Disposal Of Waste Materials Research Articles

Reliability Centered Modeling of an Automated Waste Sorting Robotic Arm System

In contemporary society, proper waste management is a critical issue that needs to be addressed. Waste management encompasses the collection, transportation, segregation and disposal of waste material to minimize health risks and environment impact. Manual segregation, along with other methods of waste segregation, is often inefficient and time consuming. To address this challenge, numerous industries have embraced automation in waste sorting to expedite the process through advanced technological interventions. Therefore, the optimal functioning of the components of these automated systems is crucial for rapid and accurate segregation of waste. This work is oriented toward the study of a system which is used to segregation of waste and known as waste sorting robotic arm system (WSRAS). Author used Markov decision process, along with mathematical modeling, to evaluate the different performance measure of WSRAS. Sensitivity analysis have also been done to understand the contribution of different components failure in overall performance of WSRAS.

STUDY ON ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL USING STONE DUST AND BAGASSE ASH

In the discipline of civil engineering, soil stabilization is the process of enhancing and improving the engineering qualities of soil so that it can support large loads without failing. The safe and efficient disposal of waste material without causing harm to society is a significant concern in a well-managed ecosystem. Utilizing solid waste products to stabilize soil has become more popular recently as a successful way to manage trash from many sectors. This paper reviews the usage of various solid waste items that have been applied to stabilize soft soils. However, there are numerous approaches and strategies for stabilizing this soil. This research offers a method for stabilizing soft soil using waste products. An investigation into the stabilizing potential of bagasse ash and sisal fiber for highly compressible clayey soil has been prompted by the rising expense of building traditional stabilizers and the necessity of inexpensively consuming industrial and agricultural wastes for value trade. There is a growing demand for sustainable construction, which is why recent research has concentrated on sustainable resource consumption trends. We can employ natural and biodegradable resources, as well as waste products, to obtain. This study was a large-scale laboratory experiment to explore the use of natural fibers, industrial waste, and agricultural waste to improve the engineering qualities of moderately compressible clay. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Stone Dust and Bagasse Ash were suitable for stabilizing clayey soil. The results of testing for consistency limits, maximum dry density, optimal moisture content, UCS, and (soaked) CBR were obtained using percentages of 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of dry soil for Bagasse Ash and 6%, 8%, and 10% for Stone Dust. In this work, expansive soil was stabilized using Stone Dust and Bagasse Ash. Bagasse Ash was fixed at 15%, after that Stone Dust was changed to 3%, 6%, and 9%. Key Words: Compaction test, CBR, UCS, Stone Dust, Bagasse Ash

Utilizing Waste Materials to Enhance Crop Production: A Review

Waste management is a crucial aspect of modern societies, encompassing various activities to ensure the safe and effective disposal of waste materials. It can be classified as hazardous waste, electronic trash (e-waste), industrial waste, and municipal solid waste (MSW). Sustainable waste management practices aim to reduce environmental impact while protecting public health. Urbanization leads to increased residential water consumption, however reusing wastewater for non-potable applications like agriculture can be cost-effective. The overall costs of delivering wastewater for agricultural reuse, including treatment, storage, and transportation, are less the total costs of safe environmental disposal alternatives. Drainage may also be a source of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), which reduces the cost of wastewater for agricultural reuse. The adoption of these principles could lead to a 48% reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. The management of hazardous waste, including toxic, flammable, corrosive, or reactive materials, is also a significant concern. In order to safeguard public health and stop the spread of infectious illnesses, animal manure management is crucial. The global generation of construction and demolition waste is expected to double by 2025, with the majority generated in Asia. Sustainable waste management practices are necessary to ensure public health and the environment.

