Disposal Stage Research Articles

Economic and environmental assessment of the Korea urban railway and its greenhouse gas mitigation potential

Railways can simultaneously transport large quantities of freight and passengers, making them energy-efficient and economical modes of transportation. Changing the materials that constitute a significant portion of rail track systems can help mitigate climate change. Gravel and concrete trackbed methods are commonly employed in railway construction. This study proposes the utilization of the asphalt concrete trackbed method, which is currently being researched and developed in South Korea, in addition to traditional gravel and cement concrete methods, and presents its economic feasibility and environmental benefits. The asphalt concrete trackbed method, which has already been implemented in regions such as China, Australia, and Europe, can also be applied in other areas. This study analyzed the carbon emissions and economic feasibility in the construction, usage, and disposal stages of cement concrete and asphalt concrete trackbeds. Previous research on carbon emissions analysis has faced challenges in applying geographical and climatic, as well as energy sources, to individual cases in the context of construction in Korea. Using the Korean Life Cycle Inventory database, this study indicated that asphalt concrete exhibits approximately 2.65-times lower carbon emissions than cement concrete. In Korea, railway construction involves 1,998 tons of asphalt concrete mixture, 1,820 cubic meters of cement concrete, and 59 tons of rebar per kilometer. Furthermore, the asphalt concrete trackbed method shows potential cost savings of approximately 29,000 EUR when converted to the 2021 EAU value. Thus, asphalt concrete trackbeds not only provide environmental benefits, they are also economically viable. However, further research is required to establish precise standards for on-site construction. This study is expected to provide foundational data for promoting the widespread adoption of asphalt concrete trackbeds in areas that produce asphalt concrete.

Life Cycle Assessment of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Trains

AbstractAlternative technologies to granular activated carbon (GAC) are of interest to improve the sustainability and reduce the cost of munitions wastewater treatment. Research efforts have highlighted GAC alternatives, yet few reports of environmental and economic impacts associated with these technologies are available. Herein, a life cycle assessment (LCA) aids in assessment of environmental impacts associated with six munitions wastewater treatment configurations—specifically GAC, compared to five configurations that include combinations of ion exchange (IX), reverse osmosis (RO), aerobic granular reactors (AGR), UV/H2O2, and ozone technologies. The LCA compares environmental impacts generated by treating 1 m3 of munitions wastewater, impacts by life cycle stage, and effects of IX, RO, and GAC replacement frequency. Results show that IX resin pairs with AGR (for flow‐through treatment) and ozone (for IX regenerant treatment) generated 22 ± 18% less impact than GAC in nine of ten environmental impact categories during production, transportation, and disposal. Treatment trains with ozone or AGR produce 35% less environmental impact than those with UV/H2O2. Production and use stages generate more environmental impacts than transportation and disposal stages for most treatment technologies. This LCA provides insights into the sustainability of six munition wastewater treatment technologies and identifies areas where treatment sustainability can be improved.

System simulation and multi-objective optimization methodology for sustainable municipal solid waste classification management: A case study in China

Cities worldwide are actively implementing waste classification policies to develop efficient waste management systems that address the growing challenges of waste disposal and promote sustainable development. However, selecting tailored waste classification solutions is challenging due to the intricate interrelationships within the system and the complex trade-offs between different management objectives. This study presents a comprehensive methodology that simulates the entire waste classification management system by integrating the stages of waste generation, source classification, and final disposal, all linked by waste quantities and properties. A multi-objective optimization model is employed to identify optimal technical pathways that balance economic, environmental, and energy objectives. This methodology was applied in Zhangjiagang, a medium-sized city in China, revealing that economically optimal solutions focusing on landfill and composting as disposal pathways could exacerbate environmental impacts, with indicators deteriorating by 23.1 %–419.1 % except for freshwater eutrophication potential. In contrast, a multi-objective optimization solution prioritizing incineration and anaerobic digestion achieves environmental and energy benefits valued at 18.7 USD/t, with a modest increase in economic costs of 5.7 USD/t compared to the base year. The unconstrained optimal scenarios achieve net negative environmental costs and recover 2.0 × 106 MJ of energy. The study recommends moderate and dynamically adjusted kitchen waste separation rates depending on the stage of implementation. Additionally, the findings reveal that the “lock-in” effects of mismatched disposal facilities can significantly escalate costs. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of systematic design and multi-objective optimization, offering a comprehensive methodology for cities aiming to enhance their waste classification strategies.

