Disposal Units Research Articles

Design of compliant mechanism for self-sanitizing glove to prevent spread of COVID-19 during mass gatherings

Background/Objectives: COVID-19 outbreak already has millions of confirmed cases worldwide, making religious gatherings like Hajj and Umrah or places like hospitals susceptible as one person can affect hundreds. It caused a rapid increase in the number of infections. Without any vaccine, quick and easy safety measures need to be taken to prevent mass exposure. This article proposes designing a compliant mechanism for self-sanitizing gloves to inhibit the virus spread through touch. Methods: Simulation of design for spray compliant mechanism is carried out. The gloves are made through the polymer, which is a low-risk material. Sanitizing liquid is contained inside the device, and as pressure is applied, the liquid is sprayed. A compliant mechanism for spraying is developed. It consists of two main parts, the middle part and the joints. The middle part acts as a reservoir while the ends act as disposal units. The kinematic synthesis equations are derived from the Pseudo-Rigid-Body method to model the compliant mechanism. Findings: The simulation for the modeling approach to design the spray mechanism was carried out successfully. The specification allows the user to reproduce the spray compliant mechanism’s design by inputting the total desired length (Lf) to generate all the required parameters. Novelty: Self-sanitizing gloves are a relatively new idea, and the spray mechanism can be further applied to other articles of clothing and promote a cleaner and healthier environment. Application: These gloves can sanitize themselves along with the surface in contact. So, the increased use can help curb the infection by providing rapid sanitization and a cleaner environment. Keywords: Pandemic; Coronavirus; Self sanitizing glove; Compliant mechanisms; Religious gatherings (Hajj & Umrah)

Peran Detasemen Gegana Satuan Brimob Polda Sumatera Utara Dalam Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Terorisme

The eradication of criminal acts of terrorism in Indonesia is very intensively carried out due to the threat of terror, causing many casualties and public unrest at the strata of society. Therefore the government issued various regulations to overcome the criminal acts of terrorism. The eradication of the crime of terrorism certainly requires facilities and infrastructure, one of which is the bomb disposal unit. A detachment of the Gegana Brimob Bomb disposal unit is tasked with defusing bombs which are usually used by terrorists in carrying out their actions. This paper aims to analyze or examine the role of the North Sumatra Regional Police Mobile Brigade Detachment in the handling of terrorism crimes and the obstacles experienced by the North Sumatra Police Mobile Brigade Detachment in dealing with terrorism crime. The results of this study indicate that the role of the Police Mobile Brigade Corps Gegagana is carried out by bomb disposal which is carried out through the stages of preparation, implementation, and consolidation. The barriers experienced by the North Sumatra Regional Police Mobile Brigade Detachment Unit consisted of several internal and external factors.

The Studies on Water Quality for Cobalt and Manganese Content in Drinking Water of Multan Area, Southern Punjab, Pakistan

The trace elements, cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn) were determined in the drinking water of Multan city and areas in its vicinity. For this purpose, ten water samples were collected from various points within a circle of one kilometer radius, each time around seven disposal units. Water samples were stored in sealed glass flasks at room temperature. The quality of these water samples was compared with reference samples collected from various far off places which were not affected by any disposal unit. Analysis for Co and Mn was carried out using Flame-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The highest concentration of Co (0.31 ppm) was found in New Multan disposal area, while highest concentration of Mn (0.45 ppm) was noted in Suraj Miani disposal area. The contents of Co and Mn metals in most of the points are found to be greater than permissible limits of WHO guide lines for drinking water.

