Disposal Services Research Articles

Assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene practices for prevention and control of COVID-19 in Kenya.

Safely managed water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services are an essential part of preventing and protecting human health during infectious disease outbreaks, including the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Additionally, adherence to COVID-19 measures, including washing hands using soap and proper waste disposal, no doubt can improve containment of the virus. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Kilifi and Mombasa Counties in Kenya. A total of 612 quantitative data were collected using a mobile data collection tool Open Data Kit. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used to examine factors associated with WASH practices and control of COVID-19 in Kenya. More than half of the respondents were from Kilifi, 431 (70.4%) were female and the mean age was 38.2±14.8y. Households in Kilifi were most likely not to have enough water, while Mombasa households were more likely to pay for water. Sanitation coverage was 47.6%, with more than half sharing sanitation facilities. Sharing of latrines was significantly associated with county and income level. Accessing soap was worse compared with the month prior to the survey, only 3.9% had their garbage collected by formal service providers and only 17% reported wearing any protective gear while handling waste at home. Water is disproportionately available in the two counties, with low sanitation coverage. There is low knowledge on hand washing and inadequate waste disposal services.

Collection and Disposal of Waste in Small Towns

This work seeks to analyze the profile, volume produced and disposal of solid waste in small towns in the west of Santa Catarina. To operationalize the study data was collected in the municipalities of west region of Santa Catarina. Scripts were applied questionnaires for public managers, presidents of associations of pickers, waste collection points and individual collectors. For analysis of the results was considered in those with less than 25,000 habitants. The results show that: I) The population density explains more than 80% of the budget destined for household solid waste collection and recycling; II) Spent with collection and disposal services is R$ 44.22 per capita; III) Recycling provides a monthly gross income of R$ 2,286.98 for dung; IV) That 61% of municipalities have waste management plan, but the data did not demonstrate the effectiveness thereof;; V) The main difficulty pointed out by prefectures refers awareness of the population. This leads to the conclusion that the integrated solid waste management requires more than public policy. This study contributes to the understanding of the area by reinforcing that the solid waste management should (and can) be treated in an integrated manner, considering all aspects of sustainability.

Modeling the health impact of water and sanitation service deficits on waterborne disease transmission

Cholera is a waterborne disease that continues to pose serious public health problems in many developing countries. Increasing water and sanitation coverage is a goal for local authorities in these countries, as it can eliminate one of the root causes of cholera transmission. The SIWDR (susceptible–infected–water–dumpsite–recovered) model is proposed here to evaluate the effects of the improved coverage of water and sanitation services in a community at risk of a cholera outbreak. This paper provides a mathematical study of the dynamics of the water and sanitation (WatSan) deficits and their public health impact in a community. The theoretical analysis of the SIWDR model gave a certain threshold value (known as the basic reproductive number and denoted mathcal{R}_{0}) to stop the transmission of cholera. It was found that the disease-free equilibrium was globally asymptotically stable whenever mathcal{R}_{0} leq 1. The unique endemic equilibrium was globally asymptotically stable whenever mathcal{R}_{0} >1. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the relative importance of model parameters to disease transmission and prevention. The numerical simulation results, using realistic parameter values in describing cholera transmission in Haiti, showed that improving the drinking water supply, wastewater and sewage treatment, and solid waste disposal services would be effective strategies for controlling the transmission pathways of this waterborne disease.

IDENTIFICATION OF PRIVATISED PUBLIC UTILITIES AND RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES IN IBEJU-LEKKI AXIS OF LAGOS STATE

