Disposal Of Debris Research Articles

Structural Concrete from 100% Recycled Aggregates

In spite of the amount of construction debris produced every year, recycled aggregates are still not commonly used in the concrete industry. A 100% recycled aggregate concrete—RAC—is not yet allowed by technical codes even though it would greatly help reduce the disposal of debris. This paper considers a construction site that can only be reached by small trucks, where concrete production is performed using manual procedures and the transportation of building materials is difficult and expensive. The aim of this research is to establish a mix design for 100% RAC for structural applications. In this context, recycled aggregates are obtained from the debris crushed by a small portable crusher Crunchy©. Based on a series of tests on concrete cubes and cylinders of aggregates originating from different types of debris, it is shown that 100% RAC is also a promising material for structural applications. At the cost of more cement in comparison to standard concrete, RAC from high-strength aggregates (concrete and gres-porcelain tiles) may be used in r.c. structures. Some of its features, such as its low pH value and low compressive strength in the case of clay-originated aggregates, still need to be studied for an optimized mix design. In addition, it is shown that RACs have approximately the same carbon footprint as standard concrete.

Measurement of the Degree of Environmental Awareness of the Population of Parauapebas Based on Multivariate Analyses

Objective: The study aims to investigate the level of sustainable practices adopted by the population of Parauapebas to generate concrete data and information on the environmental awareness of its residents. Theoretical Framework: In recent years, debates about environmental issues have become frequent in various conferences, governmental institutions, and society as a whole. The adoption of ecological habits is a direct response to this crisis, not only reducing our environmental impact but also paving the way for a more sustainable future. Method: The study was conducted through a survey using a multiple-choice questionnaire addressing daily sustainable practices, knowledge about environmental responsibility, environmental education, and other elements of environmental awareness. Data was processed and tabulated using Microsoft Office Excel (2019), and the IBM SPSS 27 software was used to develop the Environmental Awareness Index of Parauapebas (ICAP), using the principal component analysis method. Results and Discussion: The results showed that approximately 67% of Parauapebas' population has a low level of environmental awareness. Among the 7 explanatory factors, only the “awareness of waste disposal” factor showed a positive result, while the others confirmed a low awareness index. Despite the results, nearly 55% believe that adopting sustainable measures is very important, indicating that residents understand the importance of environmental routines but do not put them into practice. Research Implications: The research highlights the need to strengthen environmental education campaigns to turn theoretical awareness into practical actions. The results can influence public policies aimed at the efficient use of resources, such as water and energy, and improve waste management in Parauapebas. Furthermore, the study can guide interventions to promote urban sustainability and encourage initiatives in the educational and environmental sectors by creating programs that foster ecological habits. Originality/Value: It was possible to develop a quantitative indicator with good statistical quality, allowing us to affirm that 67% of Parauapebas' population has low environmental awareness. Notably, 92% of the population wastes water during routine activities, and 83% do not take action to save energy or reuse discarded materials. The proper disposal of furniture and debris was the only factor with a positive result, where 65% of the population avoids dumping waste on city streets. Although the population understands the importance of sustainable measures, little is done in practice to preserve the city's environment.

Optical Remote Sensing Methods for Floating Marine Debris Detection – Review and Bibliography Analysis

In the last several decades, the disposal and accumulation of debris in the marine and coastal environment has been one of the biggest and fastest-growing threats to the health of the world's oceans. Marine debris is present in all marine habitats and represents a great danger to global environmental and human health. Therefore, this paper aims to support efforts to achieve Good Environmental Status with respect to marine debris in all oceans and seas. The application of optical remote sensing methods for floating marine debris detection was briefly reviewed and the bibliometric analysis of the professional and scientific literature elaborated upon. In the overview part, previously used marine debris detection methods have been listed. The WoSCC (Web of Science Core Collection) and Scopus databases were considered, and the R Studio Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny software tools used for bibliometric analysis. 209 documents that can be classified into 43 research fields were identified in the two databases. Approximately 20% of the documents were published in two journals: the Marine Pollution Bulletin and Remote Sensing. Marine debris research was mainly published in the USA, Portugal, Italy, the United Kingdom, Germany, and China. A total of 54 countries participated in the publication of documents and it should be emphasized that all countries have shown great interest in international cooperation during the scientific research on marine debris. Scientific research on marine debris was found to have increased significantly since 2017, which is highly important for the protection of the environment and human health.