A Case Study on Sustainable Iron Ore Tailing Management Using Paste Technology

Indian mining industries primarily depend upon high-grade fines mainly because of two factors, one is lack of beneficiation infrastructure and high cost of low-grade fines, the second one is lack of proper tail disposal system. Due to lapses in our policies, miners get better premium by selling high-grade fines over low-grade fines. This restricts the flow of low-grade fines into the market. Again tailing disposal is one of the major concerns of beneficiation plants as it requires a lot of space and handling cost. In view of these problems, most of the miners and pellet producers go ahead with direct grinding route only, even if they have a beneficiation facility. This preferred route eliminates the necessity to have a tailing disposal unit, but only at premium. The premium is, higher iron ore fines’ cost and lower downstream efficiency due to associated gangues and slimes in the final slurry fed to filtration unit. This issue can be addressed by finding a midway solution. The solution being coined as partial beneficiation route. This route proposes to beneficiate the feed iron ore fines partially after properly studying the fractional analysis. Amount of tails generated is considerably lower than that of the full beneficiation mode with almost similar slurry concentrate characteristics. This eliminates the need to have a full-fledged tailing pond to some extent. For a 6 MTPA plant, daily tail disposal requirement comes around 700 MT per day. This can be met in two ways. One is filtration other is paste thickener. Filtration has huge capex and opex associated. Also the down times and process challenges are huge. This leaves us with another option i.e. Paste Technology. It enables maximum water recycling, requires small area for storage and provides faster material reclamation and reduces the risk of tailing dam disasters. Paste is a homogeneous mixture of solid and bearing fluid, in our case iron slimes and water. The distinct properties are higher yield stress and solid percentage. This means better storage and uniform drying. The dried slimes can be reclaimed and reused or sold to prospective buyers. Entire cycle is of around 15–20 days. This therefore requires a buffer zone to accommodate around 15,000 MT of paste which can easily be done in an area of 4/5 acres. The operational costs are quiet competitive and lower than the filters. Herein we present our case study on plant scale with a paste thickener. We have chosen the partial beneficiation mode and operated on 24 × 7 basis without having a tailing pond. This surely is a way for future mining operations.

Surgical Infection Society Guidance for Operative and Peri-Operative Care of Adult Patients Infected by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-associated viral infection (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) is a virulent, contagious viral pandemic that is affecting populations worldwide. As with any airborne viral respiratory infection, surgical and non-surgical patients may be affected. Methods: Review and synthesis of pertinent English-language literature pertaining to COVID-19 infection among adult patients. Results: COVID-19 disease that requires hospitalization results in critical illness approximately 25% of the time and requires mechanical ventilation with positive airway pressure. Acute kidney injury, a marked hypercoagulable state, and sometimes myocarditis can be features of COVID-19 in addition to the characteristic severe acute lung injury. Even if not among the most seriously afflicted, older patients with medical comorbidities are both predisposed to infection and risk increased morbidity and mortality, however, all persons presenting for surgical intervention should be suspected of infection (and thus transmissibility) even if asymptomatic. Although most elective surgery has been curtailed by administrative or governmental fiat, patients will still need urgent or emergency operative intervention for time-sensitive disease processes such as malignant neoplasia or for true emergencies such as perforated viscus or traumatic injury. It is possible to provide safe surgical care for SARS-CoV-2-positive patients and minimize nosocomial transmission to healthcare workers. Conclusions: This guidance will facilitate appropriate protection of patients and staff, and maintenance of infection control measures to assist surgical personnel and facilities to prepare for COVID-19-infected adult patients requiring urgent or emergent operative intervention and to provide optimal patient care.

Efficacy and Challenges of Using Springs for Early Detection of Contaminant Release from Waste Disposal Facilities Constructed in Karst Terranes

Early detection of groundwater contamination from waste disposal facilities is challenging in karst terranes. First, one needs to demonstrate that the groundwater system at the study site is monitorable. Both springs and wells are potential monitoring locations if they are effectively connected to the groundwater system, and they are not impacted by any other disposal facilities. Second, due to dynamic responses to recharge events, particularly discharge and chemical constituents at karst springs, multiple-parameter, long-term, and high-frequency monitoring may be required to collect background data. Sampling and analysis plans should be designed to reflect the unique characteristics of the monitoring locations. Characterization of the natural variations in water quality may require sampling efforts under different flow conditions. Third, evaluation of the potential impact of waste disposal units on the groundwater system requires an effective statistical evaluation program. Due to heterogeneity of karst aquifers, intra-locational comparison is generally preferred to inter-locational comparison. Sufficient groundwater monitoring data prior to construction of waste disposal units are required to develop the intra-locational statistical evaluation. In the case study presented in this paper, procedures to address these above-mentioned challenges were presented for two springs using seven dye tracing tests, two spring instrumentations, nine background sampling, flow-weighted concentrations, and an innovative statistical evaluation method were presented. These procedures were developed to evaluate potential contaminant release from a solid waste disposal facility constructed in a relatively isolated karst terrane. Although the specific procedures may not be duplicated, the overall technical approaches discussed in the paper may shed light on groundwater monitoring programs in other karst areas.