This study identified the different public utilities that are Privatised and the types of residential properties in Ibeju-Lekki in Lagos State. The area of study was stratified into high, middle, and low densities in the study area. From the records at Ibeju-Lekki government administrative office, it was further revealed that there were 56, 60, and 40 residential areas respectively on the high, medium, and low densities. Systematic random sampling selection without replacement was employed to select one of every four identified residential areas in each density, gives 14, 15, and 9 residential areas from the high, medium, and low densities respectively.  There were 3,411, 1745, and 549 residential buildings in the identified residential areas. Selection of the first building in each area was done randomly while a subsequent unit of the investigation was every 20thbuilding which gave a sample size of 171, 87, and 27 residential buildings in the high, medium, and low densities respectively. One household head was selected in each building randomly. Data collected from household heads include information on the functional public utilities that are Privatised, types of buildings/ properties, the rental value of properties in the area from 2003-2015 among others. The result showed that there were six public utilities that are Privatised in the study area namely waste disposal, water supply, streetlight, road network, telecommunications, and postal service with variation in their functionality index across the densities. Finally, it was revealed that major types of residential properties identified in Ibeju-Lekki axis of Lagos State were tenement, self–contained, bungalow, the block of flats, duplex, detached and semi-detached. The household heads need to be well informed on the need for privatization of public utility to enhance the participation of household heads in the decision-making process.

Manajemen Tata Kelola Kota Medan Melalui Pendekatan Reduce at Source dan Resource Recycle

Abstract. Garbage is an important problem faced by several cities in Indonesia. These problems are more concentrated on waste management. The limited area of land for landfills affects waste management, especially waste disposal services. Only waste can be transported and disposed of to the TPA, while the rest is scattered in various places. The presence of garbage in Medan City is one of the problems faced by the community and city managers. especially in terms of providing facilities and infrastructure. The amount of this waste is expected to continue to increase, where the growth rate is every year. Piles of garbage that disturb the health and beauty of the environment are a type of pollution that can be classified as social environmental degradation. Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environment Number 13 of 2012 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, government officials and the community can work together in implementing waste management to create a clean and healthy environment. So far, the implementation of waste management has only relied on the collect, transport, and disposal approach by relying on the existence of a final processing site (TPA). In this journal, the problem formulated is how to implement waste management in the city of Medan by using the reduce at source and resource recycle approach through the implementation of 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle)? The research method used in this journal is a qualitative descriptive research method. Therefore, all levels of society and the government of the city of Medan are expected to change their paradigm towards waste, namely seeing waste as something that has use value and benefits, so that it can treat waste as an alternative resource can be reused, either directly, the recycling process, or other processes. Keywords: Waste Management; Urban.

Pollution From Commercial Vessels Machinery Space Bilges

Abstract Over the past decade, the United States Coast Guard Sector Southeastern New England (SENE) along with state and local partner agencies in the New Bedford, Massachusetts area have been attempting to understand commercial vessel's inability to comply with the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) regarding oily bilge waste and proper disposal options. The regulations have been in effect since 1983 requiring oceangoing vessels of less than 400 gross tons to have the capacity to retain all oily mixtures onboard or install an approved oily water separator (OWS) equipment for processing oily mixtures from bilges. New Bedford, MA is the homeport to over 400 commercial fishing vessels within a 2 square mile port area. The circumstances in New Bedford are considered to be representative of most ports for vessels less than 400 gross tons nationwide. Sector SENE has used various mechanisms to educate the local commercial vessel fleet owners and operators. The education includes the issuance of Marine Safety Information Bulletin 03-18 by Coast Guard Headquarters (United States Coast Guard, 2018). In 2012, the Partner Agency - Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection created and funded the Bilge-Pump-Out Program. This voluntary program provides commercial vessels with free oily bilge waste disposal services. Previously, there was no established “permanent” solution to the pervasive oily discharge problem and bad practice of illegally disposing of oily waste directly from commercial vessel bilges overboard into U.S. navigable waterways. In conjunction with local authorities having jurisdiction, Sector SENE began a focused pollution prevention and enforcement effort. Several pollution cases were forwarded to the Department of Justice (DOJ) and fines of over 1 million dollars have been issued for the illegal practices. The culmination of educational outreach, surge operations and coordinated interagency efforts have led to the initial levels of compliance.

