Disposable Money Research Articles

A Study on Determining and Analysing Consumer Buying Behaviour in the Automobile Industry

The most lucrative sector of the economy nowadays is the car business. Due to a growth in both rural and urban income. The key factors influencing high volume automobile categories are the sector and the availability of simple financing. With a number of new competitors entering the market and major international brands preparing to enter the Indian market, the rivalry is intensifying. To learn more about consumer expectations and their market offers, current and new automobile manufacturing firms in India will find this research to be useful. Several domestic and international firms have an impact on the Indian automotive industry. In this essay, research on consumer behaviour among customers of automobiles is analysed. Marketing professionals may flourish in the market by having a thorough awareness of customer purchasing habits. A study of the Indian automobile market revealed that each segment's customer priorities differed, with disposable money serving as the primary motivator for purchases. Customers' top priorities in terms of needs are affordability, safety, and comfort while brand reputation largely determines how well customers perceive quality. For this study, the research papers in the passenger automobile category were examined, along with the buying decision-making process and how it interacts with other behaviour factors. This study's goal is to identify the variables that affect consumers' choices for a certain automobile category. This research also makes an effort to synthesize data and recommendations for addressing the current sales stasis situation and fostering future demand for the automotive industry.

Effects of Ecotourism Travel Motivation and Social Relations on Mental State of the Middle-Aged and Elderly Group

Under the trend of population aging, people expect not only to prolong life expectancy, but to have healthy and quality life in the old age. Along with the independency of children, increasing disposable money and time would enhance the growth of ecotourism market. The accelerating population aging also expands the middle-aged and elderly ecotourism market. Aiming at the middle-aged and elderly eco-tourists to Guilin, total 420 copies of questionnaire are distributed, and 342 valid copies are retrieved, with the retrieval rate 81%. The research results show significantly positive effects of 1.travel motivation on social relations, 2.social relations on mental state, and 3.travel motivation on mental state. According to the results, suggestions are proposed, expecting to help the middle-aged and the elderly participate in tourism activity and establish social relations to enhance the mental state.

Государственное управление занятостью населения в условиях кризиса экономики

The article considers the current problems of the employment state management. The characteristic of the role of employment management in the system of state economic regulation is given. The dynamics of unemployment, employment, and labor force participation are analyzed. The success of the authorities in achieving the aims of the employment state regulation is demonstrated. A comparison of the current trends in employment and economic development is shown. The consequences for the employment sphere during the economic crisis of the Russian Federation in recent years are considered. The changing characteristic of the population’s standard of living, real disposable money income, poverty level is presented. The established and current trends in the structure of employment changes in the scale of the Russian Federation, federal districts and constituent entities of the Russian Federation are revealed. The socio-economic consequences of the situation around employment are analyzed. The characteristic of the number of employed poor people is given. The expert estimates of the shadow economy increasing are given. The estimations of the informal sector of the economy volumes are presented. The estimation of the achieving the goals degree of the authorized state employment agencies is provided. The causes of a systemic crisis of state employment of the population are identified. The necessity of more complete participation of the state government employment in the development and implementation of the socio-economic development policy of the Russian Federation has been substantiated. The proposals for the strategies establishment for the future development of employment services in the regions of the Russian Federation and their inclusion in the system of strategic planning documents are presented.

Is it all about money? A qualitative analysis of problem gamblers' conceptualisations of money.

Aim:Money is an essential element in gambling but gambling disorders are more often discussed from the perspective of individual and psychological experiences than in the context of financial practices. Losing money is often among the first signs of problem gambling as well as being a motive for treatment-seeking. This article asks: what kinds of practices and meanings do problem gamblers assign to money in their everyday lives?Design:The data consist of 17 individual interviews with problem gamblers in Finland. The participants form a heterogeneous group of people with different financial backgrounds. Their discourses on money are systematically organised into a structured qualitative content analysis.Results:The results reveal four main conceptual traits of money as an everyday gambling-related problem: (1) a compelling need for money; (2) disposable money defining the tempo of gambling; (3) the balance between using money for gambling and spending it on other matters of everyday life; and (4) gradual spiral of increased money-related problems.Conclusions:Problem gambling re-organises the uses and sources of money in everyday life, and changes the meanings of money. Nevertheless, gambling spending does not seem to be utterly out of control, rather, on one hand, disposable income organises spending episodically, and on the other hand, problem gamblers exercise a certain degree of control over their household expenses. This observation could promote problem gamblers’ sense of control when recovering.this page for more information about identifying these."-->

Has the role of personal income in alcohol drinking among teenagers changed between 1983 and 2013: a series of nationally representative surveys in Finland

ObjectiveAffordability is known to be a key determinant of alcohol consumption, possibly even more important in adolescence. Relating adolescent drinking pattern developments over a period of time to trends in...

