Municipal Waste Disposal Research Articles

MODFLOW/MT3DMS Based Modeling Leachate Pollution Transfer in Solid Waste Disposal of Bahar Plain Deep Aquifer

Background and purpose: This paper presents a case study in simulation of process governing leachate occurrence and subsequent transport, and investigates its migration away from the landfill to control environmental adverse effects on a deep aquifer.Materials and Methods: The landfill examined in this study was an area of 240 ha and received 500 ton/day of solid waste generated from Hamedan and its surrounding including Bahar, and Jurghan. Based on the finite difference technique, leachate transport and penetration into the Hamedan plain aquifer was simulated exerting MODFLOW and MT3DMS codes in GMS Software.Results: It was concluded that landfill geological structure had the greatest influence on the transfer of urban solid waste leachate in traditional disposal sites. A low permeable conglomerate layer prohibited leachate migration to the main semi-confined aquifer. The results also indicated that urban solid waste leachate was only excited to migrate toward recharging waterways of aquifer by surface flows flooding as well as severe rainfalls.Conclusion: Geological structure of the landfill area had the greatest influence on the development of leachate pollution of municipal solid waste in traditional disposal sites. The spread of pollution to the deep aquifer near the waste disposal site was practically inhibited by an impermeable conglomerate layer in the municipal waste disposal.

A comprehensive multi-criteria decision making-based land capability assessment for municipal solid waste landfill sitting.

The municipal waste management has always been one of the most challenging environmental concerns. Today, although different strategies have been developed, sanitary disposal of municipal waste is still considered as one of the most widely used alternatives, especially in developing countries such as Iran. To investigate the land capability of Pishva, for landfill sitting, the important criteria were categorized in two groups of ecological and socioeconomic and then a multi-criteria decision-making model was used with decision-making trial and evaluation decision-making trial and evaluation (DEMATEL)-analytical network process (ANP) approach. First and foremost, the interaction of criteria was determined implementing DEMATEL. It was found that the soil depth criterion not only is the most effective but also is the most influenced one. Moreover, ANP structure was developed to weigh the criteria. In comparison to socioeconomic criteria, ecological ones play a more significant role. Afterwards, factor maps and constraints were standardized using fuzzy and Boolean logic, respectively, and all layers were combined to generate the final capability map of Pishva applying WLC method. The capability map showed that 71% of the area is not capable of landfilling, and only 5% of Pishva has a high capability. The results proved the great effectiveness of the methods proposed in this study.

Influence of city municipal waste disposal on groundwater quality and assessment of groundwater suitability in agriculture

This study focuses on the impact of the disposal of Tirunelveli city municipal waste in the quality of groundwater in Ramayanpatti village where the waste is disposed; the study also assesses the quality of the groundwater suitability in irrigation in the disposed region. Tirunelveli city generates municipal waste of nearly 15 MLD of domestic wastewater and 100 tons of solid waste in a day. The domestic wastewater is treated by waste stabilization pond. The solid waste is dumped in the open yard. These two disposal sites are located in the Ramayanpatti area and their boundaries are at a distance of 500m from each other. Ground water resources are extracted in use for agriculture in the area of Ramayanpatti. Around thirty, locations have been identified in the Ramayanpatti area for sampling, based on the contour and flow direction. The dominant chemical cation species in the majority of the groundwater samples are in the order of Na>Ca>Mg>K and anion species are in the order of HCO3>Cl>SO4>NO3. Gibbs plot shows that the region is dominated by evaporation and dilution phenomenon. Rhode’s plot shows that there is no reduction in the rate of infiltration of soil in the Ramayanpatti region. Dendrogram shows that the leachates infiltration is predominant in the winter season. The study shows that the groundwater quality, nearer and to the southeastern side of the disposal sites are most affected and contaminated by solid waste leachates. The inference with various irrigation plots show that the quality of groundwater in the southeastern region is doubtful for use in irrigation and the groundwater needs to be assessed in order to use in irrigation for agriculture.

