Disposal Of Waste Materials Research Articles

Experimental Investigation on Fresh and Hardened Properties of High Calcium Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete

The most important cause of the climate changes in the past few decades are due to the emission of CO2.It may be due to human or natural processes such as disposal of waste material from the thermal power plant, consuming natural resources or production of cement etc. Due to increase in infrastructure created the demand of more construction industries. Increasing importance of environmental protection and energy storage has led to the investigation of alternative binders to replace the cement. Geopolymers are an alternative binder for cement concrete production because of their superior mechanical properties. In the present investigation, for developing the Geopolymer concrete (GPC), high calcium fly ash is used as an alternative binder with Na2SiO3 and NaOH as alkaline liquids. Fresh and hardened properties of GPC are examined by appropriate experiments. Alkaline liquid to High calcium Fly ash ratio (AL: HCF) of 0.45, 0.55,0.6 and 0.65 are used with 8M of NaOH and the developed GPC is kept in ambient curing for 7 days, 28 days, and 56 days. It was observed that with an increase of AL to HCF ratio in the fresh GPC increased the workability of GPC. Increase of AL to HCF ratio in GPC mix increased the compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength up to a certain limit.

Rapid impact assessment matrix for municipal material disposal for Agartala City- a case study

The non-planned development of cities has created numerous problems especially with respect to waste material management system. Many aspects of environmental impact of waste material disposal methods are not addressed properly in normal planning system. Thus Environmental Impact Assessment with respect to different waste management techniques is indispensible. Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix is an effective tool of Environmental Impact Assessment which can provide transparent results in a limited time frame and can reduce the impact related uncertaininty that arise due to subjective nature of impact assessment. In the present study to evaluate the impact of solid waste material disposal techniques for Agartala city shows that Sanitary Landfill with 16 no of positive impacts among 27 no selected criteria followed by Composting with 14 no positive impacts are the most appropriate alternatives of waste disposal from environmental point of view. Such a study is a novel one with respect to the city of Agartala which will definitely contribute towards attaining the sustainable town planning & smart city goal of Agartala.

Hygiene Status and Meat Handling Practices in Retail Poultry Meat Shops of Nagpur City of Maharashtra

Poultry retail meat shops are endpoints in the meat chain and can have a determinant role in cross-contamination control. Considering this, a total of 160 retail poultry meat shops in and around Nagpur city of Maharashtra state were assessed for hygienic status and meat handling practices. Meat handlers from poultry meat shops were interviewed through a structural questionnaire. It was found that 83.7% of meat shops had no provision of separate docks for edible and inedible products. In terms of design and facilities, only 27.5% of shops had the facility of flyproof windows. 80.6% of meat shop workers lack training in handling meat and equipment. It was observed that about 83.1% of meat shop workers do not wash their hands properly before entering and leaving the meat shop. About 25% of meat shops do not have any arrangement for the disposal of waste material. Considering the findings to improve the hygienic status and reduce transmission of diseases due to consuming contaminated meat, regular surveillance of poultry shops and formal training of butchers are necessary.

Effects of using white flour, zinc oxide and zinc ash as an admixture in mortar and concrete

This paper focuses on finding out both environment friendly and easily available admixture for concrete. Admixtures are property modifying compounds used in construction industry. They can be added both at production or during batching. Admixtures can be used to alter various properties of concrete namely compressive strength, workability, setting time, crack resistance, durability, permeability etc. Effect of an admixture usually vary with the characteristics of cement used and proportion in which it is mixed. Starch can be used as an admixture in concrete. In this study white flour, zinc oxide and zinc ash which consists of about 80 to 90% zinc oxide was used. various percentages of white flour were added in replacement with cement and was found that the setting time of concrete/ cement increases with the addition of starch admixtures. Compressive strength of concrete increases with the increase in percentage of white flour until 1%. Any further increase in in white flour causes decrease in strength of concrete. Thus, starch admixtures namely white flour can be used instead of chemical admixtures, thereby reducing the additional cost incurred while using chemical admixtures. Also zinc ash which consists mainly of zinc oxide is tested for its use as an admixture in concrete. zinc ash is a waste product of zinc manufacturing industry. By effectively using it in concrete both safe disposal of waste material and required admixture property in concrete could be achieved. It was found that addition of zinc oxide greatly increases the compressive strength of concrete about 20%.