Corrosive behavior of copper canisters under air and aerobic groundwater at early stages of deep geological disposal

Copper oxidation at low temperatures below 140 °C and its effects on corrosive behavior in aerobic groundwater are investigated to estimate the intactness of canisters at early stages of disposal. The Cu coupon surface is covered by fine particles that form thin oxide layers after 30 d of oxidation; a thin Cu2O layer of thickness <100 nm is formed after oxidation at 40 °C; after oxidation at 140 °C, the Cu2O surface changes to a CuO layer of thickness <500 nm. The thickness of the Cu surface oxidized at 90 °C is between those of the surfaces oxidized at 40 and 140 °C. All Cu coupons exhibit similar current densities ranging from 0.77 to 1.87 μA cm−2, although the corrosion potential of the Cu coupon layered with Cu2O is higher than that of the others. Long-term oxidation tests for 406 d reveal no significant changes in the Cu surface at temperatures below 90 °C, indicating no significant change in the electrochemical behavior. The results of this study suggest that the storage of canisters at temperatures below 90 °C has no significant effect on the degradation of canister performance in long-term disposal.

Comparing life cycle environmental impacts of food access and consumption pre- and during COVID 19 in New York State's Capital Region

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced household food shopping, food consumption, and food waste generation. However, the dietary environmental impacts for different income groups during COVID-19 remain unknown. To analyze dietary environmental impacts for various income groups, a process-based life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted based on two electronic food access surveys implemented in the New York State's Capital Region during the COVID-19 pandemic and public and proprietary databases. We found that life cycle global warming potential, cumulative energy demand, acidification potential, and water resource depletion of per capital food consumption in the studied area tended to be lower during COVID-19 than pre-COVID-19. In contrast, life cycle eutrophication during COVID-19 was slightly higher than pre-COVID-19. The environmental impacts occurring at the food production stage were higher than those at the local transportation and waste disposal stages. The lowest income group had the lowest dietary environmental impacts due to their lowest food consumption of all the food categories. The second-highest income group had the highest dietary environmental impacts, since they consumed the most red meat which has a high impact intensity. This is the first study to our knowledge to investigate the differences in dietary environmental impacts among income groups during COVID-19.

Evaluation of carbon emissions for fresh food last-mile delivery: A comparative analysis of two refrigeration methods

This study compares carbon emissions from last-mile fresh food delivery using traditional cold storage plates and a new photovoltaic (PV) direct-drive cooling model. A life cycle analysis shows that while the PV model has higher initial production emissions in six cities, it achieves a 97.95–98.78 % reduction in total emissions over 20 years compared to the traditional model. The cold storage plate model contributes the highest carbon footprint during the use stage, while the photovoltaic direct-drive cooling model has the highest carbon footprint during the production stage. The emission reduction benefits could be achieved during the disposal stage. As the design temperature inside the delivery box increases from -5 °C to 0 °C, the carbon emissions of the photovoltaic direct-drive cooling model decrease by 17.74 %–19.31 %, while those of the cold storage plate model decrease by 13.21 %–18.79 % for different cities. Further increasing the temperature to 5 °C results in a more reduction of 17.03 %–18.24 % for the photovoltaic direct-drive cooling model and 15.22 %–19.71 % for the old storage plate model. This indicates that even minor adjustments in temperature settings can have a substantial impact on reducing the carbon footprint of fresh food delivery.

Research advance of occupational exposure risks and toxic effects of semiconductor nanomaterials.

In recent years, semiconductor nanomaterials, as one of the most promising and applied classes of engineered nanomaterials, have been widely used in industries such as photovoltaics, electronic devices, and biomedicine. However, occupational exposure is unavoidable during the production, use, and disposal stages of products containing these materials, thus posing potential health risks to workers. The intricacies of the work environment present challenges in obtaining comprehensive data on such exposure. Consequently, there remains a significant gap in understanding the exposure risks and toxic effects associated with semiconductor nanomaterials. This paper provides an overview of the current classification and applications of typical semiconductor nanomaterials. It also delves into the existing state of occupational exposure, methodologies for exposure assessment, and prevailing occupational exposure limits. Furthermore, relevant epidemiological studies are examined. Subsequently, the review scrutinizes the toxicity of semiconductor nanomaterials concerning target organ toxicity, toxicity mechanisms, and influencing factors. The aim of this review is to lay the groundwork for enhancing the assessment of occupational exposure to semiconductor nanomaterials, optimizing occupational exposure limits, and promoting environmentally sustainable development practices in this domain.