English

Rivers Wouri and Meme feed the Wouri and Rio del Rey mangroves of Cameroon, respectively. This study examined the physicochemical properties of soils that were collected around the vicinity of these rivers. This was to ascertain the former’s role in controlling the movement of chemical entities into these rivers and nutrient quality. Twenty-one surface soil samples were collected (0-20 cm depth) within the vicinity of both rivers and analyzed for their physicochemical properties using standard methods. All the soils were slightly acidic, probably dominated by kaolinitic clay minerals and sesquioxides. The mean ECEC (4.31 cmol/kg) of soils around River Wouri was higher than that (2.94 cmol/kg) of soils around River Meme. The average clay content of 11% in soils around River Meme was more than that (4%) in soils around River Wouri, suggesting that the higher ECEC of soils from Wouri could be contributed by organic matter and soil moisture content. The latter had a significant positive correlation (r = 0.82, p<0.05) with organic matter and clay, respectively, in soils from Wouri. There was also a significant difference (p< 0.01) in Mg (with higher levels in D soils) and in Na (with higher levels in M soils). There was yet other significant differences (p< 0.05) in sand (with higher values in M soils) and in clay (with higher contents in M soils). This again could be an indication that the mineralogical content of the soils could be different. The soils around both rivers have low major nutrients though more depleted around River Wouri and are vulnerable to increases in anthropogenic activities, such as farming practices, industrial and municipal waste disposal. A more stringent legislation about environmental management, as well as studies about the mineralogical composition of soils is recommended. Key words: Soil, physicochemical properties, clays, rivers, Wouri, Meme.

Impact of climate change on the hydrological dynamics of River Ganga, India

Abstract Rivers provide innumerable ecosystem services to mankind. However, anthropogenic activities have inflicted a host of pressures to the riverine ecosystems. Climate change is also one of the human induced consequences which is of serious concern. A number of studies have predicted devastating effects of climate change. In the Indian context, where a river such as the Ganga is already suffering from industrial and municipal waste disposal, unhygienic rituals, and other activities, effects of climate change may further aggravate the situation. Climate change will not only result in disasters, but effects on water quality, biodiversity, and other ecological processes also cannot be denied. In this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the effects of climatic change on the dynamics of River Ganga. The study focuses on the impacts on fundamental ecological processes, river water quality, effect on species composition, and hydropower potential etc. The paper also discusses management aspects and research needs for rejuvenation of the River Ganga.

Levels of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in groundwater around improper municipal and industrial waste disposal sites in Thailand and health risk assessment.

The aims of this study were to examine the levels of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in groundwater around improperly developed municipal and industrial waste disposal sites, including estimating non-cancer risk and cancer risk from ingestion of the groundwater. A total of 27 groundwater samples were collected from two cities in Thailand, Ayutthaya and Chonburi. Seven target compounds were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that the total PFCs in groundwater around municipal waste disposal sites (MWDSs) varied from 1.68 to 7.75 ng/L. In groundwater around the industrial waste disposal site (IWDS), total PFCs varied from 2.64 to 42.01 ng/L, which were significantly different from those found in groundwater around the MWDSs at p < 0.01. PFOS and PFOA were ubiquitous in both areas, while perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) was frequently found in the samples around IWDS. The findings possibly suggest that PFHxS has been introduced for use as an alternative substance for most current C8 and higher due to it having shorter chain length and shorter half-lives. The results for both non-cancer risk and cancer risk in all samples were acceptable.

MSW Landfill Site Selection for Hyderabad City Using GIS and AHP

One of the significant difficulties in most of massive urban areas is lack of land for waste disposal. According to UN world population prospects, about 54% of the population resides in urban areas which are anticipated to rise to 66% by 2050. India is estimated to add 404 million urban dwellers by 2050. The substantial increase in the population growth has lead to the immense generation of waste. 5000 TPD of municipal solid waste is being generated from Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC). In many places, the solid waste generated is dumped unscientifically onto the open lands. So there is a need for optimized potential site selection for disposal of waste. This paper mainly focuses on selection of potential site for the disposal of municipal solid waste generated from GHMC area using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). In AHP, weights were allocated to each criteria based on relative importance with respect to each other and ratings are assigned depending on its magnitude of impact. Various factors are considered in the siting process were categorized into environmental and economic criteria. Road networks and slope were clustered under economic basis and water bodies, sensitive sites, groundwater levels and land use were clustered under environmental basis. For all criterions, thematic maps were generated and then combined with AHP using GIS for site selection. Keywords: Landfill site selection, GIS, AHPs Cite this Article T. Srinivasa Rao, I. Naga Babu, Chandana N. MSW Landfill Site Selection for Hyderabad City Using GIS and AHP. Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS. 2018; 9(1): 15–25p.

