Disposal Costs Research Articles

Energy recovery and waste valorization in a frozen food processing facility: a case study from Lazio, Italy

AbstractFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that food, beverage, and tobacco sector is currently responsible for about 30% of total world energy consumption and approximately the same percentage of food is wasted during its industrial transformation. Improving the sustainability of food processing is fundamental to reduce the environmental impact of this sector as well as to lower the disposal cost of industrial waste. The objective of this work is to propose an efficient and technically feasible solution for the management and energy recovery of residual biomasses and industrial processing by-products, such as sewage sludge produced by industrial wastewater treatment. The above solution is developed for a real frozen food factory operating in Lazio region (Italy) introducing a sewage sludge dryer and a gasifier to produce syngas. The software Aspen Plus is adopted to numerically simulate the gasification process, using a literature validated model, while the dryer and the already present combined heat and power (CHP) plant are dynamically modelled in TRNSYS environment. The results demonstrate that the proposed solution is feasible and attractive from both an environmental and an economic perspective. The Simple Pay Back of the investment is less than 3 years, while the Net Present Value stands at about 2.4 M€. Furthermore, the CO2 proposed system allows to save 179 t of equivalent CO2 emissions compared to the current system.

Economic losses caused by mastitis and the influence of climate variation on the occurrence of the disease in a dairy cattle farm in southern Brazil.

This study evaluated the economic impacts caused by mastitis in a small dairy farm with similar characteristics and production to most dairy farms in southern Brazil and investigated if climatic variations influenced mastitis occurrence in the region. A farm with, on average, 45 lactating Holstein cattle was monitored from November 2021 to October 2022, and data on mastitis cases, bulk tank milk somatic cell count, animal treatment costs, milk production, animal disposal costs, and production losses were collected. Monthly averages of temperature, relative humidity (RH), and rainfall in the region were obtained. The greatest loss was related to the drop in milk production, resulting in 63.8% of total losses, followed by animal disposal (29.5%), milk disposal (4.6%), and treating animals with mastitis (2.0%), totaling a 10.6% reduction in the annual gross income. There were negative correlations between the clinical mastitis rate and monthly RH and between subclinical mastitis and temperature; the occurrence of subclinical mastitis and average RH were positively correlated. Our findings showed that mastitis negatively impacted the economy and that climate influenced mastitis occurrence.

Advances in Green Triboelectric Nanogenerators

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), an emerging energy conversion technology, offers innovative pathways for energy harvesting and self‐powered sensing. To achieve superior performance, researchers commonly employ substantial quantities of original or treated polymers, resulting in high energy and precise sensing. Nevertheless, the sustainable development of TENGs faces significant challenges related to environmental compatibility, pollution hazards, and high production and disposal costs. To address this issue, numerous green materials for diverse TENGs are introduced and advanced. These materials may encompass natural resources, household waste, and recyclable materials, among others. Consequently, a review of the progress in TENGs based on green materials, which can be called green TENGs, becomes imperative to advance its sustainable development. To this end, this work comprehensively elucidates the development of green TENGs from the perspective of materials processing and treatment degree for the first time. Various green TENGs, including food waste, discarded daily‐use items, plant organs, biodegradable industrial products, and natural cellulose, are meticulously categorized. This review not only systematically synthesizes the latest research advancements in green TENGs, but also offers insight into their processing methodologies, working characteristics, and potential application scenarios. Finally, it envisions the challenges, proposed solutions, and future research directions for the development of green TENGs.