USE OF PLASTIC WASTE IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS

Disposal of waste materials including waste plastic bags has become a serious problem and waste plastics are burnt for apparent disposal which cause environmental pollution. Utilisation of waste plastic bags in bituminous mixes has proved that these enhance the properties of mix in addition to solving disposal problems. Plastic waste which is cleaned is cut into a size such that it passes through 2-3 mm sieve using a shredding machine. The aggregate mix is heated and the plastic is effectively coated over the aggregate. This plastic waste coated aggregate is mixed with hot bitumen and the resulting mix is used for road construction. The use of the innovative technology will not only strengthen the road construction but also increase the road life as well as will help to improve the environment. Plastic roads would be a boon for India’s hot and extremely humid climate, where temperatures frequently cross 50°C and torrential rains create havoc, leaving most of the roads with big potholes. In my research work I have done a thorough study on the methodology of using plastic waste in bituminous mixes and presented the various tests performed on aggregates and bitumen. KEYWORDS: Plastic Waste, Bitumen, Aggregates, Plastic Roads

Toxoplasma gondii in a Remote Subsistence Hunting-Based Indigenous Community of the Peruvian Amazon.

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous zoonotic protozoan parasite that infects a wide variety range of warm-blooded animals. This study describes the epidemiological scenario of T. gondii in an indigenous community that relies on subsistence hunting in a well-conserved and isolated area of the Peruvian Amazon. The high seropositivity against T. gondii in humans (83.3% IgG and 6.1% IgM), wild mammals (30.45%, 17 species), peri-domestic rodents (10.0% Rattus sp.), and domestic animals (94.1% dogs and 100% cats) indicates the existence of a sylvatic cycle in the community under study. Individual age was found to be positively associated with IgG detection against T. gondii but not with IgM. It is estimated that each family consumed 5.67 infected animals per year with terrestrial species having higher infective rates than arboreal species. The main risk factors included improper handling and cooking of wild meat, poor hygiene practices, and feeding uncooked offal to domestic animals. This scenario results in a continuous process of infection and reinfection within the indigenous community with cats, dogs, and peri-domestic animals becoming infected through the ingestion of infected raw viscera. Our results emphasize the need to promote safe food handling practices and disposal of waste materials from hunted animals in such communities.

Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation effectively prevents Pb2+ migration through the soil profile: Lab experiment and model simulation

Due to the inappropriate disposal of waste materials containing lead (Pb) and irrigation with sewage containing Pb, the migration of Pb2+ within the soil profile has been extensively investigated. The conventional Pb2+ block method is challenging to implement due to its complex operational procedures and high construction costs. To address this issue, this study introduces the microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technique as a novel approach to impede the migration of Pb2+ in the soil profile. Soil acclimatization with urea resulted in an increased proportion of urease-producing microorganisms, including Bacillus, Paenibacillus, and Planococcaceae, along with heightened expression of urea-hydrolyzing genes (UreA, UreB, UreC, and UreG). This indicates that urea-acclimatized soil (Soil-MICP) possesses the potential to induce carbonate precipitation. Batch Pb2+ fixation experiments confirmed that the fixation efficiency of Soil-MICP on Pb2+ exceeded that of soil without MICP, attributed to the MICP process within the Soil-MICP group. Dynamic migration experiments revealed that the MICP reaction transformed exchangeable lead into carbonate-bound Pb, effectively impeding Pb2+ migration in the soil profile. Additionally, the migration rate of Pb2+ in Soil-MICP was influenced by varying urea amounts, pH levels, and pore flow rates, leading to a slowdown in migration. The Two-site sorption model aptly described the Pb2+ migration process in the Soil-MICP column. This study aims to elucidate the MICP biomineralization process, uncover the in-situ blocking mechanism of MICP on lead in soil, investigate the impact of Pb on key genes involved in urease metabolism, enhance the comprehension of the chemical morphology of lead mineralization products, and provide a theoretical foundation for MICP technology in preventing the migration of Pb2+ in soil profiles.

Bio-Composite Filaments Based on Poly(Lactic Acid) and Cocoa Bean Shell Waste for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF): Production, Characterization and 3D Printing.