Newsvendor’s optimal decisions under stochastic demand and cap-and-trade regulation

Cap-and-trade regulation (CTR) is universally considered as one of the most environmentally friendly approaches to reducing carbon emission. In this paper, the newsvendor with a warranty service is regarded as the benchmark model firstly. Then, we study extended models about the newsvendor’s carbon footprint under CTR in the carbon trading market. Specifically, the carbon footprint exists in the four stages: production, sale, residual disposal, and return warranty service. And we adopt low-carbon technologies to improve the carbon footprint. Thirdly, we derive the newsvendor’s optimal production quantity, emission abatement level, and the expected profit. Interestingly, improving the carbon footprint in the sale and return warranty stages leads to a sharply higher profit in the carbon trading market. Finally, results and discussion are addressed in detail by numerical examples. We discover that optimal production quantity with an improved carbon footprint is larger than that with an original carbon footprint and earns more. Besides, the warranty service cost is negatively related to both the newsvendor’s optimal production quantity and profit. In the carbon trading market, the newsvendor is supposed to improve carbon footprint by carbon reduction investment. Besides, carbon quotas provided by the government do no affect the optimal production quantity but affects the profit of carbon trade.

Assessing Health Damages from Improper Disposal of Solid Waste in Metropolitan Islamabad–Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Rapid urbanization in developing countries leads to a dramatic increase in solid waste production, with serious socio-economic and ecological impacts. In order to avoid the associated hazards, particularly those related to human health and the environment, solid waste management is indispensable. Disposal of municipal waste that predominantly comprises household and commercial refuse has become a daunting task for local governments and municipalities of Pakistan. Issues related to both inadequacy of service delivery and inappropriate disposal signify that waste management should be high on the local environment policy agenda. In particular, the external cost of waste management is high, and cost recovery of refuse collection may cause the exclusion of many households and additional costs on the households that avail themselves of the service. In this study, we carried out an evaluation of the health damage caused by improper waste disposal in a sample of heterogeneous households. The study shows a framework for evaluating the damages caused by inadequate waste management practices. The results indicate that irregular disposal in the vicinity of residents causes illness: respondents living within 100 m are more vulnerable to malaria, dengue, and asthma than those living more than 500 m away. Moreover, the findings highlight that households lack knowledge of waste hazards and 75.9% of waste is not segregated. We suggest a subsidized waste collection and disposal service provided either by the local government or by outsourcing.

Feasibility study of waste utilization facilities in cement factory for spent bleaching earth

In this paper, the problem to be solved is a feasibility study for waste utilization facilities development, especially for spent bleaching by considering the market, technical, and economic aspects. The amount of spent bleaching produced by the palm oil industry in Indonesia reaches 750000 tons/year. Government regulation number 101 2014 categorized spent bleaching earth as hazardous waste with a code B 413. Therefore, the companies must carry out environmental protection and management for spent bleaching earth. This facility built to capture the market of spent bleaching earth waste disposal service, raw material substitution, and alternative fuel (coal). From the market perspective, the facility will capture about 7% market shares. Based on the technical aspect, the calcination process, kiln operational, and quality of clinker won’t be disrupted if the capacity of waste facilities is 7-8 tons per hour. Based on the Payback Period calculation, it needs 5.4 years to return the investment. From the Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return, it can be concluded that the development of waste utilization facility for spent bleaching is feasible. Based on sensitivity analysis the facilities must run above 60% capacity to make sure the facilities still feasible. Further research is expected to analyze the potential for other B3 waste which can managed by the facility and potential to enter end to end waste management business so it can have a greater impact to the company and society.

Inequality and regressivity in Italian waste taxation. Is there an alternative route?

The Italian financing system for waste collection and disposal services, still far from a price-based system at the national level, is similar to a real property tax system. Among other concerns, this raises equity issues. The aim of this paper is threefold. First, the structure of the waste tax in its components (i.e., fixed and variable) is analysed at the provincial level. This allows to investigate the magnitude of the two tax components in Italian provinces, while showing the differences among macro-areas in the financing system for waste collection and disposal services. Second, the regressivity (progressivity) of the tax system adopted is investigated, so as to highlight the differences among geographical areas. Third, an alternative base for the waste tax is proposed, in order to avoid regressivity and achieve higher equality. For these purposes, official data referring to 2017 are used and a Geographically Weighted Regression is implemented. The results highlight the importance of an alternative base of the waste tax to design an equal and non-regressive tax, more similar to a Pay-As-You-Throw scheme.