The effects of anionic and non-ionic surfactant on anaerobic co-digestion of sludge, food wastes and green wastes

Surfactants are widely used and discharged into wastewater treatment plants, which might influence the anaerobic digestion (AD) treatment of municipal waste. In this study, the effects of typical anionic surfactants sodium dodecyl benzene6 sulfonate (SDBS) and non-ionic surfactants APG, on mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of sludge, food waste, and green waste were investigated. Results indicated that at 5 mg/g, the biogas production was inhibited in SDBS supplemented systems while stimulated in APG-added reactors, with the methane yield of 146.58 L/g VS consumed. At 15 mg/g, the biogas production in both SDBS and APG supplemented reactors was both inhibited. It means the negative or positive effect of APG on AD depends on the dose of APG supplementation. The 16S rRNA gene analysis demonstrated the microbial community structure in the digester was changed due to the addition of surfactant. Bacteroidia significantly increased with the addition of APG and SBDS, while the increase of Clostridia only occurred in APG-added system. The variation of microbial Communities’ structure in APG and SDBS-added digesters might give an explanation for the different efficiencies in these two systems. Thus, the effects of surfactants on the efficiency of AD should be considered during the disposal of municipal organic waste.

Current municipal solid waste management in the cities of Astana and Almaty of Kazakhstan and evaluation of alternative management scenarios

The present paper provides a detailed analysis of the current situation on municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Kazakhstan with focus on the two major cities, Astana and Almaty, the current and former capital of the country. Untill recently, ninety-seven percent of the MSW was disposed in open dumps and substandard authorized landfills. Ninety-three percent of the 4530 municipal waste disposal landfills were not permitted, while from the 307 authorized waste disposal facilities, only the one in the city of Astana was designed in accordance with international standards (2015). Core legislation, current management policy, existing and planned facilities and infrastructure, as well as solid waste quantity and composition are discussed. The analysis is complemented by the implementation of a decision support software tool, which provides insights in waste management needs and evaluates the alternative waste management plans. Six alternative scenarios were evaluated, and the results obtained demonstrate that the optimum scenario is separation at source for both biowaste, which is composted and packaging waste processed via the materials recovery facility. Regarding the residual waste, the optimum scenario for Astana is mechanical biological treatment (MBT)-composting-recyclables and waste-to-energy for the refuse-derived fuel (RDF). For Almaty, 80% of the waste should be processed through MBT-composting-recyclables, and 20% via incineration and RDF. The results obtained can contribute to solid waste management planning in Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries.

Impact of human activities on the quality of groundwater at Dobra intake in Jaworzno

The paper identifies the causes of contamination and analyses changes in the quality of underground water resources at the Dobra intake, which supplies water for a separated group of Jaworzno inhabitants. The analysis takes into consideration such aspects as land conditions and their influence on physicochemical changes of water taken in in relation to the effective legal requirements for potable water. Moreover, an integral part of analysis of potential threats was an assessment of the effect of closed municipal waste disposal site and mining activity on the quantitative and qualitative resources of underground water in the area supplied by the Dobra intake in Jaworzno.

Wpływ regulacji prawnych na gospodarkę odpadami komunalnymi w wybranych gminach wiejskich

Celem pracy jest określenie zmian w gospodarce odpadami komunalnymi na terenach wiejskich, które wystąpiły po wprowadzeniu w 2012 roku nowego systemu zbierania i zagospodarowania tych odpadów. Badaniami objęto gminy wiejskie powiatów bielskiego oraz hajnowskiego. Uzyskane wyniki pokazują, że wprowadzone zmiany przyczyniły się do poprawy stanu gospodarki odpadami komunalnymi na terenach wiejskich. W gminach objętych badaniami ilość odbieranych odpadów komunalnych wzrosła o około 42 kg/mieszkańca/rok. Jednocześnie znaczna część mieszkańców (ponad 93%) rozpoczęła selektywną zbiórkę odpadów. Zmiana systemu spowodowała wzrost kosztów ponoszonych przez właścicieli nieruchomości. W najczęściej występujących na badanym terenie gospodarstwach dwuosobowych opłaty za odbiór odpadów wzrosły od 51 do 533% w zależności od gminy i sposobu zbierania odpadów (odpady zmieszane lub zbierane w sposób selektywny).

Identifying Optimum Sites for Safe Dumping of Rural Waste by Combining the AHP and DRASTIC Methods in the GIS Environment (Case Study: Shavur District, Shoosh County)

Identifying Optimum Sites for Safe Dumping of Rural Waste by Combining the AHP and DRASTIC Methods in the GIS Environment (Case Study: Shavur District, Shoosh County)

Perception of diagnosis on municipal solid waste of Ipameri-GO population

The issue of disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in households in the cities, has sparked debates and demanded research papers in order to promote and disseminate the handling and packaging suitable for the trash. The way of handling these wastes and their disposal in the city of Ipameri-GO and destination that provides this population has caused serious inconvenience to the community. Therefore, this work aimed, through interviews with residents of different neighborhoods of Ipameri, identify problems related to the management of household waste and diagnose the level of perception of the subject population. It was observed in this study that the handling of the solid waste in Ipameri has proved inefficient further by a lack of public education policy and hence the environment, in which the lack of activity of the population. The population in theoretical and scientific knowledge is lacking, regardless of social and economic class, although empirically this same population, presents itself willing to perform the selective collection and recycling of solid waste. This fact raises larger government incentives and investments in educational policy so that we can develop a policy for Environmental Education (EE), to be fruitful and lasting.