Повышение эффективности переработки нефтяных шламов на действующей установке микробиологического обезвреживания

Повышение эффективности переработки нефтяных шламов на действующей установке микробиологического обезвреживания

Prevention of Dengue Virus through Citizen Science

Dengue virus, a mosquito-borne viral infection native to many subtropical regions, is transmitted from Aedes aegypti and Aedes Albopictus mosquitoes to human hosts, resulting in debilitating symptoms for the affected persons.1 Common vector grounds for these female mosquitoes include uncovered water storage containers and garbage disposal units that are commonly observed amongst endemic regions.1,2,5 The virus symptomatology resembles the flu. However, unlike the flu, there is little knowledge about the infectious mechanism utilized by the virus. As a result, opportunities for drug discovery, effective prevention, and management strategies to tackle the infection are hindered. This paper aims to embark on a discussion regarding the lack of awareness and prevention of the dissemination of this virus. Furthermore, it will discuss a citizen science approach to address the public health burden imposed by the Dengue virus and outline suggested improvements in disease control strategies.

Harmless disposal technology of Hazardous waste from thermal power plants

The current environmental situation of hazardous wastes was described, and the current major hazardous waste disposal technologies were introduced. According to the national hazardous waste list and industrial production process, several typical hazardous wastes existed in thermal power plants are identified, and the common disposal methods of these hazardous wastes by the hazardous waste disposal units are introduced, which helps the relevant personnel of thermal power plants to identify hazardous wastes. Understand the harmless disposal technology of hazardous waste.

PdAu-catalyzed oxidation through in situ generated H2O2 in simulated produced water

Abstract Most wastewater recovered from hydraulically fractured oil and gas wells (i.e. produced water) is transported to government-permitted, salt-water disposal units (SWDs) and discarded via downhole injection. However, there is a limited availability of disposal wells in some states and growing interest over future options for beneficial reuse. One alternative to using SWD facilities is to recycle the water for further use in oilfield operations. Residual oil and grease are one contaminant class in produced water where cost-effective treatment technologies are lacking. In this work, we studied the ability of alumina-supported bimetallic PdAu to degrade organic compounds at room temperature and atmospheric pressure via the catalytic formation of H2O2. Similar to monometallic Pd and Au catalysts, the PdAu catalyst produced H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals in the presence of oxygen and formic acid. The bimetallic catalyst was the most active in terms of initial OH formation rate, and when phenol was present, PdAu showed the highest rate of phenol degradation. We assessed the promotional and inhibitory effects of other species present in produced water including ferrous ion concentration, pH and salt concentration on catalytic phenol oxidation. PdAu was catalytically active for phenol degradation in simulated produced water at salinities as high as ˜0.3 M (˜16,000 ppm). The combination of air-formic acid-bimetallic catalyst is an intriguing approach for the degradation of organics in contaminated water at low pH and moderate salinity.

Assigning the roles and responsibilities to civil engineering freshers in construction industry

The construction sector is a key driver of the overall development a country. The sector focuses on power, roads and bridges, dams and urban infrastructure. Government of India policies and plans aimed at improving the infrastructure, with specific focus on urban transformation (Smart City, Housing for all, etc.). This growth of the infrastructure sector offers job opportunities for Civil Engineering (CE) graduates. The construction Industry offers variety of job roles in different sectors. Construction industry requires application of skills and knowledge to perform duties in the planning, designing, and overseeing construction and maintenance of building structures, and facilities. Roads, railroads, airports, bridges, harbors, channels, dams, irrigation projects, pipelines, power plants, water and sewage systems, and waste disposal units are specific areas to fit for the jobs. Therefore, students enroll to civil engineering degree for build their career. The present paper focuses on civil engineering students’ specific skills and how roles and responsibilities can be allocated to them. This paper also suggests initiatives to improve the skills and knowledge preferred by the Indian construction companies for the jobs.