Biodegradable mulch film enhances the environmental sustainability compared with traditional polyethylene film from multidimensional perspectives

Considering the minimum environmental concerns associated with biodegradable mulch (BDM) films, these are widely seen as a promising alternative to traditional polyethylene (PE) films. However, lack of an in-depth evaluation of BDM plastic films has hindered its largescale applications. To fill this knowledge gap, this study was planned to comprehensively evaluate the environmental impacts of BDM films as an alternative to the traditional PE film utilizing an advanced life cycle assessment (LCA) technique coupled with multiple field experiments, including three solanaceous crops i.e. eggplant, pepper and cherry tomato. These crops were grown at three different experimental sites comprising Chengmai, Qionghai, and Ledong; all located in Hainan Province of China. The results revealed that an in-situ biodegradation of BDM during the waste disposal stage greatly reduced the environmental pollution and cumulative energy demand (CED). But such a positive effect was largely nullified by the stimulated environmental cost during its manufacturing stage. And thus, the average environmental impact and CED from cradle to grave were reduced by only 2.6% and 9%, respectively, under BDM film when compared with PE. The seven sites/years-based field trials of three solanaceous crops revealed that the average crop yield under both plastic mulching cultivations was increased by 52%, while the integrated environmental impact per ton yield was reduced by 30%, compared with conventional bare planting (CP). Overall, it can be inferred that BDM film is a sustainable alternative to traditional PE mulch film based on its reduced environmental impacts.

Indonesia Paradox on Plastic Waste Import in International Policy and Social Movement Perspective

Indonesia, recognized as the second largest marine polluter globally, faces a significant environmental crisis despite stringent international policies and vigorous social movements advocating for sustainability. According to data from INAPLAS and BPS, Indonesia generates 64 million tons of plastic waste annually, with 3.2 million tons ending up in the sea. The waste management system in Indonesia is rudimentary, involving basic stages of collection, transportation, and disposal, with processing occurring only at the final destination. Amidst this waste crisis, Indonesia continues to import plastic waste from countries such as the United States, Germany, Australia, and Hong Kong, exacerbating the environmental and health hazards. This paper explores the paradox of plastic waste import in Indonesia, focusing on how international policies, including the Basel Convention and its recent amendments, intersect with local regulations and their enforcement. It also examines the role of social movements in combating plastic waste imports and advocating for environmental sustainability. The central problem addressed is the regulatory and social polemic surrounding waste importation in Indonesia, considering the social, political, and legal dimensions. Employing a conceptual and statute approach, the paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the waste import regulation issues linked to social problems within Indonesian society. It argues that the complexity of international trade, economic incentives, and insufficient regulation enforcement contribute to the paradoxical situation where policies and advocacy efforts seem misaligned with outcomes. The findings offer social and juridical recommendations for the Indonesian government and society to address the waste import dilemma effectively. By aligning policies with environmental goals and leveraging social movements, Indonesia can drive significant change towards sustainable waste management practices.

Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Agro-Industrial Waste Mixtures for Biogas Production: An Energetically Sustainable Solution

In a climate crisis, searching for renewable energy sources is urgent and mandatory to achieve a low-carbon society. The food industry is an attractive source for providing different organic waste with great potential for energy generation, avoiding the environmental impacts of its inadequate management at the disposal stage. This manuscript determines the feasibility of using three agro-industrial byproducts for biogas production with a mesophilic anaerobic digestion process. Three mixture samples such as tomato pulp with olive cake (TP-OC), apple pomace with olive cake (AP-OC), and tomato pulp with apple pomace (TP-AP) at a 1:1 w/w ratio were evaluated using bovine manure as inoculum. During 7 to 12 days of operation, results indicate that TP-OC achieved the highest biogas production yield with 1096 mL/L (with up to 70% methane), followed by AP-OC and TP-AP with 885 (62% methane) and 574 mL/L (69% methane), respectively. Experimentally, TP-OC consistently encompassed the highest biogas and methane production and fit the kinetic models, whereas the modified Gompertz model produced the best fit (R2 = 99.7%). This manuscript supports the preference for mixing byproducts from the agro-industrial sector rather than using them individually for biogas production.