Odour nuisance and urban residents' quality of life: A case study in Kraków's in Plaszow district

This paper aims to assess the level of odour nuisance in the south-eastern part of Kraków (Płaszów) and the related quality of life. It includes two aspects: life comfort and the health aspect. Kraków is one of the largest urban centres in Poland. It is globally perceived as the cultural capital of Poland and is the country's main tourist destination. It is also one of the most polluted cities in Poland. Płaszów, as a district of Kraków, is characterised by the largest increase in urbanised areas and changes in the spatial development of the municipality of Kraków.The research methodology was divided into the phases comprising of qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research included (1) the analysis of the content on Internet forums and social networking sites as regards odour nuisance concerns, (2) in-depth ethnographic interviews with residents of Płaszów's housing estates, which were conducted in the form of strolling groups created specifically for this purpose, combined with the recording of impressions, remarks and associations of their participants and representative residents of the studied area.A measurement tool, developed according to the VDI 3883 guidelines, based on the latest outcome of research on odour and noise nuisance, was used for assessing odour nuisance. The questionnaire was developed based on German experience. Empirical research was conducted for the area sample of 2000 respondents. The selection of respondents was carried out by a random stroll.Questions scaled according to two scales of annoyance constituted the key part of the questionnaire. One of them was a 7-point ordinal scale and the other a 10-point interval scale. These scales allowed collecting information from respondents significantly related to the purpose of the study. The research sample consisted of respondents representing households using the water supply and sewage disposal services located in the area of Płaszów. Within that area, according to the data obtained, 21,925 people utilised these services.The conducted qualitative and quantitative research carried out on a large wide scale in one of Poland's largest cities in Poland -– Kraków -– undoubtedly constitutes the beginning of the identification and assessment process concerning of the scale of this problem in urban space. The results of this research work indicate unequivocally point to the influence of perceived fragrances smells on the health and the sense of comfort of local residents. The assessment of this phenomenon is common and does is not dependent on the gender or age of respondents. However, it has an impact on everyday life and subjective feelings about concerning the state of health caused by living in an area with unpleasant odours. This research proves that the more intense the and unpleasant the odour is, the less resistant one is to move out of their current home. The longer people live in the area, the less negative their feelings are, which may mean they get used become accustomed to the environment they are living in. According to the respondents, the unpleasant odours have the greatest impact on health factors, which in turn determines the sense of life comfort. The results obtained in this study indicate the need for further, in-depth research in this area.

Biomedical Waste Management

Infectious and hazardous waste are engendering within health care and hospitals. The emissions of definite metals and chlorinated dioxins and furans in the flue gasses of medical waste are comparatively high as compared to the emissions from different combustion sources. Discriminate disposal of these wastes possesses a serious threat to the ecosystem and human health. Tremendous efforts have been made by the government to ensure the availability of medical disposal services. In general, the incineration method is one of the most extensively used techniques for the disposal of medical wastes. The process involves burning waste at a very high elevated temperature. The article deals with the fundamental problems as definition, categories of medical waste, and the process like segregation, storage, and transport and disposal methods are discussed. A statistics of CBMWTF operation under 11 districts surveyed. Effective biomedical waste management is mandatory for healthy humans and to the unstained environment.

Republic Services launches new community support initiative

The waste disposal services company Republic Services has launched a new initiative to support its employees, customers and communities across the United States as they weather the COVID‐19 crisis. The company has pledged $20 million to the Committed to Service initiative, which will include multiple components, including a weekly meal for all front‐line employees, weekly dinner for front‐line employees and their families and biweekly $100 gift cards to all front‐line employees (or $400 per employee in total).