Experimental Study of the Strength Aspects of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks using Marble Dust, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Paddy Straw Fiber

The world is facing pollution crises and these cries are due to improper disposal of waste material. This materials are Rice husk ash, bagasseash, waste marble powder, remanings of grains like rice starw and many more. Some of the waste materials can easily be disposable in the construction industry by using them in the concrete or in any other construction material. This paper deals with this waste material to be utilized in the compressed earth blocks. To study the mechanical properties of compressed soil blocks prepared by a combination of various ratios of Marble powder, paddy Straw Fiber and Sugarcane bagasse ash, the compression test, and water absorption test was performed. The marble powder is introduced in the manner to replace soil by 25%, 35%% and 45 %. Paddy Starws fibers are introducedby the replacement percentage of.6%,.8%and 1% whereas the bagasse ash is been introduced in the manner of 8%,10% and 12%This various test shows that the Marble powder Waste increase dry density which helps in increasing the compression Capacity of the brick. Whereas Paddy Straw fiber and bagasse ash decrease the dry density of brick which results in decreasingthe optimum water content of the mixof the brick. Bagasse ash and paddy straw fiber increase the water absorption capacity of the brick.

Characteristics of unfired soil blocks stabilized with industrial waste and agricultural waste

The problem of pollution is on daily rise and environment protection is becoming challengeable task due to production of fired bricks and improper disposal of waste materials. This experimental investigation is conducted on unfired compacted soil block stabilized with waste materials. The waste materials utilized in this investigation were paddy straw fiber, sugarcane bagasse ash and marble dust because of their improper disposal and burning of paddy straw is one of them. Marble dust was put on at distinct percentages in the span of 25% to 35%, bagasse ash and paddy straw fibers (75mm length) were also added in varied %age. Experiments were conducted on the blocks to determine the compaction properties and compressive strength of the blocks. The outcome of this experimentation determined that the light weight unfired admixed soil block is achievable with optimum amount of waste materials. Also, inclusion of marble dust in soil block admixed with bagasse ash and paddy straw fiber increases the compressive strength.

Durability of potholes filled with waste materials

Repairing and maintenance of potholes continues to be a serious problem for road construction organizations as they need to be reconstructed time to time. For rural and suburb areas the maintenance of potholes is rarely done because of high cost of materials and availability of equipment. Here is when the idea of using waste materials in potholes patching is bolded. With rapid increase of population and construction industry the disposal of waste material seems to be a major challenge for country like Afghanistan where large amount of plastic is being disposed to environment which due to non-biodegradable properties of plastic it would stay in environment almost forever and will cause pollution. Hence, the utilization of waste plastic is a big need for countries. Simultaneously, with spreading cities and upgrading roads lack of origin materials may occur on the other hand waste demolished materials from destructed buildings are being disposed on country sides and often in cities which create land pollution and traffic congestion. However, they can be used in road construction as a replacement of natural aggregate and fillers. Which will reduce in cost of the projects and help in reduction of these materials form environment. In this research poly ethylene plastics (PE) were used as admixture of bitumen in 4%, 6%,8% and 10% which came out that 8% is best for the mix. Accordingly waste demolished aggregate was used as a fully replacement of original aggregate. Basic aggregate tests were done on demolished aggregate and it was found that it can be used in bitumen mixes for use in district roads and village roads.