풍력발전 터빈의 폐블레이드 재활용에 관한 자원순환법상 입법정책적 연구

There was a time when the development of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power was thought to be at the cutting edge of environmental protection. However, putting aside various social conflicts related to its location, concerns related to the efficiency of energy production, etc., legal and social agreements regarding the disposal or recycling of these renewable energy power generation facilities were ignored, and the era of introduction and commercialization continued. come. It was a phenomenon not only for us but also around the world. Many European and Western countries are facing their own risk of environmental destruction and are coming up with various policies and plans regarding this. Regarding the problem of disposal of waste solar panels and waste electric vehicle batteries, It is well known that we have taken steps to resolve this issue through legislative and administrative policies. However, in response to the aging of wind power generation facilities, especially waste blades, which have recently received the most attention among renewable energy materials, the EU and representative wind power countries such as Germany and Denmark are paying great attention to the government and industry regarding waste disposal, especially recycling, and solutions to the problem. has been pursued and is now coming to fruition. Unlike the case of Korea, which is stuck with the solution of simple landfill, global renewable energy companies such as Siemens Gamesa of the United States and Germany and Vestas of Denmark, which are actively introducing the use of materials as cement, are developing new products that can recycle blades at the disposal stage from the beginning. We are making progress to the point where we are developing technology to manufacture materials and announcing our success and plans for zero waste by 2040. In response to this situation, our government is not only reorganizing the basic laws for the recycling of waste wind blades, which are already causing environmental problems, but also establishing laws to promote research for technology development such as reuse and recycling, which are lagging behind Europe and the United States. Legal academia will conduct research on the limitations of the Producer Responsibility Recycling (EPR) system, which has already been introduced in the resource recycling law, and ways to overcome it, on the aspects of fiscal legislation such as the introduction of incineration taxes, and on local autonomy for cooperation with local communities. Efforts should be made to identify ways to improve the legal system.

The newsvendor problem with GHG emissions from waste disposal under cap-and-trade regulation

We study a newsvendor problem with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the disposal stage regulated by a cap-and-trade policy. We first consider a synchronous version of the problem where the replenishment period and the emission assessment period are the same. For this problem, we propose simple algorithms to derive the optimal quantity and cost for both continuous and discrete demand distributions. We show that ignoring the carbon tax may lead to large overcost, especially when the GHG quota is small. For a normally distributed demand, we also show that the demand standard deviation has a non-linear and non-monotonic effect on the order quantity. We then investigate an asynchronous version of the problem where replenishment decisions occur at a higher frequency than the quota allocation. We formulate this lot sizing problem as a Markov decision process and solve it with a dynamic programming algorithm whose complexity is assessed. Through a numerical experimentation and theoretical results, we demonstrate how and when the flexibility of the optimal dynamic replenishment decisions allows to reduce costs. When approaching the end of the time horizon, the uncertainty reduction allows the decision maker to adopt a riskier policy and order larger quantities.

Risk Management for Whole-Process Safe Disposal of Medical Waste: Progress and Challenges.

Over the past decade, the global outbreaks of SARS, influenza A (H1N1), COVID-19, and other major infectious diseases have exposed the insufficient capacity for emergency disposal of medical waste in numerous countries and regions. Particularly during epidemics of major infectious diseases, medical waste exhibits new characteristics such as accelerated growth rate, heightened risk level, and more stringent disposal requirements. Consequently, there is an urgent need for advanced theoretical approaches that can perceive, predict, evaluate, and control risks associated with safe disposal throughout the entire process in a timely, accurate, efficient, and comprehensive manner. This article provides a systematic review of relevant research on collection, storage, transportation, and disposal of medical waste throughout its entirety to illustrate the current state of safe disposal practices. Building upon this foundation and leveraging emerging information technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI), we deeply contemplate future research directions with an aim to minimize risks across all stages of medical waste disposal while offering valuable references and decision support to further advance safe disposal practices.