Cultural Infrastructure and the Planning of Future Cities

Culture is an important aspect of human civilization. Preserving and giving value to the cultural heritage of a region can pave the way for local as well as regional development. This includes tangible, intangible and the natural heritage of cities. It is necessary to develop a cultural infrastructure plan along with other aspects such as transportation, built, green and grey in frastructure. Cultural infrastructure refers to places where culture is experienced, participated in or showcased in. This includes the existing cultural heritage of a place as well as the planning of spaces for cultural stimulation and involvement. With the advent of fourth industrial revolution smart cities are gradually becoming the way of life across the world. The Smart City uses Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Internet of Things (IoT) to effectively manage transportation, water services, waste disposal, energy and other community services. In this scenario it becomes imperative to have strategic infrastructure planning. Indian Government has recently launched the Smart City Mission in India and several smart city projects are underway across the country. It becomes necessar y in this context that Indian cities with their rich tradition and cultural heritage do not lose their unique identity in this process of transformation into smart cities. Even as smart city projects stress the need for heritage preservation there is a lot of ambiguity in how they can be integrated and used to advance urban intelligence. The technologies of the smart city have considerable potential to be used for the management and enhancement its cultural heritage and can help in the creation of a cultural infrastructure plan. This paper will examine the significance of cultural infrastructure in future cities and how it can be integrated into the city planning process of Indian cities through the study of relevant case studies from around the world.

Assessment of methods practiced in the disposal of solid waste in Eastleigh Nairobi County, Kenya

Solid waste management is a documented threat to health and the environment to many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Rapid industrial development and urbanization have seen a rise in urban population which translates to massive production of solid waste. Though most urban and city planners have adopted new technologies such as landfills and incineration these alone cannot work without training residents on best practices that will guide them on how to manage their waste. Both health and environmental implications are associated with solid waste management and amounting in urgency especially in developing countries. The study aimed to assess the methods used by residents of Eastleigh South Ward in Nairobi County to dispose of their solid waste at the household level. Various waste disposal methods were documented during field observation and interviews while secondary data was obtained from records and reports on the management of waste in Nairobi County. About 48% of the resident indicated they discard waste along the road in heap/drainage, further 35% indicated putting waste in dust bins which eventually ends up in undesignated areas. The study also documents challenges related to waste management including infrequent /irregular waste collection, illegal dumping, low levels of information on poor waste disposal, and lack of concern among residents. Other challenges included irresponsible waste management approaches by the Nairobi County Government as well reluctance to pay private garbage collectors and high cost of disposal services charged by private garbage collectors. Promoting awareness through public education on the management of solid waste will enhance proper solid waste management practices. The study further recommends allocation of more resources to allow for effective management of solid waste.

Optimal pricing and environmental improvement for a hazardous waste disposal supply chain with emission penalties

Hazardous waste management has become a municipal problem, associated with industrial development and changing consumption patterns. We study the hazardous waste management system as a supply chain with a disposal facility and a contractor, which serves customers with demand sensitive to price and environment impact. The government intervenes with this supply chain by imposing emission penalties that make the waste disposal facility responsible for reducing disposal process emissions. The Stackelberg game and Nash equilibrium are used to model the decision-making sequence between the disposal facility and the contractor. We specify different scenarios to model the hazardous waste management supply chain. The goal of this research is to find the optimal disposal service price and level of environmental improvement to mitigate adverse impacts and maximize profits. The applicability of dual-channel service in the hazardous waste supply chain is also investigated. Our study shows that the supply chain obtains the highest profit if both the disposal facility and the contractor operate in a centralized model. Under some scenarios, profitability improves if the disposal facility becomes active in waste collection and transportation under a dual-channel supply-chain model. Demand sensitivity to price and environmental impacts can affect the adopted level of improvement by disposal facilities.

Analysis of household access to drinking water, sanitation, and waste disposal services in urban areas of Nepal

In recent years, researchers have paid increasing attention to the provision of access to clean and sufficient drinking water, sanitation facilities, and proper waste management in developing countries. This paper examines household access to these services in urban areas of Nepal by studying the comprehensive data of the Nepal Living Standard Survey (NLSS) for the 1995-1996, 2003–2004, and 2010–2011 periods. Multinomial logit models are employed to identify and analyse potentially influential factors. We find that education levels, household wealth, and distance to markets are among the significant determinants of household access to safe and secure drinking water, flush toilets connected to septic tanks, and proper liquid and solid waste disposal. Households located in relatively developed regions, such as the Midwest and Far West, tend to have better access to these services compared to households located in the ecologically sensitive mountainous regions. Education and employment opportunities are also relevant to service access in urban areas of Nepal. Stakeholder involvement and effective governmental intervention are also necessary.