In this study, novel biocomposite filaments incorporating cocoa bean shell waste (CBSW) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were formulated for application in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology. CBSW, obtained from discarded chocolate processing remnants, was blended with PLA at concentrations of 5 and 10 wt.% to address the challenge of waste material disposal while offering eco-friendly composite biofilaments for FFF, thereby promoting resource conservation and supporting circular economy initiatives. A comprehensive analysis encompassing structural, morphological, thermal, and mechanical assessments of both raw materials and resultant products (filaments and 3D printed bars) was conducted. The findings reveal the presence of filler aggregates only in high concentrations of CBSW. However, no significant morphological or thermal changes were observed at either CBSW concentration (5 wt.% and 10 wt.%) and satisfactory printability was achieved. In addition, tensile tests on the 3D printed objects showed improved stiffness and load resistance in these samples at the highest CBSW concentrations. In addition, to demonstrate their practical application, several 3D prototypes (chocolate-shaped objects) were printed for presentation in the company's shop window as a chocolate alternative; while retaining the sensory properties of the original cocoa, the mechanical properties were improved compared to the base raw material. Future research will focus on evaluating indicators relevant to the preservation of the biocomposite's sensory properties and longevity.

Utilization of Palm Oil Effualant and Empty Fruit Benches as a Fertilizer Marginal Oil Palm Fields at Talgaswella Estate, in the Low Country Wet Zone Agro-Ecological Zone of Sri Lanka


 Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) was first introduced to Sri Lanka, as a commercial crop, about 55 years ago and was first established in Galle District as a rain fed perennial cash crop. Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is identified as a problematic waste while releasing directly to the water streams. Both POME and Empty Fruit Benches (EFB) consists of all these required nutrients in higher proportions for oil palm plants. This study was carried out with the duel intentions (objectives) of finding a solution to the disposal of waste material accumulated in oil palm factories over many years and to improve the productivity of marginally yielding oil palm fields in Thalgaswella estate Talgaswella. The study was designed using RCBD and there are eleven treatments. Fertilizer/mixtures were prepared based of the Nitrogen amount (0.63 kg/palm/year) supplied from the recommended inorganic fertilizer mixtures and rest of the organic fertilizer mixtures were prepared with using different proportions of POME and EFB to balance Potassium (K) & Prosperous (P). A ten-year-old oil palm field was selected in year 2019 for this experiment and maintained the field for three years before the data collection. There were 33 plots, each containing six palm trees. Organic treatments included different quantities of Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB), Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). Oil content of the fruits was analyzed at AEN oil palm factory using (Instrument-FOSS DA1650) in year 2023. All the data were analyzed with Minitab and mean separations were done using DMRT at α≤0.05 level. Results clearly show that the application of organic fertilizer to the oil palm cultivation gives significantly higher oil yield. These findings can help to improving the productivity of marginal oil palm cultivations, while providing a sustainable solution to the disposal of POME and EFB.
 
 Key words: Oil palm, Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), Empty Fruit Benches (EFB), Waste, productivity

Assessing the Effects of Alluvial Transport in the Kizilirmak River on Dams with Local, Photogrammetric and Remote Sensing Methods

Naturally transported sand, clay, and gravel-like blocks by rivers cause a decrease in water flow and flow velocity. Additionally, uncontrolled disposal of waste materials into the riverbed increases adverse effects and endangers natural life. Over time, the alluvium generated by natural and external factors in river and creek beds leads to flood risks that pose a significant threat to life and property. These sediments, known as alluvium, accumulate in favorable locations in valleys and form alluvial beds with spread movement to broader areas. In Turkey, interventions in river branches and creek beds, as well as insufficient preventive measures, have kept floods a hot topic. To eliminate these issues, it is crucial for every organization to take comprehensive measures and increase environmental awareness by addressing similar areas in large projections. The Kızılırmak River, originating from the Kızıldag slopes in the İmranlı district of Sivas province and passing through the Çorum province before reaching the Black Sea at Bafra Cape, also harbors alluvial risks and adverse effects. It holds significant importance for energy production with 12 dams and hydroelectric power plants (HES) on the river. Additionally, the Pirinçli Hydroelectric Power Plant, with a transmission structure of 13,756 meters between Dodurga district of Çorum province and Güvercinlik and Kumbaba Villages, plays a vital role in electricity production in the region. The Pirinçli HES is located downstream of the Obruk Dam constructed by the State Hydraulic Works (D.S.I.) on the Kızılırmak River. It is known that a significant portion of the sediment accumulation between Güvercinlik Dam and Kumbaba Dam occurred before the construction of the Obruk Dam. Hence, preventing risks that could lead to environmental adversities is of paramount importance. In this study, a combined fieldwork was conducted using different methods to determine the areas where sediments accumulated and the alluvial material being transported cuts off the flow velocity of the Kızılırmak River and causes accumulations between the Güvercinlik Dam and Kumbaba Dam. For this purpose, terrestrial measurements, photogrammetric and remote sensing methods were combined and evaluated together to ensure the integrity of the obtained data.

