 colloidal scaling on the support layer reduced the FO flux. Further FO flux reduction was caused by CaSO4 and NaCl crystals on the active layer. Moreover, CaSO4 created partial pore covering while oil and grease depicted pore clogging of the MD membrane, which decreased the MD flux. Volatile fatty acids and organic nano pollutants reached MD permeate and FO FS. Humic acid scaling was fully recovered by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid by masking calcium ions and reducing the pH. No membrane wetting was observed in the system. No bacteria were found in real streams as analyzed with Epifluorescence microscopy, eliminating the potential of microbial fouling. The hybrid system showed > 93 % removal of oil, inorganics and organics, making the permeate quality excellent for re-injection or industrial reuse. The FS streams were concentrated by 77–84 % resulting in smaller disposal volumes. No utilization of chemicals and water makes this hybrid concept practical and sustainable. The findings of this study can serve as design criteria for future onsite pilot plant applications.

Efficiency Assessment of Hazardous Waste Disposal in EU Countries: A Three-Stage Super-Efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis Model.

Hazardous waste pollutes the air, soil, and water and adversely affects human health if not disposed of safely. Analysis of the efficiency of hazardous waste disposal is essential to sustainable development. This paper uses the three-stage super-efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis model to measure the efficiency of 28 EU countries from 2004 to 2016. To ensure the reliability of the results, the article utilizes a one-way ANOVA statistical test to verify whether DEA results vary significantly across various EU countries. This article discusses "how inputs and outputs can be adjusted to eliminate inefficiencies" to suggest a targeted improvement. The third stage supper efficiency DEA results shows that the efficiency varies significantly across different EU countries. The main reasons for the low efficiency are high generated hazardous waste, management expenditure, greenhouse gas emissions, and inadequate waste disposal volume. Targeted proposals from three aspects are given for policymakers in EU countries: Build a resource recycling system to reduce hazardous waste. Establish a sound fee management system to reduce expenses. Optimization of disposal technology to improve incineration efficiency.

Facilitating solid-state anaerobic digestion of food waste via bio-electrochemical treatment

Food waste has become a global environmental concern over emissions of greenhouse gas and odorous pollutants. Anaerobic digestion is gaining increasing attention as an effective food waste disposal method combining waste minimization and bioenergy recovery. Solid-state anaerobic digestion can handle food waste containing high contents of solids and has the merits of higher disposal volumes and less parasitic energy input, however, the low energy/mass transfer impairs the treatment efficiency. This study incorporated bio-electrochemical treatment into solid-state anaerobic digestion of food waste to overcome these shortcomings for enhanced performances. Food waste liquid leachate was used as feedstock to validate the bio-electrochemical treatment effects under different conditions. At a low applied voltage of 0.7 V and initial pH of 8.13, the methane yield increased by 77.5% while the carbon dioxide yield decreased by 16.0% compared with the control without electrodes. Although higher voltages (1.1–2.0 V) contributed to higher methane and hydrogen yields, the fast consumption and breakages of anodes significantly decreased the treatment consistency and material lifespan. Thereby, 0.7 V was selected as the applied voltage when incorporating the bio-electrochemical unit into the solid-state digester treating food waste. Cathodic hydroxide generation increased the buffering capacity, thus contributing to a more stable start-up process. With an immersed electrode surface area of 25.2 cm2/L, the highest methane yield of 526.7 mL/gVS was recorded with lower carbon dioxide and hydrogen contents initially, and the peak gaseous hydrogen sulfide emission was significantly reduced by 71.5% mainly due to the ferrous ions release from low carbon steel anode for sulfide precipitation.

An economical source for peroxidase: maize cobs

According to the current situation of peroxidase (POD), the relevant studies on this enzyme indicated its importance as a tool in clinical biochemistry and different industrial fields. Most of these studies used the fruits and vegetables as source of this enzyme. So that in order to couple the growing requirements for POD with the recent demands for reduc-ing disposal volume by recycling the plant waste, the aim of the present study was to extract POD through management of municipal bio-waste of Iraqi maize species. A simple, green and economical method was used to extract this enzyme. Our results revealed that maize cobs are rich sources of POD, where the activity of this enzyme was found to be 7035.54 U/g of cobs. In pilot experiments this enzyme was extracted from the cobs using an efficient extraction buffer with either Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB), or sonication. To purify the extracted enzyme the previous step was followed by aqueous two phase extraction (ATPE) using 20% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 9% (w/v) ammonium sulfate. The obtained results indicated that POD was partially purified with 2.36 fold of purification and 81.78% recovery. The optimum temperature and pH of the extracted POD activity as well as the enzyme thermal stabil-ity were determined and found to be 20°C, pH 6, and stable at 60°C for 10 minutes respectively. Out of the present study findings, it can be concluded that maize cobs are rich source for POD and the applied protocol could be poten-tially used for POD extraction with high level. Meantime, this study suggested a new strategy by which the environ-mental pollution results from accumulation of plant waste can be reduced.