Assessing the structural efficiency and durability of burnt clay bricks incorporating fly ash and silica fume as additives

Rapid industrialization over the past few decades has increased the disposal of waste materials in open-air landfills. The utilization of industrial wastes for the preparation of bricks can improve its functional characteristics and reduce the environmental pollution caused by landfill sites. This research investigated the effects of silica fume (SF) and fly ash (FA) on the structural and durability properties of burnt clay bricks (BCB) manufactured at the industrial kiln site. The SF and FA were added to the brick earth with a percentage variation of 2–10%. Results showed that the addition of 4% SF in brick earth increased the compressive strength of BCB by 27.55%, while 4% FA increased the compressive strength by 17.36%. Results also revealed that the addition of SF and FA reduced the weight of BCB, water absorption, and efflorescence while increased the structural efficiency. The incorporation of SF and FA resulted in variation of all dimensions of the burnt clay bricks. Nonetheless, the variation was observed within the range of testing standards.

A comprehensive review of processing strategies for iron precipitation residues from zinc hydrometallurgy

Comprehensive amounts of valuable elements are lost due to the disposal of waste materials which are generated during the hydrometallurgical production of zinc. Those wastes, mainly jarosite or goethite, are predominantly immobilized and disposed on open landfills whereby the contained elements are not extracted. Several strategies were investigated to face increasing needs regarding ecological and economical improvements of the current situation. This review compares processes for immobilization and hydro-, as well as pyrometallurgical treatments of iron precipitation residues. The Jarofix process to immobilize jarosite waste is widely used to generate a product with good elution properties for subsequent safe disposal. It is the only accepted and used method for the dedicated treatment of jarosite, resulting in significant losses of valuable metals and land use in the course of the disposal procedure. A few pyrometallurgical processes are in operation which use top submerged lance reactors or waelz kilns for the co-treatment of jarosite waste on industrial scale. However, a broad variety of hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical strategies for the utilization of iron precipitation residues was pursued solely on a laboratory scale. Due to intensifying ecological restrictions and the geographic concentration of critical elements like indium, silver, gallium and germanium, the recycling of jarosite and goethite is constantly being more focused. This literature review gives a comprising overview on strategies which were developed for the processing of those waste materials.

Fly Ash-Based Eco-Efficient Concretes: A Comprehensive Review of the Short-Term Properties.

Development of sustainable concrete as an alternative to conventional concrete helps in reducing carbon dioxide footprint associated with the use of cement and disposal of waste materials in landfill. One way to achieve that is the use of fly ash (FA) as an alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) because FA is a pozzolanic material and has a high amount of alumina and silica content. Because of its excellent mechanical properties, several studies have been conducted to investigate the use of alkali-activated FA-based concrete as an alternative to conventional concrete. FA, as an industrial by-product, occupies land, thereby causing environmental pollution and health problems. FA-based concrete has numerous advantages, such as it has early strength gaining, it uses low natural resources, and it can be configurated into different structural elements. This study initially presents a review of the classifications, sources, chemical composition, curing regimes and clean production of FA. Then, physical, fresh, and mechanical properties of FA-based concretes are studied. This review helps in better understanding of the behavior of FA-based concrete as a sustainable and eco-friendly material used in construction and building industries.

Sustainable Usage of Waste Materials in Aerated and Foam Concrete: A Review

The utilization of waste materials in concrete is now a widely used concept that counteracts the depletion of natural resources. In addition to this, it will untangle the disposal of waste materials in nature and find an alternative approach to shelter the environmental resources. Due to rapid growth in industrialization, waste management has become increasingly challenging in recent years. Several waste materials could be used in whole or in part to replace cement or aggregates. The main disadvantage of conventional concrete is its increased self-weight. The paper summarizes the current knowledge of two types of lightweight concrete, viz aerated and foam concrete that can be made less dense than conventional concrete and the possibility of using waste materials. The usage of admixtures like Fly ash, GGBS, silica fume, and waste materials like quarry dust, rubber particles, rice husk ash, plastic waste, glass powder, and foundry sand is examined. The effective use of waste materials in lightweight concrete is reviewed by evaluating properties such as workability, elastic modulus, compressive strength, flexural strength, and microstructural characteristics. The optimum percentage of Fly ash, GGBS, silica fume, and rice husk ash is found to be 20%, 50 -75%, greater than 10%, and 20 – 30%, respectively. Out of different types of plastic waste used in concrete, PVC granules that pass 5mm sieve size are used to prepare lightweight aggregate concrete, which exhibits a density of around 1500kg/m³. The quarry dust is the best option for an acceptable aggregate replacement at 20% in foam concrete. The studies show a drastic increment in compressive strength and capillary absorption is also increased to 14% than conventional cement, which reduced the risk of early-age cracking. Fine aggregate replaced of glass powder exhibits delay in setting time at higher percentages. While using 20% of fine aggregate substituted with foundry sand yields comparable results to the control specimen in terms of their mechanical properties