Utilization of Fly Ash and Coconut Shell as Sustainable Alternatives in M30 Grade Concrete: A Feasibility Study

The gradual reduction in availability of traditional construction materials and disposal of waste materials are the two most important challenges which engineers or researchers face. To encounter these challenges, industrial or agricultural waste as a substitute for traditional building materials is generally adopted. Among various waste generated in our country, fly ash and coconut shell waste occupy a significant proportion and, if not appropriately managed, can cause serious waste disposal problems. Therefore, in this investigation, a feasibility study on the valorisation of fly ash and coconut shell as substitute materials to cement and natural coarse aggregates (NA), respectively in M30 grade concrete is carried out. The study incorporates the examination of two variables, namely the fly ash (FA) content ranging from 0% to 30% and the coconut shell aggregates (CSA) content ranging from 0% to 30%. The present study assesses the fresh and hardened characteristics of concrete mixtures using different proportions of fly ash as a substitute for cement and coconut shell aggregates as a replacement for coarse aggregate. Based on the obtained data, it is evident that when NA is replaced by CSA in all instances, the hardened properties of the concrete reduced gradually, while the use of FA as a partial substitute to cement by up to 20% showed positive results and could almost counter act the loss in strength of the concrete with incorporation of 20% CSA.

Evaluating the feasibility of shredded wind turbine blades for sustainable building components

Disposing of end-of-life wind turbine blades has become a pressing environmental concern due to the increasing repowering of wind turbines, resulting in significant waste. This study explores the potential of reusing shredded composite (SC) derived from recycling these blades for new building components. The SC underwent a thorough characterisation, including evaluating essential performance requirements as a building insulation material, such as thermal conductivity, acoustic absorption, and flammability classification, following established procedures and standard specifications to ensure reliable and standardised results. The SC outperforms traditional materials regarding sound absorption properties, with peak Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) values reaching 0.65. Additionally, it demonstrates effective sound transmission loss, with a peak value of 35.7 dB at 1000 Hz. However, the SC has limitations regarding flammability classification due to the presence of resin. The study examines the thermal conductivity of SC in maximum fibre length (MFL) of 2 mm and 10 mm, with the latter showing lower conductivity. These findings highlight the value of reusing and repurposing materials for creating sustainable building components and practices, supporting circular economy principles. They also underscore the importance of addressing the large-scale disposal of waste materials through their effective reuse in the construction industry.

Synergistic impacts of high-volume fly ash and sugarcane bagasse ash on performance of cementitious composites reinforced with polyvinyl alcohol fibers