Logística reversa de resíduos da construção civil

This article sought to understand the activities developed by the construction industry in what concerns waste management. Due to the generation of large volumes of solid waste, the treatment and proper disposal of such waste has a great influence on reducing the environmental impacts caused by the sector. The objective of this study was to analyze the management of reverse logistics of civil construction waste; identify the type, volume and characteristics of waste discarded in civil construction; verify the current system of management of civil construction waste; and propose alternatives that can contribute to the adoption of reverse logistics for civil construction waste. The research was carried out in a civil construction company in the city of Itã/SC between March and June,2021 and it was accompanied by the administrative manager of the company. It is a Qualitative research and made use of a questionnaire applied to the company's employees on the subject of the study. The criterion used to choose the company was that it does not have a correct destination for the waste resulting from its activities. As the city in which it is installed is small, it does not have this concern with waste. One of the options proposed involves the implementation of so-called reverse logistics, as it promotes the use of waste to replace virgin materials. The research results show that the waste management systems in the researched organization encompass the following steps: construction waste is discarded in the warehouse yard, without any separation of the same, the collection of these are made by employees of the organization itself, there is no specific loss control. Waste that can be reused is taken to other works for which the company is responsible. The results achieved were the improvement of the logistics of these products and organization in the workspace, making reverse logistics applied in the company. The contribution of this work is that, by adopting the planning and organization of reverse logistics to improve work and sustainability, other construction companies in the city may also apply this idea and improve their own logistics as well as achieve better sustainability levels.

Packing placement method using hybrid genetic algorithm for segments of waste components in nuclear reactor decommissioning

As Kori unit 1 is undergoing the decommissioning process, estimating the disposal amount of waste from the decommissioned nuclear reactor has become one of the challenging issues. Since the waste disposal amount estimation depends on the packing of the waste, it is highly desirable to optimize the waste packing plan. In this study, we developed an efficient scheme for packing waste component segments. The scheme consists of 1) preparing three-dimensional models of segments, 2) orienting each segment in such a way to minimize the bounding box volume, and 3) applying hybrid genetic algorithm to pack the segments in the disposal containers. When the packing solution converges in the algorithm, it comes up with the number of containers used and the placement of segments in each container. The scheme was applied to Kori-1 reactor pressure vessel. The required number of containers calculated by the developed scheme was 24 compared to 42 that was the estimation of the prior packing plan, resulting in disposal volume savings by more than 40%. The developed method is flexible for applications to various packing problems with waste segments from different cutting options and different sizes of containers.

Environmental management in ash and slag waste management in Russia

The article provides a comprehensive assessment of environmental management in waste management: environmental pollution due to an increase in waste disposal volumes, operation of environmentally hazardous waste, ash deposition, a low level of involvement of recycled waste disposal sites as a valuable secondary resource in economic circulation. The process of processing ash waste from coal-fired TPPs has been investigated as an aspect of environmental safety. Today’s planners are working to develop a waste management strategy for waste ash from coal-fired power plants in order to find out how to properly and efficiently use the waste. As a result of their efforts, fly ash is used very effectively and economically in construction technology, agriculture, etc.

Evaluation of thermal plasma process for treatment disposal of solid radioactive waste

The management of radioactive waste is a worldwide activity based on the guidelines of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and all stages of management require scientifically proven methods for possible deployment. The management of radioactive waste is a huge challenge due to the high risk in the collection, gathering, transport, handling, and storage. In this study, a thermal plasma treatment process was evaluated for its efficiency to process solid radioactive waste. Experiments were carried out with the application of stable isotopes of Lead, Iodine, Cobalt, and Cesium. After the thermal plasma treatments, the slag and the residual gas were analyzed to verify the influence of process time and discharge power on the efficiency of the process. The treatment for 25 min and 10 kW was sufficient to reduce the mass by 50% of the slag. When the applied power was increased to 15 kW, an expressive reduction in the treatment time (10 min) was able to promote the same mass reduction. The results indicated that the treatment of radioactive waste by thermal plasma is a promising method to manage and reduce the mass and volume for the final disposal.