Soluble carbon source recovery using preconditioning coagulants for applicable short-term fermentation of waste activated sludge in WWTPs

A huge production of waste activated sludge (WAS) has been a burden for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with high disposal cost and little benefit back to wastewater purification. The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by a short-term acidogenic fermentation of WAS before methane production have been proven to be a high-quality carbon source available for microbial denitrification process. The dual purpose of full recovery of fermentation liquid products and facilitating disposal of residual solid waste necessitate an efficient solid-liquid separation process of short-term fermentation liquid. The transformation and loss of various soluble carbon sources between solid and liquid are very important issues for carbon recovery efficiency when combining short-term fermentation and sludge dewatering in WWTPs. Here we testified the three conventional preconditioning coagulants, Polyferric Sulfate (PFS), Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) and Polyacrylamide (PAM), to improve the efficiency of subsequent solid-liquid separation. The results show that conversion yield of SCFAs in the liquid phase of sludge after short-term fermentation was 195 mg COD/g VSS, when using the coagulants PFS, PAC, and PAM for recovery, the recovery ratio was 79.5%, 82.0%, and 85.9%, respectively, while the dewaterability could be improved after preconditioning short-term fermentation sludge. The complexation of Al3+/Fe3+ in metal coagulants with carboxyl groups of SCFA demonstrated by Density Functional Theory calculation led to small part of soluble carbons co-migration to the solid phase, mainly a loss of high molecular weight organic compounds (carbohydrate, proteins, humic acids), while the application of PAM had little impact on carbon recovery. Economic calculations further showed PAM preconditioning short-term fermentation liquid of WAS could achieve higher recovery benefits.

Coupling anaerobic co-digestion of winery waste and waste activated sludge with a microalgae process: Optimization of a semi-continuous system

Wine production represents one of the most important agro-industrial sectors in Italy. Wine lees are the most significant waste in the winery industry and have high disposal and storage costs and few applications within the circular economy. In this study, anaerobic digestion and a microalgae coupled process was studied in order to treat wine lees and waste activated sludge produced within the same facility, with the aim of producing energy and valuable microalgae biomass that could be processed to recover biofuel or biostimulant. Chlorella vulgaris was cultivated on liquid digestate in a semi-continuous system without biomass recirculation. The best growth and phytoremediation performance were achieved applying a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 20 days with a stable dry weight, lipid and protein storage of 1.85 ± 0.02 g l−1, 33.48 ± 7.54 % and 57.85 ± 10.14 % respectively. Lipid characterization highlighted the potential use in high quality biodiesel production, according to EN14214 (<12 % v/v linolenic acid). The microalgae reactor’s liquid output showed high removal of ammonia (95.72 ± 2.10 %), but low organic soluble matter reduction. Further semi-continuous process optimization was carried out by increasing the time between digestate feeding and biomass recovery at HRT 10. These operative changes avoided biomass wash-out and provided a stable phytoremediation of the digestate with 84.58 ± 4.02 % ammonia removal, 33.01 ± 1.44 % sCOD removal, 38.06 ± 2.65 % of polyphenols removal.

Comparison of Trenchless and Excavation Technologies in the Restoration of a Sewage Network and Their Carbon Footprints

The restoration of aging sewer networks is a fundamental remediation approach with the aim of renewing or improving existing systems. Remediation methods include repair, renovation, and replacement (renewal). The restoration of a sewer network itself can be performed using either excavation or trenchless technologies. While these technologies offer various advantages, they also present disadvantages. The choice of a restoration technology depends on numerous parameters, including economic factors and local conditions (such as the construction of the existing sewage network, available working space, traffic load, and environmental safety restrictions). In addition to the parameters influencing the choice of restoration technology, recent considerations have been given to constraints related to greenhouse gas emissions and the corresponding carbon footprint. Carbon footprint serves as an indicator of the restoration activity’s dependence on fossil fuels, both during implementation and operation. In the 21st century, concerns regarding carbon footprints have rapidly escalated. The reduction in carbon footprints is a crucial objective from both an economic and an ecological point of view. This article specifically addresses the prospects of monitoring the carbon footprint concerning the partial restoration of a sewer network within the historical core of the city of Brno, located in the Czech Republic. This aspect constitutes the unique and innovative contribution of the paper. The intensity of the energy demand of excavation and trenchless technologies is utilized as a direct measure of the carbon footprint of each technology. The comparative assessment demonstrates that the trenchless technology used achieves a reduction of 59.2% in CO2 emissions compared to the excavation technology. The carbon footprint of Variant 1 (trenchless technology) is 9.91 t CO2 eq., while the carbon footprint of Variant 2 (excavation technology) is 24.29 t CO2 eq. The restoration of open pipelines produces more emissions due to the higher energy consumption, making it more expensive in terms of fuel costs, waste disposal costs, and the corresponding environmental hazards.