Performance evaluation of Nano wood ashes in asphalt binder and mixture

ABSTRACT The wood ash, generated at a large scale globally, is often landfilled or open dump, which creates a land shortage and environmental issues. Incorporating wood by-products in asphalt materials helped improve the performance and mitigate the stated problems, but little work was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating wood ashes at the Nanoscale. Therefore, the aim is to study the effects of different Nano wood ashes on the performance of asphalt binder and mixtures. The mechanically-processed Nano wood ashes were used to produce asphalt binder and mixtures at 1%, 3%, and 5% by weight. Initially, X-ray diffraction was used to study chemical properties and Nano-size of wood ashes. The rheological and mechanical properties of modified binders and mixtures were assessed through physical tests, performance grading, frequency sweep, wheel tracker, dynamic modulus, four-point beam fatigue, bitumen bond strength, and rolling bottle tests. The results showed a significant improvement in rutting and moisture resistance and an insignificant effect on fatigue resistance of modified materials with increased concentration of all Nano-wood ashes. Overall, the results illustrated that incorporating nano-wood ash in asphalt materials can be regarded as an effective alternative for pavement applications that could minimise waste material disposal.

Promotion of the Application of BIM in China—A BIM-Based Model for Construction Material Recycling

The recovery rate of construction materials is only 5% in China, which will lead to environmental and economic problems. Researchers from other countries have recognized the potential of building information modelling (BIM) in optimizing construction material recycling. However, previous research did not take the whole life cycle into consideration and was not practical enough. In this research, a questionnaire was conducted to find out how construction waste is disposed of in construction projects. Then, the existing research results were analyzed to find out how to apply BIM in the whole-life-cycle disposal of construction materials. According to the results of the questionnaire, landfill is the most common way to dispose of construction materials in China; besides this, almost no construction projects use BIM in material recycling. Hence, a BIM-based dynamic recycling model is proposed. Information management of materials, demolition planning, and BIM were all combined in this model for the purpose of optimizing the application of BIM, thus developing a waste material disposal system to achieve higher recovery rates and sustainability. More positive measures should be taken to deal with the problem of construction waste; if not, more environmental and economic problems will follow.

AN APPROACH FOR THE BIODEGRADATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON

Environmental pollution not only alters the environment but also changes the growth rate of various flora and fauna. Due to the irresponsible disposal of waste materials, the environment is going to be more and more polluted. Discharge of hydrocarbons in the water bodies is contaminating the water sources. These hydrocarbons are affecting the living organism. The solution to this problem has been found too expensive with little effects. To overcome this problem, some biological methods are introduced, in biological method; microbial degradation of hydrocarbons is the most promising method. The proposed study aimed to isolate and identify hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial species from the Mathura refinery, Mathura U.P. India. These species were isolated from petroleum-contaminated refinery water and grew on nutrient agar media, identified according to their distinct morphological, and biochemical characteristics, with16s rRNA sequencing. Results of this study confirmed the presence of various bacterial isolates such as Brevibacillus nitrificans, Algoriphagus shivajiensis, Bacillus marisflavi, Acinetobacter junii, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, and Bacillus pumilus from the collected samples based on the Bushnell Haas method and separation funnel method. Further, identified bacteria were tested for the maximum hydrocarbon degradation capacity in liquid culture, and results of the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) suggested that only two bacterial species viz., P. pseudoalcaligenes and B. pumilus having the maximum hydrocarbon degradation capacity.