Increased levels of extracellular matrix proteins associated with extracellular vesicles from brains of aged mice.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by all major cell types of the brain, providing a mode of intercellular communication and a pathway for disposal of cellular debris. EVs help maintain healthy brain function, but may also contribute to diseases affecting the brain. EVs might contribute to aging of the brain, as aging-related processes such as inflammation and cellular senescence may alter EV cargo, promoting further inflammation and senescence. However, the effects of aging on brain EVs and the function of EVs in the aging brain remain poorly understood. To address this question, we measured the levels and protein cargo of EVs isolated from the brains of 4-, 12-, and 22-month-old C57BL/6J mice. We detected no changes in EV levels, but observed age-dependent changes in EV proteins. EV fractions from aged (22 month old) brains contained higher levels of extracellular matrix proteins than EV fractions from young (4 month old) brains, with intermediate levels in 12-month-old brains. Specifically, EV fractions from aged mice contained elevated levels of hyaluronan and proteoglycan link proteins 1 and 2 and several chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Analysis of extracellular matrix in several brain regions of aged mice revealed increased immunolabeling for the CSPG aggrecan, but reduced labeling with Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, which binds to chondroitin sulfate side chains of CSPGs. These data are consistent with prior studies showing changes to the composition of extracellular matrix in aged brains, and indicate a novel association of EVs with changes in the extracellular matrix of the aging brain.

Resident Evaluation of Reconstruction Challenges and Lessons Learned from the Great East Japan Earthquake: Recommendations for Reconstruction and Industrial Policies 12 Years after the Disaster

The year 2023 marks the 12th anniversary of the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE). Immediately after the disaster, the number of evacuees reached approximately 470,000, but by November 2022, the number had decreased to approximately 31,000. The reconstruction of housing, disposal of debris, public infrastructure development, and overall restoration and reconstruction has progressed steadily. However, a re-examination of the status of industrial restoration and reconstruction reveals that restoration and reconstruction have not progressed in some areas. This research statistically analyzes how the Japanese public perceives the issues around the recovery process and what memories and records they would like to learn from regarding the GEJE. The purpose of this study is to ask about reconstruction issues and lessons learned from the GEJE by conducting a web-based survey with 2000 respondents in Japan. The method of estimation is the use of ordinal logistic regression analysis to statistically estimate whether there are differences in recovery issues and lessons learned depending on individual attributes. The results suggest that those who are interested in, remember, and express anxiety about the recovery issues and lessons learned tend to be men, do not have children, are highly educated, and have a higher income. In sum, many of Japan’s citizens are highly interested in the reconstruction of agriculture, forestry, fisheries, housing, urban development, living environment, industry, and livelihood in the affected areas. In the future, they will play a central role in modernizing, scaling up, and integrating the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries industries, as well as in rebuilding towns and livelihoods. In the affected areas, it will be necessary to draw on the lessons learned from the GEJE and create reconstruction plans for the future, and then, policymakers will need to formulate reconstruction policies that reflect the concerns of the Japanese people.

Development in the Study of Mechanical Prop-erties and Damage Constitutive Models of Rub-ber-Reclaimed Concrete