Current energy recycling technology for agricultural waste in Malaysia

This article examines the production and use of biomass as a renewable energy source in Malaysia, focusing on the agricultural processing industry. Malaysia produces approximately 168 million tonnes of biomass, including palm oil waste, rice husks, coconut debris, sugar cane waste, urban waste, and forestry waste. The abundance of biomass resources provides a competitive advantage over other renewable energy sources. However, the industry faces restrictions and challenges, such as high disposal costs, high electricity consumption, and related expenses. To address these issues, it is crucial to study the types of biomass available, current technology for biomass energy production (waste-to-energy), and relevant environmental motivations, initiatives, and legislation. This paper analyses the agricultural waste available for energy generation, existing technologies for converting waste into energy, and the role of environmental policies in the agricultural processing business. Energy recycling, which involves utilizing agricultural waste to generate electricity and thermal energy, is proposed as a viable solution. Several technologies are explored, including anaerobic digestion, gasification, incineration/combustion, and pyrolysis, each with advantages and disadvantages. Thermochemical processes are highlighted for their effectiveness, requiring minimal pre-treatment, shorter reaction times, and adaptability to various biomass feedstocks and climatic conditions. The implementation of incentives, initiatives, and policies by the Malaysian government serves as guidelines for the agricultural processing industry to adopt energy recycling practices. By emphasising energy sustainability and promoting green building initiatives, the industry can contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy landscape.

Households’ Factors Influencing Choice of Waste Management Strategies in Lagos State, Nigeria

The study examined the factors influencing Households' choice of waste management strategies in Lagos State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select respondents for the study. In the first stage, two states (Lagos state and Ogun state) were purposively selected based on their well-organized waste management systems, relatively advanced waste management arrangements and close proximity. In the second stage, three LGAs were purposively selected from Lagos state, while three LGAs were selected in Ogun state considering well-organized waste management systems. In the third stage, a stratified sampling technique was used to select four communities from each LGA into two different strata, namely: high-income and low-income stratum. In the fourth stage, fifteen respondents were selected using a systematic sampling technique. In all, 360 respondents were used for the study. &#x0D; Primary and secondary data collected from 360 respondents were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multidimensional poverty index, multinomial logit, regression model, contingent valuation and probit regression model. The average age of the household head was 47 years, which implies that the respondents were mostly middle-aged people who were still within their economically active age group. This is expected to positively influence the respondents' decision-making as they would be making sound decisions regarding waste management since they are likely to be more exposed to different health-related information. The result further proves that the majority (51.1%) of the household heads in Lagos and Ogun States were male. The higher percentage of male-headed households in the study area suggests that they were the breadwinners of their respective households. The Multinomial logistic regression result showed that years spent in school, household size, cost of waste disposal, membership of cooperative, biodegradable and transfer payment were the major factors that determine the acceptance of waste management strategies alternatives available in the study area.