Disposal of waste materials in fertile land is one of the pressing environmental issues, disrupting human, animal, and plant life. This has led the researchers to process and use such waste in ecofriendly construction products like mortar and concrete. Their usage as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) would reduce the quantity of cement used in the manufacturing of cement-based materials, lowering CO2 emissions related with cement production. In this regard, this study examines the feasibility of replacing high-volume of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with two widely used waste materials, sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and fly ash (FA) as SCMs. Five different mixes were produced, each containing a fixed amount of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers at a dosage of 1.5 % by volume of the mix and a constant cement content of 50 % by weight of the binder (OPC + FA + SCBA). However, FA was replaced with SCBA in these mixes up to 100 % by the combined weight of the waste materials (FA + SCBA) in increments of 25 % (i.e., FA100-SCBA0, FA75-SCBA25, FA50-SCBA50, FA25-SCBA75, and FA0-SCBA100). The results showed that the compressive strength and flexural strength of the composites with the increasing levels of SCBA were reduced. Interestingly, the 28-day compressive strength of composite incorporating 50 % FA and 50 % SCBA was still as high as 25.58 MPa, which satisfied the minimum compressive strength requirement of ASTM C270, making the newly produced ECC suitable for use in normal construction works and repairs. The same optimum mix (FA50-SCBA50) produced an average density of 1867.96 kg/m3 as a result of substituting a significant amount of binder with SCBA, demonstrating that it has evolved into a lightweight engineered cementitious composite. Furthermore, the ultrasonic pulse velocity of the mixes decreased whereas water absorption increased as the proportion of SCBA to FA increased. According to microstructural analysis, unreacted SCBA particles were mostly responsible for the detrimental effects of rising SCBA levels on properties of ECC. Based on the aforementioned results, this research concludes that sugarcane bagasse ash, when combined with fly ash, could be a viable alternative for replacing regular cement up to 50 % by weight in the production of cost-effective and environmentally friendly cementitious composites.

An Evaluative Review of Recycled Waste Material Utilization in High-Performance Concrete

The disposal of waste materials and their adverse effects on the environment have become a worldwide concern, disturbing the fragile ecological equilibrium. With growing awareness of sustainability in the construction industry, it is of great importance to recycle waste materials for producing high-performance concrete (HPC). This aligns with the twelfth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of the United Nations, emphasizing responsible production and consumption, especially concerning the production of HPC using waste materials and energy-efficient methods. The review evaluates the purposeful utilization of recycled waste materials to improve the engineering characteristics of HPC, taking into consideration pertinent literature. It encompasses a comparative evaluation of strength development, water absorption, microstructures, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of HPC manufactured with different types of recycled waste materials. The key result of the review showed that using incinerated bottom ash (IBA) below 25% and incorporating 40% copper slag can enhance HPC’s mechanical performance. Additionally, recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) can replace up to 50% of conventional aggregate in self-compacting HPC with minimal impact on durability properties. In HPC cement substitution research, fly ash, silica fume, and metakaolin are prominent due to their availability, with fly ash showing remarkable durability when used as a 15% cement replacement. This thorough review offers valuable insights for optimizing the utilization of recycled waste materials in the development of environmentally friendly HPC. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-11-020 Full Text: PDF

LOCALLY CHARACTERISED REPETITIVE ILLEGAL LANDFILLS CLASSIFICATION

Illegal dumping of waste material is present in almost all local communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including in the areas of urban and rural local communities of the City of Tuzla. Uncontrolled waste dumping at the landfields, as the illegal dumping, are created by dumping different types of waste material in areas that are not intended for waste material disposal. These are areas that are usually next to roads with less traffic, or in the immediate vicinity of roads where access is possible for motor vehicles with a lower load capacity. Illegal landfills have a direct negative impact on the living environment from several aspects. Primarily, watercourses and soil are polluted, the ambient space is disturbed, and by attracting animals, there is the possibility of infections that are dangerous for the population. Waste materials in illegal landfills are often deliberately set on fire, which causes additional problems of air pollution with smoke and gases resulting from combustion, as well as the possibility of fire outbreaks, especially in forest areas. In the current practice, illegal waste landfills did not have scientific and professional interest because they are often of a temporary nature and were not considered interesting from the aspect of the scientific approach to defining landfills by different classifications. This paper defines the classification of illegal landfills in the spheres of data processing possibilities of interest for the treatment of illegal waste landfills, and the experimental definition of the classification was confirmed on the example of the recording and analysis of illegal waste landfills in the local community of Kiseljak, City of Tuzla in the phase of implementing the project „Inclusive development of Kiseljak community for improvement of social and economic aspect of citizens, emphasizing Roma population“, finance by Foundation of Tuzla community, Tuzla. The basis of the classification is made up of repetitive local waste landfills, while permanent regional waste landfills are not the subject of research and classification since there are already known classifications for permanent waste material landfills. Consent for the publication of the paper was given by the Tuzla Community Foundation, which financed the referral research within the project "Inclusive development of the Kiseljak community, for the improvement of the social and economic aspects of the citizens' life, especially the Roma", implemented by the Tuzla Community Foundation in partnership and financial support of the Freudenberg Foundation and the German Federal Ministry for External Development (BMZ).