Advances in rubber-reinforced concrete technology and its applications in engineering are cru-cial for the thorough recycling and safe disposal of waste tire rubber and construction debris. Rubber-reinforced concrete (RAC) is a concrete material produced by substituting some fine and coarse aggregates with waste rubber particles and recycled aggregates. The incorporation of waste rubber particles endows RAC with distinctive mechanical properties and a distinct damage constitutive model. The mechanical properties of rubber recycled concrete mainly in-clude compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus. Compared to traditional concrete, RAC exhibits slightly lower compressive and flexural strengths but sig-nificantly enhanced tensile strength. This is due to the changes in mechanical properties caused by the softness and elastic properties of rubber particles. In addition, the addition of rubber particles can also improve the energy absorption capacity and impact resistance of concrete. On the other hand, in order to describe the damage behavior of rubber recycled con-crete, some constitutive models were studied. Common models include linear elastic model, plastic model, and damage model. The linear elastic model is suitable for describing the be-havior of rubber recycled concrete during the elastic stage; The plastic model is suitable for describing its deformation behavior during the plastic stage; The damage model can better describe the fracture and failure behavior of rubber recycled concrete, including shear damage, tensile damage, and compression damage. Tailored to the unique characteristics of RAC, these models consider the stiffness of rubber particles and the deformation characteristics of the binding materials, enabling accurate predictions of the stress-strain behavior of RAC. In conclusion, rubber-reinforced concrete possesses excellent mechanical and durability proper-ties, which can be accurately described and predicted using appropriate constitutive models. These findings are crucial for advancing the application and development of rubber-reinforced concrete.

Management Status and Disposal Suggestions of Construction Waste in Yiyang City

Abstract: With the continuous development of the city and the implementation of the shed renovation project, the collection, transportation and disposal of construction and demolition debris had become the focus of attention in the field of solid waste treatment. The research was carried out based on the management and recycling of construction and demolition debris in Yiyang. The basic situation, collection, transportation and recycling operation and management situation, relevant management policies and problems in management and disposal in Yiyang City were analyzed. And the relevant suggestions were put forward, hoping to provide referenced for the disposal of construction and demolition debris.

Space Debris Disposal: A Review of Feasibility and Effectiveness

Space Debris Disposal: A Review of Feasibility and Effectiveness

Managing Earthquake Debris: Environmental Issues, Health Impacts, and Risk Reduction Measures

Earthquakes have the potential to cause severe and widespread structural damage to buildings and infrastructure in the affected area. Earthquake debris mainly results from building collapses during intense ground motion and the emergency demolition of damaged and unstable buildings following a devastating earthquake. Debris management constitutes a major challenge that must be met by all those participating in disaster management as it poses threats to both the natural environment and public health in an earthquake-affected area. This narrative review examines the hazards that arise throughout the early phases of debris removal, when personnel operate in disaster-affected areas, to the last steps of sorting and disposal. Furthermore, emphasis is also given to the environmental impact caused by unregulated debris disposal on natural habitats that are highly sensitive and susceptible to hazardous substances and materials found in the debris. In the same framework, measures are proposed for alleviating the negative impacts of debris management on the well-being of all individuals involved, including workers, volunteers, and the local community, as well as the surrounding natural environment, encompassing soil, surface and groundwater, as well as air quality.

The Infilling and Reclamation of Inland Waterways in Tokyo, 1945–1962

As part of their reconstruction of the city following Allied bombing during World War II, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government infilled medium to small inland waterways (namely, canals and moats constructed during the 17th century) and utilised the resultant terrestrial strips for new purposes. Wartime damage reconstruction was conducted as part of the official city planning of Tokyo. During the 1940s, various waterways in Tokyo were infilled primarily with debris resulting from wartime bombing and, thereby, these landfills presented a model for the disposal of debris from disasters. In Japan, 115 municipalities were designated as war-damaged cities by the government, whose reconstruction was conducted as official city planning. The article examines how common the disposal of wartime debris via the in-filling of inland waterways was. The in-filling of Tokyo’s inland waterways caused the loss of watery spaces that are nowadays regarded as cultural heritage assets with recreational potential. Studies have either criticised the infilling of waterways or else underscored opposition to the activity. How then was it possible for the authorities to decide on infilling and land reclamation as city planning? Was there any social support for this project? Relatedly, should the decision by the metropolitan government to infill inland waterways be regarded as inappropriate? This article considers these questions and evaluates the modification of such areas after WWII.