Transforming Diabetes Supplies in the Prison System: An Example of Environmental Social Innovation

Background: The disposal of plastic material has been gaining negative attention due to its impact on the environment and people’s health. Insulin pens used by people living with diabetes are disposed of through landfills or incineration, negatively impacting the environment and generating costs for the state. Methods: In an attempt to reduce the disposal of plastic in the environment and reduce disposal costs, the “Insulinadiamor” project was created, which uses handicrafts as a means of re-socializing women deprived of their liberty. In this project, female inmates in the state of Sergipe turn insulin pens into ballpoint pens. Results: During the year 2022, 2000 insulin pens were transformed into ballpoint pens. We estimate a loss of around USD 37,150.28 for the state due to the inappropriate use of medicines, which was reflected in the return of complete insulins. In addition, by avoiding landfill or incineration of the plastic content collected, we contributed to an estimated saving of almost USD 603.91 for the state and more than 80 kg of CO2-equivalent emissions. Conclusions: This project brings a sustainable and transformative approach involving financial savings, rehabilitation of inmates, and contribution to the environment. It also raises the importance of creating more sustainable initiatives to reduce plastic waste in the health sector and other areas.

Editorial: Special Issue on Recycled Materials for Sustainable Geotechnical Construction

Infrastructure serves a vital role in resolving some of the major challenges faced by societies: supporting economic growth, meeting basic needs of citizens, and facilitating mobility and social interaction. Establishing a long-term development and maintenance plan is a critical priority for many nations. This motivates the design and construction of more resilient and sustainable infrastructure systems that are also able to overcome emerging challenges, particularly given the extreme weather conditions that have recently led to several large-scale failures on these systems. Collectively, these investments require the use of large volumes of earthen materials in construction. This has led to the rapid depletion of natural aggregate materials. Recycled materials have been used in a variety of construction applications, for example, roadways (e.g., embankment, base, subbase, asphalt, and concrete), airfields, and railways, among others. Such materials are attractive to construction and transportation industry stakeholders and taxpayers because they generate millions of dollars in savings while producing environmental benefits. Legislations are being developed/promulgated that remove barriers to large-scale beneficial use of these materials to reduce construction costs and increase sustainability. In addition, the construction industry, including the transportation systems sector, is facing ever-increasing demands to control the cost and environmental impact of waste removal and disposal. The use of recycled materials in construction would reduce energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases, and recycling provides a means to address these demands. Recycled materials avoid energy and emissions associated with mining and processing construction materials. Energy has already been expended in the first life of recycled material. The use of recycled materials allows for the avoidance of natural materials such as sand and gravel, limestone, and oil. Often, service life can be increased by stabilization using industrial by-products as binders such as self-cementing fly ash, waste gypsum, and other ashes. Waste reuse/recycling practices can be incorporated in new construction projects, renovation/rehabilitation projects, and ongoing operations, and they can be applied to both agency and contractor activities. The evaluation of recycled materials used in construction applications has been the main focus of scientific studies over the last few decades. However, the effectiveness of waste reuse/recycling efforts in such applications still could not be implemented fully because of the lack of comprehensive reviews and evaluations of the limitations and advantages of recycled materials used in construction applications. Therefore, the collection and critical review of such information is necessary. This special issue of ASTM International’s Geotechnical Testing Journal brings together 23 papers that cover the use of a broad range of recycled materials in construction applications including steel slag, rice husk ash, ferrochrome slag, recycled concrete aggregate, recycled asphalt pavement, lignin, recycled binders, recycled plastics, and quarry fines. Moreover, the papers in this issue provide state-of-the-art information on geotechnics of recycled materials, including their material characterization, performance evaluations, and environmental suitability assessment. The field has evolved in terms of new material types and applications that must be evaluated. A variety of laboratory tests are adapted from the standards for natural earthen materials, sometimes with modifications, and there is material for the development of new testing protocols and standards. ASTM standards are particularly needed for sample preparation of recycled materials. There were not many papers on in situ testing, but an increase is expected to be seen in this area in future studies. Thus, the need continues for future investigations to increase our understanding of recycled materials that are a crucial element of sustainable construction. The editors wish to express their appreciation to all those authors who submitted their papers. Particular thanks are extended to those who contributed papers and to the reviewers of the papers and also to the publication staff in producing this special issue.