Money Income and Spending of Population

Since November 2014, the population’s real disposable money income have been steadily on the decline. Data for January – September 2015 point to a rising poverty rate. In 2015, the share of personal income spent on commodities and services hit its record low of the past 16 years. The share of saving in the personal money income structure significantly increased.

Продовольственное эмбарго и продовольственное импортозамещение: опыт России

Rational import substitution is a necessary element of the strategy of national food security, including effective export expansion. Russia's food embargo has helped to significantly decrease its dependence on agro-food imports, improve the balance of import-export relations, enhance their product and geographic diversification. If current trends maintain, Russia by 2020 will be able to balance the agri-food imports and exports, and then to become the net exporter of food. The embargo has also contributed to maintaining high growth rates in advanced sectors of agriculture and food industries. The embargo has also contributed to maintaining high growth in advanced sectors of agriculture and food industries. However, the stimulating effect of the embargo waned, calling for increased state support of agribusiness development especially in the investment-innovation sphere. Organizational-structural, and consumer-social effects of the embargo and import substitution in general are controversial. It contributed to rapid expansion of large agriholdings, strengthening of their positions and the crowding out of the production of medium and small farms and companies. Consumer and social effects of the embargo are mostly negative. It has spurred inflation of producer price and consumer price of food, significantly decreased the purchasing power of real disposable money incomes of the population. To solve these problems without government food assistance to the9poor is unlikely. In general, both positive and negative potentials of the embargo are close to exhaustion. Further development of the process of rational import substitution requires more careful consideration consideration of its organizational, structural and socio-demographic aspects in the development of long-term agricultural strategy of Russia.

The Living Standards of the Population of the Russian Federation in January 2015

In January 2015, the real disposable money income of the population shrank by 0.8% on January 2014. The RF Government launched its ‘Plan of Priority Measures Designed to Ensure Sustainable Development of the Economy and Social Stability in 2015’, which addresses the sphere of employment and social safetynet.

Living Standards in Russia in November 2014

The household real disposable money income declined in November 2014 compared to that in the previous month and November 2013. The rise in wages of public sector employees in January–October 2014 was frozen. The level of inequality remained unchanged within the nine months of 2014 compared to that in the period of January to September 2013.

The Living Standards of the Population of the Russian Federation

The real disposable money income of the population over the first 7 months of 2013 rose by 4.3% on the corresponding period of 2012, which happened due to an increase in wages and a somewhat less pronounced increase in pensions. The year 2013 saw a persisting though negligible upward trend in the movement of the money income inequality index. The alterations introduced in 2013 into the methodology applied for estimating the subsistence level resulted in its upward adjustment which, in its turn, pushed up the poverty level indices. When calculated in accordance with the previously applied subsistence level estimation methodology, the poverty level indices for Q1 2013 turned out to be lower than the corresponding indices for Q1 2012.

Association between socio-economic status and sexual behavior of adolescents

Numerous studies have emphasized the importance of contextual factors as determinants of sexual behaviour of adolescents. It has been found that lower socioeconomic status is associated with risky sexual behaviour. Sexual behaviour is individual but develops under strong influence of cultural and other influences. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of family's socioeconomic status and risky sexual behaviour of adolescents in Belgrade. Self-administred questionnaire was used in secondary schools in Belgrade, and 1,782 adolescents attending first grade filled the questionnaire. For the analyses of predictors of risky sexual behaviour, multiple logistic regression was used. Parents'ocupations did not show significant association with any of analysed behaviours. Adolescents who received weekly disposable money above average were 2.5 times more likely to ever have had sexual intercourse, and if sexually active were more likely to use contraception. Perceived family's wealth was a significant predictor of ever having sex (OR = 1.9; CI 1.2-2.8) and not using contraception (OR = 4.3; CI 1.2-15.0). Socioeconomic status is associated with sexual behaviours of adolescents. Fifteen-year olds who perceive their families as wealthier are more likely to ever have had sex and not use any kind of contraception. Adolescents with higher weekly income are more likely to ever have had sex and use contraception than their counterpats with less weekly disposable money.