Bio-Mineralization process on concrete substituted with different types of waste materials

Million tons of waste materials were produced in the world each year and most of it is not recyclable. To protect the environment from pollution and depletion, it is imperative to find explication for the safe disposal of waste materials. Using waste material in concrete production is a propitious method for eliminating the waste and reducing the cost of concrete. Also, the green concrete technology is expanding, it is necessary to utilize wastes in concrete that is generated from all the sectors. In construction large amounts of concrete from buildings was generated and demolitions made up 30-40 % of total wastes. Around 33 tons of Copper slag is produced across the world and 6 to 6.5 tons in India. Electronic waste is emerging as a serious public health and environmental issue in India and approximately 2 million tons of e-waste is generated annually. Concrete produced from wastes will have declination over the strength and it is necessary to improve the properties by some other technique. Self-healing concrete is a brand-new technology that ‘heals’ its own cracks and indicates a promising future in reducing the inevitable deterioration of concrete structures and the high maintenance costs involved. This research includes the inclusion of waste materials into the concrete and determination of compressive Strength of waste substituted concrete. Three major Wastes such as Demolition Wastes, Copper slag and E-Wastes were chosen to replace for aggregate and Bacteria subtilis a spore forming bacteria was used as an admixture to improve the properties of concrete. From the results obtained it has been observed that self-healing technology proves to be the fruitful and considerable increase in mechanical properties.

Characterization of Waste-Integrated Multi-hybrid Structure for Enhancing Corrosion Resistance of High-Carbon Steel

Due to their exceptional properties, low-cost high-carbon steels have long been extensively utilized in many industrial applications. However, their corrosion resistance is poor for many applications and requires further enhancement. Various methods have been developed to achieve this, but they suffer from some limitations. In the work presented herein, a single-stage heat treatment process was applied at low temperature and utilizing waste materials for comparison as new resources, being shown to be a cost-effective approach. In the framework of this study, a multi-hybrid coating structure was developed on the surface of high-carbon steel by applying a single-step heat treatment process and utilizing various waste materials, namely metallurgical slag, glass, and automotive shredder residue (ASR). The results reveal that not only was the process completed in a short time but significant enhancements in the corrosion resistance and hardness performance were achieved. Analyses were performed by high-resolution laser scanning confocal microscopy, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in peak force quantitative nanomechanical (PF-QNM) mode. The electrochemical corrosion performance was tested using Tafel method. Both the Young’s modulus and corrosion resistance of the steels treated using the waste materials were improved compared with the base material. This approach opens a new perspective for utilizing waste materials to obtain environmentally sustainable products in a cost-effective fashion, thereby reducing reliance on new resources as well as disposal of waste materials in landfill.

Utilization of recycled form of concrete, E-wastes, glass, quarry rock dust and waste marble powder as reliable construction materials

Abstract Due to the elevated price of conventional constructional materials in the market; the cost of an entire civil engineering project is influenced. With increasing consumption & depletion of the naturally found aggregates, it is becoming more of an environmental issue rather than being commercial. Now-a-days, many researchers are contributing to find out the material which can lessen the construction cost without compromising upon durability parameters as well as increase the strength. Recently on the environmental issues, restrictions on local extraction, procurement of natural sources for construction usage and upon “disposal of waste material” are in limelight importance. If waste materials can be incorporated as aggregates in concrete, they can not only be utilized in concrete and other construction materials, but will also provide other cost benefits as well as environmental benefits such as reduction in pollution, energy efficient, cost reduction in landfills etc. In this paper, recycled form of concrete, e-wastes, glass, quarry rock dust and waste marble powder have been investigated. This paper attempts to present a summary of the investigations on the above said in an attempt to make concrete lightweight, economical along with the following discussion, safe & eco-friendly and look for the feasibility of such waste products that can be utilized as reliable construction materials.