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Introduction. The process of waste disposal today is associated with increasing operational costs, including the costs associated with the collection, transportation and processing of waste. The main factors contributing to these high costs are fuel prices, labor costs and maintenance costs. As a result, the waste management process operates in complex and unstable conditions, which is reflected in waste disposal, recycling and environmental protection. This actualizes the scientific study of waste management in the environmental management system, because a passive reaction to the problem threatens with high costs in the production cycle in future periods. The purpose of the article is to analyse the structural elements of waste management, research into the structure of waste generation and sources of their origin, outline the proposals for the possibility of combining waste management strategies in the environmental management system. Results. The constituent elements of waste management are considered, in particular, strategic planning; prevention of environmental pollution and conservation of resources; minimization of the amount and toxicity of waste generation; choosing the best prevention option, taking into account the legislation; assessment of effects and consequences; decision-making. The structure of waste generation and sources of their origin were studied through the division into renewable and non-renewable materials, carbon-neutral biomass and non-renewable biomass. Proposals for organizations regarding the possibility of combining waste management strategies in the environmental management system are outlined. Prospects. The subject of further scientific research is the problem the electronic waste growth in the system of waste management in developing countries. This problem will be relevant, because waste processing companies in developed countries are faced with strict regimes of environmental regulation and the growing cost of waste disposal, and therefore the export of e-waste to developing countries is more economically profitable than processing in their own countries, which exacerbates the existing problem.

Enhancing the environmental sustainability of water treatment sludge (WTS) disposal through blended binder solidification/stabilisation

Managing water treatment sludge (WTS) is challenging due to its continuous production and environmental impact. Traditional disposal in landfills is standard but risky for groundwater contamination. Researchers are exploring a more environmentally friendly method using a blend of binders, partially replacing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with waste materials like Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA), Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Fly Ash (FA). These materials not only help reduce environmental waste but also decrease cement usage. The study assesses the Atterberg Limits of the treated sludge to design the appropriate solidification/stabilisation (S/S) method, providing essential data on its physical and mechanical properties Using waste materials as binders effectively stabilises the sludge, reducing reliance on cement, cutting disposal costs, and minimizing environmental pollution. The study identifies WPSA as the most suitable replacement, offering self-cementing properties, and demonstrates that combining WPSA OPC, and WTS creates a stable mix with liquefaction resistance. This approach presents a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally solution for WTS management.

Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots from bagasse: inhibition of calcium sulphate scales

The conversion of biomass waste generated in large amounts to value-added materials and energy can reduce environmental pollution, atmospheric CO2 emissions and waste disposal costs in a circular economy.

A Study on Claiming Compensation for Underground Waste Disposal Costs When Local Government Implement the Plan of Zone Expropriation

A Study on Claiming Compensation for Underground Waste Disposal Costs When Local Government Implement the Plan of Zone Expropriation

Vertical Farms: A Sustainable Solution to Urban Agriculture Challenges

Vertical farms are considered to be a powerful response to the shortage of future agricultural cultivation space, which can achieve higher agricultural output in cities and alleviate food shortage. This paper focuses on the characteristics of vertical farms, takes the Plant vertical farm in Chicago as an example, describes its design and performance, analyzes its advantages and design principles, and raises some problems that need to be solved. Vertical farms can expand the yield of crops and simulate the environment required for crop growth and development. The success of The Plant is mainly due to the following aspects of the design: saving raw materials and waste disposal costs through the use of waste, staggered electricity consumption and the use of insulated structures to maximize the savings in energy costs, and ultimately enabling the vertical farm to achieve the ability to compete with traditional agriculture. The vertical farm finally achieved the ability to compete with traditional agriculture. It is worth noting that although the small-scale pilot projects of vertical farms have achieved some success, there are still many constraints to be overcome in expanding the scale of vertical farms because of their high construction and operation costs and high technical level.