Pine-derived Biochar as Option for Adsorption of Сu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Decreasing of BOD5 in Landfill Leachate

Landfill leachate is a highly toxic and hazardous form of wastewater due to its complex composition characteristics, e.g. ammonia, metals, organic compounds. Landfill leachate treatment technologies, such as flotation, coagulation/flocculation, precipitation, oxidation, micro-, ultra-, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, are too expensive, because they require frequent regeneration of the media or generate secondary brine wastes that may pose a disposal problem. In the present study removal of Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu from Kazokiškės landfill leachate was studied. Kazokiškės landfill is the main site for disposal of Vilnius region municipal wastes. Operator of the landfill is interested in the alternative ways for the primary treatment of the landfill leachate for reducing the load on the expensive reverse osmosis. One of the proposed options for the primary landfill leachate treatment was adsorption by biochar. Due to the high specific surface area, well-developed porous structure and surface functionality biochar has been used as low-cost adsorbent for adsorption of PTEs from aqueous solutions. Biochar was produced from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trunk wood (after debarking) by pyrolysis at the highest heating temperature of 700 °C for 45 min in the low-oxygen environment. Laboratory analysis showed that PTEs, such as Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu, were present in the landfill leachate before water treatment plant. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate PTEs (Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu) removal efficiency by adsorption by pine-derived biochar. Factors, affecting adsorption efficiency, such as biochar particle size (1, 2.5, 4, 5 mm) and dosage of the biochar (1.01, 3.5, 6.05, 9.45, 13.25, 17.82 g/100 ml of leachate) were studied. Effects of the biochar on pH of the landfill leachate, BOD5, PTEs adsorption were analyzed. The findings showed that optimal parameters for decreasing of BOD5 and retention of Cr and Pb were particle size 1 mm and dosage 6.05 g/100 ml of leachate and 1 mm and more than 13.25 g/100 ml of leachate, respectively. No positive effect on Cu and Zn was observed.

Fiscal Resources of Local Self – Government Budgets from Environmental Charges on Czech Republic

Protection and creation of environment represents a significant problem in Czech society - at the state and local governments. The state, regions and municipalities are responsible for creating and maintaining a healthy environment for their citizens and for future generations. Economic development brings the raising of living standards on one side, however, presents on the other side many negative moments resulting from the creation of environmental burdens of various kinds, in particular, the territory exploitation by mining activities, water and air pollution and industrial and municipal waste disposal. The state imposes taxes and charges on originators of environmental burdens, whose revenue is then used to finance programs and projects for the rehabilitation of the environment and its gradual improvement. This article is the outline of these payments catalog.

Spatial Analysis of the Biodegradable Municipal Waste Production and Disposal

Abstract Separate collection of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) is the main precondition to decrease the environmental pollution by landfill gas as well as to enrich soil by the humus substances from municipal compost. However, the obligation to ensure the separation and treatment of the BMW increases the municipalities' costs for waste management. Rural areas differ from the urban ones not only by typical lifestyle, settlement character, but also by total BMW production. The urban areas do have easier access to public finances, therefore, most of them already dispose sufficient infrastructure for BMW gathering and treatment. The aim of our research was to analyze the spatial production and disposal of the biodegradable municipal waste and propose, in regard to legislation, efficient BMW treatment for rural areas of the Nitra region. The analysis revealed that only 23% of the examined municipalities dispose through composting. However, 92% of them have the estimated annual BMW production from public green areas not exceeding 100t. Organic waste processing could be managed by municipalities through “small composting” which does not require the approval by the state body in waste management.

Elimination of greenhouse gas emission due to improvement of biodegradable waste management system