A multi-criteria sustainability assessment framework: development and application in comparing two food waste management options using a UK region as a case study.

Preventing food wastage is a key element of sustainable resource management. But as food waste is still generated at high volumes, priority is placed on its proper management as a resource, maximising sustainability benefits. This study, by integrating a multi-criteria decision analysis with a sustainability assessment approach, develops a screening and decision support framework for comparing the sustainability performance of food waste management options. A structured process for selecting criteria based on the consideration of environmental, economic and social aspects related to region-specific food waste system planning, policy and management has been developed. Two food waste management options, namely the use of food waste disposal units, which grind food waste at the household's kitchen sink and discharge it to the sewer, and the anaerobic co-digestion of separately collected food waste with sewage sludge, were selected for comparison due to their potential to create synergies between local authorities, waste and water companies, with local circumstances determining which of the two options to adopt. A simplified process used for assessing and comparing the two food waste management options in the Anglian region in the UK, indicated that there are benefits in using the framework as a screening tool for identifying which option may be the most sustainable. To support decision-making, a detailed analysis that incorporates stakeholders' perspectives is required. An additional use of the framework can be in providing recommendations for optimising food waste management options in a specific region, maximising their sustainability performance.

Optimization of solid waste management in rural villages of developing countries

Optimum municipal solid waste (MSW) management system is an essential aspect to be considered. Optimal MSW management system could incur high cost of investment related to its construction, operation, and maintenance. The optimal configurations of the technologies within the system are of high importance, especially in developing countries due to the limitation on financial support. There are still limited studies on the integration of the possible configurations of the selected MSW management, which are centralized, clustered, and decentralized, in addition to location planning. A cost optimization model with the consideration of location planning is developed to identify the optimal configuration of the MSW management system with technologies considered such as landfilling, composting, refuse derived fuel, and reuse and recycling. The configuration considered in the study includes a centralized system, where all waste is gathered in a specific location and treated. The second configuration is the clustered system, where zones are identified, and waste treatment center is built in each zone. Finally, the decentralized, where smaller treatment centers are built at each village. The case study took place at the Desoq District, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt. It is inhabited with a population of about 0.5 M capita. Fifteen scenarios are generated to account for the different combination of system configurations and the type of waste treatment and disposal unit. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to perform the optimization. The results showed that increasing in the type and degree of treatment increases the net profit. This means that the incorporation of sorting, recycling, composting and RDF production leads to higher profit compared to landfilling only. The centralized systems turned out to attain more net profit than decentralized and clustered systems. The optimum scenario with maximum net profit value was the centralized system with sorting, composting, waste to energy facilities, and one landfill with a net profit of 3.864 USD/t/d. The optimal location for such centralized system is identified to be located beside Desoq wastewater treatment plant and between Desoq and Sanhour cities. The same model can be applied to other rural areas in developing countries.

The Possible Emergence of Life and Differentiation of a Shallow Biosphere on Irradiated Icy Worlds: The Example of Europa.

Irradiated ice-covered ocean worlds with rocky mafic mantles may provide the conditions needed to drive the emergence and maintenance of life. Alkaline hydrothermal springs—relieving the geophysical, thermal, and chemical disequilibria between oceans and tidally stressed crusts—could generate inorganic barriers to the otherwise uncontrolled and kinetically disfavored oxidation of hydrothermal hydrogen and methane. Ionic gradients imposed across these inorganic barriers, comprising iron oxyhydroxides and sulfides, could drive the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide and the oxidation of methane through thermodynamically favorable metabolic pathways leading to early life-forms. In such chemostatic environments, fuels may eventually outweigh oxidants. Ice-covered oceans are primarily heated from below, creating convection that could transport putative microbial cells and cellular cooperatives upward to congregate beneath an ice shell, potentially giving rise to a highly focused shallow biosphere. It is here where electron acceptors, ultimately derived from the irradiated surface, could be delivered to such life-forms through exchange with the icy surface. Such zones would act as “electron disposal units” for the biosphere, and occupants might be transferred toward the surface by buoyant diapirs and even entrained into plumes. Key Words: Biofilms—Europa—Extraterrestrial life—Hydrothermal systems. Astrobiology 17, 1265–1273.