Organic waste management based on supply chain management using arena simulation and macro ergonomics approach

In this modern era, simulation software such as Arena has become a valuable tool for designing, optimizing, and analyzing the flow of supply chains efficiently. The aim of this research is to describe and analyze the flow of waste supply chains using Arena software. The second objective is to analyze the behavior of the people of Semarang city regarding organic waste processing using a macroergonomics approach. This study employs a simulation approach by utilizing Arena software to model the flow of waste supply chains from collection, sorting, processing, to final disposal stages. Using Arena software, simulation results can be measured and objectively analyzed, serving as a basis for identifying improvements and enhancements in the waste supply chain. To manage organic waste in an area it is necessary to involve cognitive, psychological, organizational and environmental aspects. The strategy for managing organic waste in urban areas such as the Semarang area is to manage and ensure that organic waste has added value and sales value.

CnSR: Exploring Consumer Social Responsibility Using Machine Learning-Based Topic Modeling with Natural Language Processing

This study delves into Consumer Social Responsibility (CnSR) within the fashion industry, with the goal of understanding consumers’ sustainable and responsible behavior across three major consumption stages: acquisition, utilization, and disposal. While “corporate” social responsibility (CSR) has been extensively studied in the literature, CnSR that sheds light on “individual consumers” has received less attention and is understudied. Using topic modeling, an unsupervised machine learning (ML) technique that uses natural language processing (NLP) in Python, this study analyzed textual data consisting of open-ended responses from 703 U.S. consumers. The analysis unveiled key aspects of CnSR in each of the consumption processes. The acquisition stage highlighted various ethical and sustainable considerations in purchasing and decision making. During the utilization phase, topics concerning sustainable and responsible product usage, environmentally conscious practices, and emotional sentiments emerged. The disposal stage identified a range of environmentally and socially responsible disposal practices. This study provides a solid and rich definition of CnSR from the perspective of individual consumers, paving the avenue for future research on sustainable consumption behaviors and inspiring the fashion industry to create goods and services that are in line with CnSR.

Are consumers more or less averse to wasting organic food?

Organic food is often perceived as being more environmentally friendly than non-organic food due to its production methods. However, little is known about how consumers treat organic food compared to non-organic food when it comes to waste. This study aims to fill this gap by examining consumer waste aversion towards organic and non-organic food. The results of four studies show that controlling for perceived price differences, consumers are less averse to wasting organic food than non-organic food. This finding holds across both healthy and unhealthy food. The lower waste aversion towards organic food is driven in part by the decreased perception of environmental harm associated with wasting organic food. These findings suggest that consumers’ perception that a product is sustainable and more environmentally friendly (organic vs. non-organic) may have surprising effects in the food disposal stage, potentially diminishing their reluctance to waste food, a topic that warrants further research.

Impact of additional carbon storage of natural plant fiber on product carbon footprint: A case study of cotton/kapok blended T-shirt VS pure cotton T-shirt

Researchers have drawn their attention to natural plant fibers in recent years owing to the significant energy consumption and detrimental environmental impact of textile and apparel industry and the imperative of environmental protection. While the potential for mitigating carbon emissions of apparel products deriving from woody versus herbaceous fiber crops remains unclear. Moreover, extant studies only take limited processes as a case demonstration, rather than exploring the impact of additional carbon storage throughout the whole life cycle. Therefore, this study extended the system boundary to the whole life cycle of products from the raw material extraction to the end-of-life disposal stage, conducted a whole life cycle carbon footprint (CF) analysis of cotton/kapok blended T-shirts and pure cotton T-shirts at each stage of their life cycle based on carbon storage accounting method. The results revealed that the CF of 1 kg pure cotton T-shirt is 9.469 kg CO2eq, while for 1 kg cotton/kapok blended T-shirt, it's −24.249 kg CO2eq. Correspondingly, the carbon storages of these T-shirts are −15.653 kg CO2eq and −43.442 kg CO2eq, respectively. This proved that long-term additional carbon storage may possess relatively higher carbon storage due to woody crops' multi-annuality compared with herbaceous crops. When considering carbon emissions during industrial manufacturing and consumer use stages, it's recommended to opt for heavier T-shirts when fabric thickness between pure cotton and cotton/kapok blended T-shirts are comparable, as this choice may align better with environmental considerations, and adopting appropriate washing and caring practices such as choosing lighter-weight garments, utilizing appropriate washing program and detergent dose, opting for air-drying and avoiding ironing when caring for clothing are also advised. The study results affirmed the feasibility of achieving carbon neutrality in apparel products and could provide methodological guidance for future assessment for future research.