In situ hydrogel enhances non-efferocytic phagocytosis for post-surgical tumor treatment

Post-surgical efferocytosis of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) originates an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and facilitates abscopal metastasis of residual tumor cells. Currently, few strategies could inhibit efferocytosis while recovering the tumor-eliminative phagocytosis of TAMs. Herein, we developed an in situ hydrogel that contains anti-CD47 antibody (aCD47) and apocynin (APO), an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase. This hydrogel amplifies the non-efferocytic phagocytosis of TAMs by (1) blocking the extracellular “Don’t eat me” signal of efferocytosis with aCD47, which enhances the receptor-mediated recognition and engulfment of tumor cells by TAMs in the post-surgical tumor bed, and (2) by utilizing APO to dispose of tumor debris in a non-efferocytic manner, which prevents acidification and maturation of efferosomes and allows for M1-polarization of TAMs, leading to improved antigen presentation ability. With the complementary intervention of extracellular and intracellular, this hydrogel reverses the immunosuppressive effects of efferocytosis, and induces a potent M1-associated Th1 immune response against tumor recurrence. In addition, the in situ detachment and distal colonization of metastatic tumor cells were efficiently restrained due to the intervention of efferocytosis. Collectively, the hydrogel potentiates surgery treatment of tumor by recovering the tumor-elimination ability of post-surgical TAMs.

How does education and mindfulness matter to high school student’s pro-environmental behaviour?

Indonesia is one of the largest marine debris disposal countries in Asia. Due to its open dumping garbage disposal scheme and the growing population of productive age and educated demographic, there is a heightened urgency to develop an education model as a practical solution. This study aims to develop an education model that combines education and mindfulness to achieve environmental competency using a pretest-posttest control group design. The target population is 96 students in classes 11 and 12, and they are divided randomly into 2 groups called the experiment group which got the intervention and the control group which did not get any intervention. The intervention given to the experimental group was built on social learning theory and adapted to the environment and socio-culture of Jakarta, Indonesia. Pretest and posttest questionnaire were used and analyzed using t-test, paired samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The results shows that environmental education and mindfulness influence positively pro-environmental behaviour, and there are significant differences in posttest result of the experimental group. Our experiment demonstrates education and mindfulness can simultaneously cultivate and sustain environmental competency.

Fire and Oil Led to Complex Mixtures of PAHs on Burnt and Unburnt Plastic during the M/V X-Press Pearl Disaster.

In May 2021, the M/V X-Press Pearl container ship burned for 2 weeks, leading to the largest maritime spill of resin pellets (nurdles). The disaster was exacerbated by the leakage of other cargo and the ship's underway fuel. This disaster affords the unique opportunity to study a time-stamped, geolocated release of plastic under real-world conditions. Field samples collected from beaches in Sri Lanka nearest to the ship comprised nurdles exposed to heat and combustion, burnt plastic pieces (pyroplastic), and oil-plastic agglomerates (petroplastic). An unresolved question is whether the 1600+ tons of spilled and recovered plastic should be considered hazardous waste. Due to the known formation and toxicity of combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), we measured 20 parent and 21 alkylated PAHs associated with several types of spilled plastic. The maximum PAH content of the sampled pyroplastic had the greatest amount of PAHs recorded for marine plastic debris (199,000 ng/g). In contrast, the sampled unburnt white nurdles had two orders of magnitude less PAH content. The PAH composition varied between the types of spilled plastic and presented features typical of and conflicting with petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Nevertheless, specific markers and compositional changes for burning plastics were identified, revealing that the fire was the main source of PAHs. Eight months after the spill, the PAH contents of sampled stray nurdles and pyroplastic were reduced by more than 50%. Due to their PAH content exceeding levels allowable for plastic consumer goods, classifying burnt plastic as hazardous waste may be warranted. Following a largely successful cleanup, we recommend that the Sri Lankans re-evaluate the identification, handling, and disposal of the plastic debris collected from beaches and the potential exposure of responders and the public to PAHs from handling it. The maritime disaster underscores pyroplastic as a type of plastic pollution that has yet to be fully explored, despite the pervasiveness of intentional and unintentional burning of plastic globally.