Effect of plumbum on the solidification tendency in ordinary Portland cement clinker and its liquid phase properties

Using industrial solid waste as raw materials to produce cement clinker is an effective way to reduce environmental impact and disposal costs, however, industrial solid waste may have an impact on the sintering and mineral properties of cement clinker. This paper reports on the tendency of plumbum (Pb) ions to solidify within ordinary Portland cement (OPC) clinker and the effect on liquid phase properties. The results of elemental distributions, phase analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) indicate that Pb ions are most likely to enter C4AF by displacing Fe ions. The further analysis of bond order and bond length (BO-BL) and partial density of states (PDOS) showed that the solid solution tendency of Pb in C4AF can be ascribed to the new bond formation efficiency after Pb ions doping. The effect of Pb ions on the liquid phase properties during the calcination of OPC clinker was investigated experimentally. It was found that an increase in the amount of Pb ions doping lead to an earlier generation of the liquid phase, and the reason for this phenomenon can be attributed to the decrease in the elasticity constant of the mixture of Pb-rich and clinker phases formed by Pb ions doping, which leads to a decrease in the melting temperature. These insights into the doping behaviour of Pb ions will provide meaningful information to guide the use of Pb-containing solid waste as an alternative raw material for the synthesis of OPC clinker.

Mobility of connate pore water in gas shales: A quantitative evaluation on the Longmaxi shales in the southern Sichuan basin, China

Flowback and produced water is causing water environment pollution and elevated disposal costs during the shale gas development. Due to high salinity and variously hazardous substances in the connate pore water (i.e., initial water storing in shale matrix pores), whether the connate pore water is produced in company with fracking water flowback has long been concerned. The key is to determine the mobility of connate pore water, which is closely associated with the occurrence of adsorbed and free water in shale pores. In this study, five fresh shale samples were obtained from the Longmaxi Formation shale gas reservoirs in the southern Sichuan basin of China to evaluate the mobility of connate pore water. Theoretical models of describing the non-equilibrium and equilibrium expulsion processes of connate pore water from shale matrix were proposed. On this of basis, the amounts and microscopic distributions of adsorbed and free water in the shales were determined by using centrifugation and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests under atmospheric pressure and 30 °C temperature condition. Results show that: (1) the amounts of adsorbed and free water in the shales varies from 5.9132 to 8.3442 mg/g (mean 7.3842 mg/g) and 2.1224–5.7931 mg/g (mean 3.9507 mg/g), respectively. The amount of free water (i.e., maximum mobile water amount) accounts for 23.69–41.37 wt% (mean 34.12 wt%) of total water, indicating that about one-third of the connate pore water in gas shales is potentially recoverable. (2) The connate pore water in the adsorbed and free states mainly distributes in the pores of 0.5–10 nm, of which the adsorbed water mainly distributes in the pores of 0.5–3 nm and the free water (i.e., mobile water) mainly stores in the pores of 3–10 nm. (3) The mobility index, that is the ratio of free water amount to mid-value pressure difference, was introduced to quantify the mobility of connate pore water by considering the equilibrium expulsion process of pore water. The mobility index of connate pore water in fresh shales is negatively related to the water-adsorbed ratio. This study contributes to identifying the source of flowback and produced water and is also significant to water environment.

Investigation the effect of nanocarbon tube prepared from tea waste on microstructure and properties of cement mortar.