Influence of sugarcane bagasse ash on mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete

Portland cement is a crucial component of building and construction projects; however, its production emits harmful pollutants and contributes to climate change. The indiscriminate disposal of waste materials can also negatively impact the environment. This study aims to utilize agricultural and industrial waste materials for the production of Geo Polymer Concrete (GPC). Sugarcane bagasse was burned at controlled conditions, obtaining Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA). Fly Ash (FA) was partially replaced with SCBA, ranging from 5% to 40%. These binary mixtures were mixed with 50% weight of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS). A 10 M of Sodium hydroxide solution and sodium silicate gel was prepared as an activating solution. Mechanical properties were tested on cube, cylinder, and prism specimens at 3,7,14 and 28 days curing. The strength results were modelled and compared with Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete (OPCC). The prediction of mechanical properties using various models from international standards and literatures was compared with experimental results. The results demonstrated that cube compressive and flexural strengths, as well as cylinder compressive and split tensile strengths, are closely related.

An optimal solid waste management using red fox optimization and hybrid DenseNet-BiLSTM model.

Municipal solid waste is considered to eliminate the problem of dumping and spreading in rural and urban areas of developing countries. Accumulation of solid wastes in open spaces receives greater concern in solid waste management systems because it leads to environmental hazards and health issues. To build a clean environment, it is essential to construct an advanced and intelligent waste management system to handle different compositions of waste materials. The significant step of waste management is the separation of waste components, which is normally carried out by manual operation. As a result, it can generate improper disposal of waste materials, to simplify the separation process mechanically, a novel automated Dense Net- BiLSTM-based red fox (DNBiLSTM-RF) approach is proposed in this paper. The proposed solid waste classification framework is analyzed by using waste data which is gathered from the Tehran waste management organization. The input waste data is preprocessed initially to transform raw amorphous data into appropriate data structures and extract the most significant dense and latent data features. The abnormal variations in waste patterns generate outliers which are effectively removed by applying the interquartile range (IQR) filtering process. Finally, the proposed DNBiLSTM-RF classifier accurately discriminates municipal waste materials into six different categories such as wood waste, textiles, food residues, rubber, paper, and plastics. The hyperparameters of the DenseNet-BiLSTM model are fine-tuned using a red fox (RF) optimization algorithm to enhance the classification performance of the model. The effectiveness of the DNBiLSTM-RF approach is evaluated using performance indicators namely root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), the ratio of RMSE to the standard deviation (SD), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, coefficient of determination, recall, precision, F-measure, and accuracy. The analytic result demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed DNBiLSTM-RF approach in classifying waste materials into respective categories precisely with an accurate rate of about 98.9% over other state-of-the-art approaches.

Evaluation of Asphalt Binder and Mixture Properties by Incorporation of Waste Plastics

The improper disposal of waste materials, such as plastics, presents a severe environmental problem. However, an innovative approach to address this issue involves incorporating these waste products into asphalt. This not only improves the characteristics of the asphalt binder but also offers an efficient and responsible method for disposing of these materials. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of adding different amounts of polyethylene terephthalate and low-density polyethylene to a 60/70 penetration grade bitumen. Several tests were performed to determine the performance of modified asphalt binder. Binder adhesion and moisture resistance were evaluated using rolling bottle test and pneumatic adhesion tensile test. Comprehensive laboratory test results showed that the binder modified with low-density polyethylene and the control binder both had lower adhesion and moisture resistance compared to the binder containing 12 percent polyethylene terephthalate. This finding suggests that incorporating polyethylene terephthalate into asphalt binder enhances its adhesive properties and makes it more resilient against moisture. Not only does this innovative approach address the environmental issue of improper waste disposal, but it also improves the overall performance of asphalt. By effectively utilizing waste materials, such as polyethylene terephthalate, in the production of asphalt, contribute to a more sustainable and eco-friendly infrastructure.