Application of Treatment for Deep Hole Drilling Debris in Gas-Rich Soft Coal Seams

Hole accidents occurring in the drilling process and borehole collapse encountered in gas production are obstacles standing in the way of high efficiency of gas drainage through the outburst-prone soft coal seams in China. The fundamental testing data from existing suspending agents were combined to prepare a suspension in a specific density for testing debris disposal technology considering several adverse effects. Those effects include the sizeable residual volume of drilling debris, difficult debris disposal, the low effective utilization rate of drill holes, and the unideal extraction effect in drill holes with long-distance downward drill holes. The testing outcomes indicated that the suspension-aided debris disposal could contribute to the following aspects: discharging residual drilling debris out of the drill hole, rinsing the drill hole, preventing drilling debris from filling the coal seam, providing the adequate drill hole depth, and improving the effects of gas extraction. As a result, the gas production in shallow drill holes was increased by 40%, with gas concentration elevated by 21%. In addition, the scalar quantity and extraction concentration in the gas concentration of deep drill holes were increased by 84% and 260%, respectively. This study was undertaken to provide a specific reference for debris disposal work of deep drill holes for gas-rich soft coal seams.

Design Optimization of Space Debris Decent Trajectory Considering Land Security by Evolutionary Calculation

Space debris is artifacts that are dumped into orbit at the end of satellite operations or at the time of rocket launch, and is increasing in number as space exploration becomes more active. Since space debris poses a risk of collision in orbit during the launch of new spacecraft, studies on debris disposal have been active. In addition, orbit design is required so that debris can be disposed of at sea, avoiding land, where unburned debris can cause human and material damage due to the possibility of falling debris. Because debris cannot be actively controlled, it is required to predict the optimal trajectory before the re-entry and to consider the timing and the acceleration for the re-entry. In this report, we simulated the debris trajectory from the re-entry to reaching at the ground surface, and applied the evolutionary algorithm for the maximization of the distances from the reaching offshore point to the nearest coastline, considering as a risk of the ground.

Identification of Tool Life Stages and Redressing Criterion for Polycrystalline Diamond Micro-Grinding Tools Using a Machine Learning Approach

Abstract Interactions of wear debris at the tool-workpiece interface in micro-grinding are quite random which leads to considerable variability in the working life of similar tools. It is not possible to capture the effect of wear debris entrapment on process signals using the available physics-based model, which makes it difficult to identify the tool life stages. The present study highlights the wear pattern and life stages of a polycrystalline diamond tool (PCD) during micro-grinding of BK7 glass. Based on the time and frequency domain cutting force features and tool surface morphology, life of a typical PCD tool could be divided into three stages viz., abrasion stage (0–23% of total tool life), loading stage (23–77% of total tool life), and chipping stage (77–100% of total tool life). A machine learning model utilizing support vector machine (SVM) could predict the life stages of a tool with a prediction accuracy of around 80.5%, and the wear pattern of a new tool coming into service becomes more deterministic on using more datasets for model training. A new modified textured PCD tool, which provided better tool-work interaction and improved debris disposal, shows little variation in cutting force features across many similar design tools which enabled identifying the life stages with higher confidence. Prognosis of tool redressing criterion enabled timely redressing of the tool which led to refined tool surface condition, such as increased number of available chip pockets, greater protrusion height of the abrasives, and lowered roughness of the machined surface.

Neurodegeneration in a novel invertebrate model system: Failed microtubule-mediated cell adhesion and unraveling of macroglia.

Neurodegenerative diseases are among the main causes of death in the United States, leading to irreversible disintegration of neurons. Despite intense international research efforts, cellular mechanisms that initiate neurodegeneration remain elusive, thus inhibiting the development of effective preventative and early onset medical treatment. To identify underlying cellular mechanisms that initiate neuron degeneration, it is critical to identify histological and cellular hallmarks that can be linked to underlying biochemical processes. Due to the poor tissue preservation of degenerating mammalian brain tissue, our knowledge regarding histopathological hallmarks of early to late degenerative stages is only fragmentary. Here, we introduce a novel model organism to study histological hallmarks of neurodegeneration, the spider Cupiennius salei. We utilized toluidine blue-stained 0.9-μm serial semithin and 50-nm ultrathin sections of young and old spider nervous tissue. Our findings suggest that the initial stages of neurodegeneration in spiders may be triggered by (1) dissociation of neuron- and glia-derived microtubules, and (2) the weakening of microtubule-associated desmosomal junctions that lead to the unraveling of neuron-insulating macroglia, compromising the structural integrity of affected neurons. The involvement of macroglia in the disposal of neuronal debris described here-although different in the proposed transport mechanisms-shows resemblance to the mammalian glymphatic system. We propose that this model system is highly suitable to investigate invertebrate neurodegenerative processes from early onset to scar formation and that this knowledge may be useful for the study of neurodegeneration in mammalian tissue.