In order to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHG) from landfills, European Union (EU) Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC requires a progressive reduction of the municipal biodegradable waste disposal. The main problem of the waste management system in Latvia is a heavy dependence from the waste disposal at landfills. An insufficient separate waste collection system and a promotion of the landfilling as a major treatment option, leaded to the disposal of 84% of the total collected municipal waste in 2012 with a high share of the biodegradable waste. Therefore, in Latvia, the volume of emissions due to the activities of the waste management branch was 5.23% (632.6 CO2 eq.) of the total GHG emissions produced in the national economy in 2010 (12 097 Gg CO2 eq., except the land use, land-use change and forestry). The aim of this research is to revise the current situation of the management of biodegradable waste in Latvia, and to propose the future activities for the practical improvements dealing with biodegradable waste. The Waste Management Planning System (WAMPS) software has been used as an environmental impact analysis tool for the modelling waste management scenarios. The WAMPS software calculates emissions, energy and turnover of waste streams for processes within the waste management system, e.g., waste collection and transportation, composting, anaerobic digestion, and final disposal – landfilling or incineration. The obtained results are presented in four environmental impact categories: acidification, global warming, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation, which are characterised by a certain emission. It covers an integrated waste management system starting with the activities where products become waste and have been put into the waste bin at waste generation source to the last point, where the waste becomes either useful material (recycled material, biogas or compost) or becomes part of emissions in the environment after its final disposal at landfill or incineration plant.

Assessing the status of sediment toxicity and macroinvertebrate communities in the Eighteenmile Creek Area of Concern, New York

In 1972, the governments of Canada and the United States committed to restoring the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the Laurentian Great Lakes under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Through this framework, the downstream-most section of Eighteenmile Creek, a tributary to the south shore of Lake Ontario in New York, was designated as an Area of Concern (AOC) because water quality and bed sediments were contaminated by past industrial and municipal discharges, waste disposal, and pesticide usage. Five beneficial use impairments (BUIs) have been identified in the AOC including the degradation of the “benthos”, or the benthic macroinvertebrate community. This investigation used sediment toxicity testing and macroinvertebrate community assessments to determine if the toxicity of bed sediments in the AOC differed from that of an unimpacted reference stream. Results from 10-day toxicity tests indicated that survival and growth of the dipteran Chironomus dilutus and the amphipod Hyalella azteca did not differ significantly between sediments from the AOC and reference area. Analyses of benthic macroinvertebrate community integrity and structure also indicated that macroinvertebrate communities, while impacted across most sites on both streams, were generally similar between the AOC and reference area. Despite these findings, the upstream-most AOC site consistently scored poorly in all analyses, which suggests that localized sediment toxicity may exist in the AOC, even if large scale differences between the AOC and a comparable reference stream are minimal.

Using GIS to Select Ideal Sites for Municipal Wastes Transfer Station: Case Study of Embu Municipality

In Kenya, many local authorities face uphill challenges in dealing with wastes especially volume reduction and proper disposal. There is minimal solid waste segregation and recycling further compounding the problem of open dumping. The study’s objective was to identify suitable areas to consider for the construction of a multi-purpose waste transfer and recovery facility within Embu municipality. There was also a need to popularize waste bulking and improve on ways of compiling waste data which was lacking in their municipal waste management system. The study used a mixed approach design encompassing ground surveys, interviews, questionnaires, data modeling and Analysis. In this case study, Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to evaluate Population, land use and proximity to waste receptacles as impact factors influencing waste management in this town. GIS-based analysis identified Kangaru, Blue valley, Majengo and Itabua Wards as suitable areas for the construction of waste transfer station. The identified regions contained a total area of 0.15km2 of suitable sites from the initial 0.40km2 identified as Preliminary sites. These wards had motor able roads, with agricultural land use and were within the town suburbs. GIS provided appropriate tools for compilation, analysis and management of information related to generation, collection and disposal of Municipal Wastes. The study recommends the adoption of an integrated waste management approach where public views and the use of geospatial tools are incorporated in all aspects of municipal waste management.

Assessment of Insulin Injection Practice among Diabetes Patients in a Tertiary Healthcare Centre in Nepal: A Preliminary Study

Introduction Proper insulin injection practice is essential for better diabetic control. This study aims to assess the insulin injection practice of patients with diabetes. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal, from February 2017 to May 2017. Patients injecting insulin through insulin pens (n = 43) for a minimum of 4 weeks were consecutively recruited. Patients' baseline characteristics, current insulin injection technique, insulin transportation practice, complications of insulin injection, disposal practice of used needle, and acceptability of insulin were recorded. Descriptive statistics were performed using IBM-SPSS 20.0. Results The insulin injection technique of patients and their relatives was inadequate. The majority of patients and their relatives (25, 58.1%) mentioned that they transport their insulin cartridge without maintaining cold chain. Thirteen patients (30.2%, n = 43) reported complications of insulin injection and the most common complication among those patients was bruising (10, 76.9%, n = 13). Almost all patients disposed the used needle improperly, and the common method was disposing the needle in a dustbin and then transferring to municipal waste disposal vehicle. Insulin was accepted by just 16 (37.2%) patients. Conclusion There was a significant gap between the insulin delivery recommendation through insulin pen and current insulin injection practice.