An Integrated Approach for Electronic Waste Management—Overview of Sources of Generation, Toxicological Effects, Assessment, Governance, and Mitigation Approaches

Electronic waste (e-waste) management has become a significant challenge in recent years due to the increasing consumption of electronic devices and their improper disposal. Effective e-waste management requires a comprehensive approach that considers the environmental, economic, and social impacts of e-waste. This comprehensive review provides a critical assessment of e-waste management procedures, encompassing the stages of collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Emphasising the significance of embracing sustainable approaches like reusing, repairing, and recycling, the review underscores their pivotal role in mitigating the adverse environmental and human health effects of e-waste. This review provides an overview of e-waste management concerns specifically in India from its collection to the end cycle including toxicological, environmental, and human impacts and a graphical analysis of current and future e-waste trends. It emphasises the need to effectively enforce regulations and establish extended producer responsibility (EPR) to promote sustainable e-waste management practices. Additionally, the review delves into the complexities surrounding e-waste management, such as insufficient infrastructure, resource and funding constraints, and a dearth of awareness among stakeholders. It strongly underscores the necessity for a concerted endeavour involving governments, industries, and communities to tackle these obstacles and advance the cause of efficient e-waste management practices. This paper is valuable to the scientific community as it offers a thorough assessment of e-waste management, focusing on environmental, economic, and social impacts. It emphasises sustainable practices and regulatory measures, providing actionable insights to address e-waste challenges. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of e-waste management and highlights the importance of adopting sustainable practices to address the negative impacts of e-waste on the environment, human health, and the economy.

A cross-sectional survey measuring social norms, personal norms and altruistic values across responsible computer consumption life cycles

Purpose This study makes a unique contribution to the knowledge by investigating the mediating role of the social and personal norms across the acquisition, use and disposal stages of the responsible computer consumption lifecycle. Originality As the pioneer study conducted in Asian countries that provides integrative and holistic comparison on the mediating effect of personal and social norms with regards to responsible computer acquisition, use and disposal. Additionally, this study makes a theoretical contribution to the responsible computer value-behaviour relationships in an emerging market context. Methodology A large sample of 1000 questionnaires collected from 8 developed cities in Malaysia with the highest level of computer literacy, making this study capable of being generalized to the Malaysian population. Findings Social norms mediate the relationship between altruistic values and social norms at the acquisition and disposal stages. Personal norms mediate the relationship between altruistic and social norms at the acquisition and disposal stages.

Replacing Traditional Plastics with Biodegradable Plastics: Impact on Carbon Emissions

In recent years, a great deal of attention has been focused on the environmental impact of plastics, including the carbon emissions related to plastics, which has promoted the application of biodegradable plastics. Countries worldwide have shown high interest in replacing traditional plastics with biodegradable plastics. However, no systematic comparison has been conducted on the carbon emissions of biodegradable versus traditional plastic products. This study evaluates the carbon emissions of traditional and biodegradable plastic products (BPPs) over four stages and briefly discusses environmental and economic perspectives. Four scenarios—namely, the traditional method, chemical recycling, industrial composting, and anaerobic digestion—are considered for the disposal of waste BPPs (WBPPs). The analysis takes China as a case study. The results show that the carbon emissions of 1000 traditional plastic products (plastic bags, lunch boxes, cups, etc.) were 52.09–150.36 carbon emissions equivalent of per kilogram (kg CO2eq), with the stage of plastic production contributing 50.71%–50.77%. In comparison, 1000 similar BPPs topped out at 21.06–56.86 kg CO2eq, approximately 13.53%–62.19% lower than traditional plastic products. The difference was mainly at the stages of plastic production and waste disposal, and the BPPs showed significant carbon reduction potential at the raw material acquisition stage. Waste disposal plays an important role in environmental impact, and composting and anaerobic digestion are considered to be preferable disposal methods for WBPPs. However, the high cost of biodegradable plastics is a challenge for their widespread use. This study has important reference significance for the sustainable development of the biodegradable plastics industry.