Laboratory evaluation of alkali-activated mortars modified with nanosilica from glass bottle wastes

Saving energy, reducing greenhouse emissions, and the eco-friendly disposal of waste materials produced during manufacturing processes are significant challenges in urban communities around the world. Every year, over a million tons of glass bottles are disposed of. In fact, very few are recycled. In the present research, Nanopowder (NGP) (a waste product of glass bottles) was prepared by placing slag (GBFS) in fly ash (FA)-based alkali-activated mortars (AAMs). The key objective of the study was to measure the compressive strength performance and microstructure of the NGP blended AAMs. It was revealed that reusing these waste products enhanced the strength and microstructure properties of the AAMs that were produced. In the AAMs whereby 5% NGP was used to replace GBFS, compressive strength (above 16%), microstructure properties and durability were all enhanced with lowered water absorption. However, the strength performance of the mortar made up of 10% NGP was lower. Thus, the researcher concluded that there were clear environmental advantages of using the proposed AAMs consisting of NGP, which could significantly minimize global warming. As concrete remains the most used man-made material around the world, the reuse of AAMs could thus significantly reduce landfill requirements for glass waste that cannot be recycled for further glass production.

Human–environment interactions at a short-lived Arctic mine and the long-term response of the local tundra vegetation

AbstractArctic mining has a bad reputation because the extractive industry is often responsible for a suite of environmental problems. Yet, few studies explore the gap between untouched tundra and messy megaproject from a historical perspective. Our paper focuses on Advent City as a case study of the emergence of coal mining in Svalbard (Norway) coupled with the onset of mining-related environmental change. After short but intensive human activity (1904–1908), the ecosystem had a century to respond, and we observe a lasting impact on the flora in particular. With interdisciplinary contributions from historical archaeology, archaeozoology, archaeobotany and botany, supplemented by stable isotope analysis, we examine 1) which human activities initially asserted pressure on the Arctic environment, 2) whether the miners at Advent City were “eco-conscious,” for example whether they showed concern for the environment and 3) how the local ecosystem reacted after mine closure and site abandonment. Among the remains of typical mining infrastructure, we prioritised localities that revealed the subtleties of long-term anthropogenic impact. Significant pressure resulted from landscape modifications, the import of non-native animals and plants, hunting and fowling, and the indiscriminate disposal of waste material. Where it was possible to identify individual inhabitants, these shared an economic attitude ofwaste not, want not, but they did not hold the environment in high regard. Ground clearances, animal dung and waste dumps continue to have an effect after a hundred years. The anthropogenic interference with the fell field led to habitat creation, especially for vascular plants. The vegetation cover and biodiversity were high, but we recorded no exotic or threatened plant species. Impacted localities generally showed a reduction of the natural patchiness of plant communities, and highly eutrophic conditions were unsuitable for liverworts and lichens. Supplementary isotopic analysis of animal bones added data to the marine reservoir offset in Svalbard underlining the far-reaching potential of our multi-proxy approach. We conclude that although damaging human–environment interactions formerly took place at Advent City, these were limited and primarily left the visual impact of the ruins. The fell field is such a dynamic area that the subtle anthropogenic effects on the local tundra may soon be lost. The fauna and flora may not recover to what they were before the miners arrived, but they will continue to respond to new post-industrial circumstances.

Experimental studies on composite bricks using black cotton soil, fly ash and granite waste

Abstract In this present revision, an attempt has been prepared to include industrial wastes into the production of bricks using black cotton soil (BS), granite waste (GW) and fly ash (FA). Reusing such trashes by including them into construction materials is an applied solution for environmental toxic waste problems. This article represents the utilization of industrial waste in manufacturing of composite bricks and it can be used in building construction, the pollution and disposal problems can be reduced significantly. A new approach to the production of brick was carried out by using black cotton soil (BS), fly ash (FA) and granite waste (GW). The major problem in construction fields is the non-availability of adequate amount of construction materials on one side and on the other side disposal of waste material and dumping of granite waste causing a major environmental problem. It was detected from the experimental results. The mixture of block cotton soil (BS) brick has altered percentage of the FA and GW adding like 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%. In the analysis of the block cotton soil brick there are main four kind of the analysis is done. Compressive strength test, efflorescence test, water absorption test and weight analysis after burning the bricks.