Influence of Climatic Factors on the Efficiency of Disposal Metal- Hydride Unit for the Double-Fuel Low-Speed Internal Combustion Engine of Gas Tankers

Contemporary tendencies in the development of ship power engineering have been analyzed. Consideration was given to the specific features of the transportation of liquefied natural gas by gas tankers. The prospects of utilization of the secondary energy resources of marine double-fuel low-speed diesel engines were defined. The metal hydride units of a continuous action were offered for this purpose. The need for the estimation of the influence of climatic factors on the efficiency of disposal metal-hydride unit has been defined. We proposed to carry out the investigation using the methods of mathematical simulation. The model takes into consideration the main physical relations, in particular material and thermal balances, the phase equilibrium, and heat-mass transfer processes. A relative power of disposal metal-hydride unit was taken as the efficiency criterion. The investigation was carried out with the regard to the propulsive unit of gas tanker of a Q-max type with the propulsion engine 9G80ME. The design diagram of the unit and the parameters of working media have been presented. The data of mathematical simulation of processes have been given. The disposal metal- hydride unit showed a reliable operation in different climatic operation conditions. A specific power of the disposal unit ranged from 5.7 to 6.2 %. The mechanical power of disposal unit was equal to 2.5 MW that enables the drive of the fuel gas compressor of propulsion engine and attached electric generator.

A novel multi-dimensional modeling approach to integrated municipal solid waste management

An integrated system for waste reduction, collection, composting, recycling, and disposal is required to tackle the growing challenge of municipal solid waste management. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) involves many executive, operational and managerial decisions such as the siting of waste processing and disposal units, selection of waste-treatment technologies and allocation of waste flow to processing facilities and landfills. This study aims to satisfy the sustainability requirements for designing an ISWM system by taking economic, environmental and social factors into account. The present study utilized Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) in the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment and developed a reliable Suitability Indicator for siting the ISWM system's components. A new model is developed to minimize the fixed cost, minimize the transportation cost and maximize the suitability of the entire system. Considering the real-world constraints, the proposed model is proven to be practical, efficient and case-independent for designing an ISWM system and supporting the existing systems in both developing and developed countries. To realize the model effectively, the augmented version of ε-constraint is employed so that the model is implemented in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) software. The proposed approach is successfully applied to the existing ISWM system of Tehran, Iran, and the results show that 12%, 22% and 17% improvement can be achieved in terms of the fixed cost, transportation cost and total suitability of the system, respectively.

OPTIMAL SOLUTION FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF BY-PRODUCTS IN DISPOSAL UNIT

In present scenario, Waste disposal unit is one of the emerging industries. The process of collection of wastes, segregation of wastes, recycling the wastes and manufacturing by-products and selling the by-products are the major works are undertaken into consideration. Any business expectation is to get the profit. Our study is to formulate goal programming model which helps in maximizing the profit by identifying the deviation of goals in the disposal unit. Goal Programming technique is one of the optimization techniques. Manager of the disposal unit can takes the better decision using the deviation of goals. Pre emptive Goals of the study are (i) minimizing the expenditure of the unit and recycling cost of the wastes ii) boosting the net profit of the unit iii) Maintaining the supply of by-products to each location within the maximum demand iv) Fulfilling demand of by- products in different locations v) Maintaining the minimum supply of recycled by-products to 5 different locations must be at least one.