Environmental contamination and the massive high cost of waste disposal have been a huge concern for scholars throughout the globe, prompting them to alternatives of recycling waste materials in various implementation fields. The rising expenditure on disposal and the shortage of naturally main resources such as aggregate have increased interest in reusing recycled waste materials to manufacture concrete and mortar. The annual consumption of a country's population of hundreds of tons of black tea results in considerable numbers of discarded teabags. These huge quantities are disposed in landfills without being recycled or otherwise used. Moreover, such landfills are considered one of the country's biggest global issues. Therefore, the aim of this experimental work is to investigate the influence of nanocarbon tube produced from tea waste as cement replacement materials in mortar mixtures. Cement mortar mixes contain four replacement levels (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) of cement with nanocarbon tube produced from tea waste. The compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and water absorption were tested to demonstrate the effect of the nanocarbon tube made from recycled tea waste on the mechanical properties of the mortar mix. The fresh properties such as flow rate were evaluated in accordance to specific standards. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) analyses were performed to demonstrate the microstructure of the mixtures. The results show that the fresh properties (flowability) of mortar containing nanocarbon tubes from tea waste were improved with the increase of the replacement ratio. In addition, the compressive strength was improved by substitution of up to 2%. For the other levels of substitution, it decreased with an increasing replacement percentage. In contrast, the density had increased with the increase of substitution levels of the tea waste. Based on the results of the experiments, it seems that the suggested biomixture could increase the compressive strength of the material by up to 2% of the replacement at 28days of curing.

High Performance Aqueous Fluids in Deepwater Operation

An exploration drilling in Gambia deepwater with water depth of 965m. well total depth drilled at measured depth 3,457m, the maximum inclination angle 34.6º and the horizontal section depth 1000m. The top-hole section was drilled with seawater and Guar GUM Sweep and the conductor casing set at 1053m. After the 26’’ hole was drilled with seawater and GUAR GUM sweep at TD the well was displaced to pad mud (KCl/polymer Mud) the 20’’ casing run and cemented. The intermediate and landing section was drilled with High Performance Water-based mud which was provide by one of leading servicing provider. This is where it was first deployed in Deepwater operation in West Africa (Gambia) and it shows good cutting and shale inhibitive performance, good hole cleaning, and wellbore stability, it allows the MWD tools to performed at high ROP, the rheological properties were stable with little treatment, the gives good lubrication and good cutting carrying to surface. According to Pearson, J.R.A [1], that the important rheological requirements are that they should have a low an apparent viscosity as possible, consistent with drilled cutting back to the surface during circulation.&#x0D; In deepwater operation we may encountered some extremely reactive formations that can incur lot of cost, well lost hole pack off and lost of drilling tools (BHA) which will require sidetrack. Also, with the glamour for the clean energy in the world, there are a lot of environmental restriction now and high cost of waste disposal. This high-performance Water based mud is an option to address the above concerns much attractive in drilling operation.&#x0D; In this study, the rheological preparties of the mud will be compare with Oil based mud to see the way they performed downhole. The hole cleaning ability and the number of cutting waste that will be generated which will translate to the cost of disposal.&#x0D; This result show that high performance water-based mud is more effective in term of cost, solved environmental concern and performed as oil – based mud that is wildly used in the region.

Study on the strength of needle-punched nonwoven material made on the basis of sole trader "Miras"

Coarse sheep wool and wastes from the production of woolen yarns are currently considered to be a special waste that requires large disposal costs due to low market demand. For this reason, wool has serious consequences for the environment. However, this type of raw material is considered a promising insulating natural fiber due to its thermal and acoustic properties. Moreover, wool meets the requirements of environmentally friendly materials that are used for yurts, insulation of buildings, and acoustic insulation for the automotive industry. Nevertheless, the sustainability and energy efficiency of insulation materials are currently evaluated comprehensively. In this context, the correctness of the composition of nonwoven fabric, its thickness and strength characteristics, as well as the number of layers play an important role. The purpose of this work is to study the relationship between strength characteristics and thickness, as well as the number of layers in nonwovens made of 100 % wool mixed with coarse and fine fibers, and to determine the most optimal variant of insulating nonwovens. 4 samples of one, two, three and four-layered materials were used in the study. The tested samples of insulating materials were evaluated according to the parameters of breaking load, strength and elongation. The results of the research showed that with an increase in the number of layers of material, there is an increase in the tested two indicators: breaking load and strength. The elongation rates were uneven. Consequently, by examining all three parameters, it was found that the best option is a three-layered nonwoven material.