Spatiotemporal characteristics in ecosystem service value and its interaction with human activities in Xinjiang, China

Abstract Human activities are becoming increasingly diverse and disordered, especially in arid areas, which affect ecosystem services more obviously. Conversely, ecosystem services also impose certain constraints on human. In this paper, we employed the model of ecosystem service value (ESV) assessment and grey relational degree, to reveal the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of ecosystem service value in Xinjiang and its interaction with human activities. The results showed that, during 2000–2015 the value of food production services (FPV) showed an upward trend, while the value of climate regulation services (CRV), gas regulation services (GRV), raw material production services (RMPV) and recreation services (RSV) showed a downward trend. The value of hydrological regulation services (HRV) showed a trend of first decreasing and then rising, while the value of waste disposal services (WDV) showed a trend of first increasing, then decreasing and then increasing. Spatial change showed that the services value of Kashi and Aksu Prefecture declined significantly, while Altay and Tacheng Prefecture increased significantly. In Xinjiang, human activities had a strong interaction with ecosystem services. Agricultural activities (0.989) and social development activities (0.844) had the greatest impact on changes in ecosystem services, especially agricultural water consumption (0.984) and total population at year-end (0.965). Hydrological regulation services (0.8179) had the greatest restriction on social and economic development. Combining the spatiotemporal changes in ecosystem service value and their variation with human activities are significant to formulate ecological policy and coordinate sustainable development.

Sustainable municipal solid waste disposal supply chain analysis under price-sensitive demand: A game theory approach.

The impacts of price and sustainability on municipal waste disposal demand have largely been ignored by waste management researchers. This paper considers a waste disposal supply chain that includes a disposal facility and a contractor. Both parties try to improve source sorting for waste collection to reduce the recycling cost at the disposal facility. Improving source sorting requires investment that would increase the price of the waste disposal service, thereby affecting the price-sensitive demand. The relationship between the service price and investments in waste sorting motives is analyzed in this paper via studying the trade-off between the optimal source sorting and the waste disposal service prices. Different scenarios based on the various players' power structures are developed. Nash and Stackelberg games have been applied in order to find the optimal decision values in each scenario. The impact of cost sharing on optimal supply chain decisions is also studied. The numerical results show that the waste supply chain is more profitable when it is working under an integrated management structure. Moreover, reducing the required investment motivates supply chain players to select higher levels of waste sorting at the source. A numerical example is provided, followed by some managerial insights.

환경행정 서비스의 상대적 효율성 및 생산성 분석: 16개 광역시도의 생활폐기물 관리를 중심으로

본 연구에서는 16개 광역시도의 환경행정 서비스(생활폐기물 관리)에 대한 효율성을 DEA 모형과 초효율성(Super-Efficiency Measures: SEM)기법을 활용하여 2017년 단년도의 효율성을 측정하였으며, 2008년부터 2017년까지의 MPI 변화율 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, CCR모형의 기술효율성 전체평균은 78.2%로 나타났으며 16개 광역시도 중 6개의 지자체가 효율적인 것으로 분석되었으며, 10개 지자체가 비효율적인 것으로 조사되었다. SEM분석에서는 서울시의 효율성이 월등히 높게 나타났다. 전체적인 규모효율성은 상당히 낮게 나타났으며, 전체적인 비효율성의 주요 원인은 규모효율성에 기인하는 것으로 나타났다. MPI 변화율에서는 연평균 3.16%정도의 생산성 감소가 일어났으며, MPI 감소의 주요 원인은 순기술효율성의 감소에 있었다. MPI는 부산, 서울, 인천, 전남, 전북 등 5개 광역시도에서 증가가 있었다. 효율성이 평균이상이면서 시간의 변화에 따라 MPI가 증가한 곳은 서울시 한 곳 뿐이었으며, 비효율성을 개선시킬 수 있는 방법은 쓰레기 처리 서비스의 규모를 증대시키는 것으로 나타났다.