A Study on Optimum Use of Fly Ash and GGBS in Fiber Cement Sheet to Enhance Sustainable Manufacturing

The biproducts of different industries must be reused or recycled which will avoid disposal of waste materials in the environment in different forms to protect our environment. Also the hazardous material used for the manufacturing of the products to be eliminated or minimized. In this paper a study has been conducted for optimum use of fly ash generated from power plants and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) generated from steel plants in the manufacturing of fiber cemented roofing sheets. Also different percentages of fly ash, GGBS and pulp were added during the manufacturing of fiber cement roofing sheets in a fiber cement roofing sheet manufacturing plant and the quality of the final product has been tested subsequently in the laboratory to minimize the use of cement and asbestos fiber. Different results have been achieved in different percentages of fly ash, cement, GGBS, wood pulp and asbestos fiber combination. It is found that up to 36% addition of fly ash is acceptable with respect to the quality acceptance criteria of the final product, above 36% degrades the quality of the product which doesn’t meet the BIS: 459 standard requirements. Similarly, 10.38% of GGBS can be added without hampering the quality of the product. Finally, the best combination of raw mix design as per environmental sustainability point of view as well as the economic point of view has been suggested for the sustainable manufacturing of fiber cement roofing sheets.

Construction of pavers from drilling cuttings as an alternative for environmental management of waste

The management of drilling waste represents a problem of high economic and environmental impact for operating companies. This is due to its polluting components that, besides being dangerous for the environment, must be treated with special care. The cuttings generated during drilling which are normally impregnated with water-based and oil-based muds, represent most of this solid waste. In this work, it is proposed to treat the drilling cuts to be used as raw material for construction of paving stones that can be used as construction material in platforms and facades of buildings or houses, being an alternative of innovative and high impact disposition. For the foregoing, a determined volume of drilling cuttings from a well of a Magdalena Medio field was used as a test, performing all the usual solids control treatment, passing through shakers, desander, desilter and mud cleaner. After treating the perforation cuts, they were dried in an oven between 110 and 150 °C for 24 hours. Then the sample was allowed to cool to grind it and bring it below 45 microns; where it was finally used as material for the construction of the paving stone, to which the resistance tests established in the NTC 2017 standard were carried out. Results show that the use of some drilling cuttings in the construction industry is viable. Conversely, the comparison was made with a conventional way of managing the gravel when it was reused in the production of cobblestones, obtaining a reduction of up to 34% of the associated costs and when there are greater than 12,000 barrels of waste. Additionally, it is used to generate valuable items and avoids the disposal of waste material

Removal of Nickel (II) Ion from an Aqueous Solution Using Red Brick as an Adsorbent

The concentration of pollutants has risen to unsafe levels in environment due to industrial, mining and agricultural processes leading to disposal of waste materials. Nickel ion is one of the heavy metal pollutants from power plants, metal fabrication facilities, and waste incinerators are the main sources of nickel ion's discharge into the environment. Even at very low concentrations, nickel ions in drinking water can cause serious kidney, lung, and cardiovascular diseases. Even though several heavy metal removal techniques like chemical precipitation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, electrodialysis, nanofiltration etc., are available. Adsorption became one of the most successful technologies for removing dangerous chemicals from water because it is simple, affordable, efficient, and flexible. So far several materials were used as adsorbents for the removal of different pollutants in water. In this study, one of the common construction waste material, red brick was used as an adsorbent to remove nickel ion from water. It is cheap and easily available. The adsorbent capacity is examined using nonflow batch process for the red brick adsorbent with varying nickel initial concentrations. The max percentage removal of 95% was achieved at optimum pH-7, 30 minutes of contact time, 1.5 g of adsorbent dosage and particle size of 41.5 microns. Adsorption process is verified for equilibrium and kinetic studies.