Long-Term Evolution of the Space Environment Considering Constellation Launches and Debris Disposal

Increasingly frequent launch activities, as well as the development of mega constellations, would cause a drastic increase in the number of space objects, which will then alter the evolution of outer space. To reveal this long-term change, an accurate space-environment model is required. There are two main approaches to building this model, one of which is to track the state of space objects individually, which will use significant computing resources; the other is to take macroscopic variables, such as spatial density, as the state variable to depict a group of space debris, which requires less computational effort. In this study, a space debris environment evolution model with spatial density as the state variable is established, which considers the nonzero eccentricity of the debris orbit and utilizes the NASA breakup model to ensure accuracy. In addition, the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is applied to take the uncertainty of launch activities into account. The long-term impacts of mega constellations and their post-mission disposal (PMD) on the debris environment are discussed based on the evolution model. It was found that constellations with high orbit altitude, such as OneWeb, will lead to an exponential increase in space objects in low Earth orbit (LEO). In addition, deorbit time is the main factor affecting the PMD efficiency, followed by deorbit strategies.

Development of a model for the disposal of space debris during combustion in the atmosphere

Due to the increasing use of outer space, the issue of space debris disposal (SD) is becoming an urgent problem. Of the known disposal methods (using a solar sail, atmospheric resistance, electrodynamic cable system, laser, ion flow, gravitational cleaner, contact method), the article focuses on the method of burning up space debris in the Earth’s atmosphere by engaging it with a special device for collecting SD and impulse emitting by a debris collector to deorbit with certain parameters. Based on the methodologies of computing the trajectories of the object descent via the extra-atmospheric and atmospheric areas, as well as heat calculation, a mathematical model was developed in the Mathcad system to calculate the timespan required for the complete destruction of SD in the Earth's atmosphere. A comparative analysis was carried out on the accumulated heat flux, as well as on the duration and altitude at which SD, containing aluminum or refractory metals such as titanium and tungsten, will burn up. The altitudes optimal for burning up SD were determined and evaluated. They are acceptable according to the criterion of public safety. The conducted computational experiment revealed that SD made of an aluminum alloy weighing 10 kg burns up at an altitude of 94.9 km, a 17 kg titanium piece burns at an altitude of 94.7 km, a 73 kg tungsten piece does at an altitude of 97.7 km. Thus, this model allows us to classify the existing SD objects into those that can burn up in the atmosphere before reaching a given altitude (not reaching the Earth’s surface), and those that require the employment of other methods to clean space from debris.

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Geomagnetic Energy Effect for LEO Debris Deorbiting

Space debris is increasingly problematic and needs active removal, especially in low Earth orbits (LEO). Paying for the vast cost of the disposal of debris from the situation is still inevitable even though pivotal technical hurdles have been overcome with the growing maturity of capturing and deorbiting methods. To this end, a novel geomagnetic energy (GME) propellant approach is firstly proposed to propel a spinning tethered spacecraft for LEO debris deorbiting, without the use of expendable fuel and a large-length tether. In this method, the time-cumulative effect of the interacted torque of the spacecraft’s electromagnet and geomagnetic field is used to accelerate the rotating system for GME storage, and the space momentum exchange from the angular momentum of system to the linear momentum of debris is introduced to deorbit the debris for GME release. Next, an on-orbit directional GME storage mechanism is built, and the corresponding two optimal strategies are put forward. Both theoretical and simulation results demonstrate that GME can be stored in the expected direction on any inclined LEO below 1000 km. Deorbiting kg-level debris can be accomplished within several orbital periods with the existing magnetorquer technology. Finally, proof-of-principle experiments of the GME effect are performed and elementarily validate the LEO GME utilization in space.