Technetium Leaching from Cementitious Materials

ABSTRACTAt the Savannah River Site (SRS) low activity salt solution is stabilized via encapsulation within a grout termed saltstone. Saltstone is emplaced into large (multi-million gallon) concrete storage facilities referred to as Saltstone Disposal Units (SDUs). Technetium-99 (99Tc) is a long-lived radionuclide contained in the low activity salt waste and subsequently incorporated into the grout waste form: it is considered a significant contributor to risk with respect to the long-term radiation exposure of the environment surrounding the SDUs. In the reducing, high pH environment within the grout,99Tc is expected to be relatively immobile since it exists in a reduced Tc(IV) oxidation state in the form of sparingly soluble sulfides (TcSx) or hydrated oxides (TcO2.xH2O). However, in the presence of O2(associated with the future infiltration of air or oxygenated ground waters into the saltstone monolith) it is possible for redox-sensitive Tc(IV) to transition into highly soluble (and mobile) Tc(VII) species, pertechnetate (TcO4-), which is more readily transported to the surrounding environment. Traditional approaches to quantifying the leaching behavior of99Tc from cementitious matrices have involved partitioning experiments using size-reduced (crushed/ground) saltstone samples, and determination of the99Tc fraction immobilized by the cementitious solids. Such experiments create artificially high solid-solution contact areas that likely result in higher99Tc leachate concentrations than would be expected for intact, monolithic samples. In the current study a new technique, termed the Dynamic Leaching Method (DLM), is being used to investigate the99Tc leaching behavior of monolithic saltstone samples. The data derived using this technique is intended to inform the SRS Saltstone Disposal Facility (SDF) Performance Assessment (PA) which models the long-term transport of radionuclides from the SDUs to the environment. The DLM utilizes a flexible-wall permeameter to achieve saturated leaching under an elevated hydraulic gradient in an effort to simulate the transport of groundwater through saltstone. Initial findings indicate that the99Tc concentrations in the leachate are on the order of 1E-08 mol/L which suggests that the saltstone leaching behavior is controlled by the solubility of TcO2.xH2O compounds.

The policy and practices of New South Wales drug treatment providers in responding to the possession of illicit substances on premises.

Responding to possession of illicit substances on the premises of drug treatment services is a complex issue. Providers are challenged by balancing duty-of-care and staff safety while attempting to provide a therapeutic environment. This study assessed the current policy and practice of non-government drug treatment services in New South Wales, Australia in responding to possession of illicit substances on their premises. Non-government drug treatment services were invited to participate in a survey that aimed to elicit information about existing policy and practices and how often it occurred. Analysis explored the differences between services that had a written policy and those that did not against service setting, accreditation status, reporting of an illicit drug possession in the last 12 months and having a sharps disposal unit. Fifty-one responses were included in the analysis, 29 (57%) of which reported having a policy and/or procedure. There was no statistically discernible difference between inpatient and outpatient settings, accreditation status of services or availability of a sharps disposal unit on the premises. However, services that reported a possession incident in the previous 12 months were more likely to report having a written policy than those that did not (37% vs. 12%; odds ratio: 4.75, 95% confidence interval 1.32-17.11, P = 0.014). The policy and practice in these settings vary greatly, with many services reporting no documented policy to guide staff. The findings suggest the need to develop organisational policy to support service providers in responding to possession of illicit substances on premises. [Stirling R, Day C. The policy and practices of New South Wales drug treatment providers in responding to the possession of illicit substances on premises. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:644-649].

Serious Gaming for Improvised Explosive Device Neutralization Training

An improvised explosive device (IED) is a “homemade” bomb intended to cause great harm when it explodes. The public safety task of identifying and neutralizing IEDs falls to military and police services often called explosive disposal units (EDU) who act to neutralize the threat associated with the IED either rendering it inoperable or destroying it safely. EDUs train in various aspects of explosive handling and investigation but are limited in the tools available for safely analyzing real world bombs. This paper describes a game based approach to IED training that employs an interactive 3D simulation to spatially identify key IED components of interest. We give an example of how this approach might be used and provide a preliminary evaluation of its potential effectiveness. We employ images formed from a Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) system captured using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technology to a virtual IED in a game. Empirical evaluation and EDU testimony suggest accurate representation of the IED and the potential efficacy of the proposed approach for successfully identifying components in the bomb for the purposes of EDU training.