Trends in disposable income among teenage boys and girls in Finland from 1977 to 2003

AbstractThis article explores changes in the money Finnish young people aged 12–18 years have at their disposal, over a 26‐year period 1977–2003. Previous studies suggest that the amount of money young people have is not necessarily dependent on traditional socio‐economic variables, but there are no systematic studies on the development of the disposable income of the teenagers. The analyses of this study are based on a series of 14 biannual nationally representative surveys of 12‐, 14‐, 16‐ and 18‐year‐olds in Finland from 1977 to 2003, with a total of 84 404 respondents. Time‐trends are shown and analysed by gender, family structure, place of residence and socio‐economic status of family using analysis of variance and linear regression modelling. The results show that teenagers’ disposable money has increased little between 1977 and 2003 in comparison with the general income development. Economic booms and depressions can be seen in rising and falling amounts of disposal money, particularly among 16‐ to 18‐year‐old respondents. There were also significant differences between the genders. Young boys clearly had more money at their disposal than young girls. Children of single parents had more money than their peers from nuclear families. Urban youth had more money than those living in the countryside and the difference increased during the period under examination. The socio‐economic position of the family had little impact.

Public Policy, Economic Inequality, and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective*

Objective. This article compares recent levels and trends in economic inequality in industrialized nations, largely those belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. We also examine the effects of government policies and social spending efforts on inequality.Method. We use data from the Luxembourg Income Study and the U.S. Congressional Budget Office to measure disposable money income on an annual basis for 30 nations around the end of the 20th century. We also convert the incomes of a set of rich nations into real 2000 U.S. dollars, using a standard measure of purchasing power parity to examine absolute differences in income inequality.Results. The United States has the highest overall level of inequality of any rich OECD nation at the beginning of the 21st century. Moreover, increases in the dispersion of total household income in the United States have been as large as, or larger than, those experienced elsewhere between 1979 and 2002. Government policies and social spending have lesser effects in the United States than in any other rich nation, and both low spending and low wages have a great impact on the final income distribution, especially among the nonelderly.Conclusion. We speculate on the role policy plays in the final determination of income inequality. We argue that these differences cannot be explained by demography (single parents, immigrants, elders) but are more likely to be attributed to American institutions and lack of spending effort on behalf of low‐income working families.

EFFECTS OF THE EARNED INCOME TAX CREDIT ON INCOME AND WELFARE

This paper uses the familiar static labor supply model to estimate the effects of the earned income tax credit (EITC) on disposable money income and welfare for the recipient population. Since about two-thirds of recipients, and 84 percent of total earnings, are in the phase-out range of the program, the emphasis is on this group. Using average values for compensated wage elasticities and total income elasticities from the empirical literature, it is estimated that nearly half of recipients in the phase-out range will reduce earnings enough so that their total disposable money incomes decline. In addition, the marginal net benefit averages less than 50 cents per dollar of program cost for this group.

The Trade-Off between Equality and Efficiency

This paper uses a 1976 microdata base to estimate the marginal cost of reducing income inequality with a policy that has distributional effects similar to the present tax-transfer system. The analysis uses a simulation methodology in which only the labor supply effects are evaluated; other behavioral effects are ignored. The most striking finding is that marginal cost is quite high even for modest labor supply elasticities. For example, in the benchmark case with a weighted-average economy-wide uncompensated wage elasticity of 0.2 (and compensated elasticity of 0.31), the disposable money income of upper-income quintiles of households is depressed by 9.51 for each dollar increase in the disposable money income of lower-income quintiles. When income equivalent values that take account of the value of leisure are compared, the marginal cost for this case is estimated to be 3.49.

The Relationship between Tangible Investment and Consumer Saving

HIS article is concerned with the deterT minants of consumer saving in the short run. Preoccupation with consumer saving springs from a desire to predict year-to-year changes in the over-all level of economic activity and to show the effect of consumers' actions on these year-to-year changes. As its central theme, the article focuses on and demonstrates the existence of a strong relationship between tangible consumer investment and consumer saving. Potentially, the use of this relationship, which has been hitherto overlooked, may enable economists to achieve better predictions of consumer saving. The analysis is restricted to the consumer sector only. (Thus, this article does not deal with the essentially entrepreneurial investments of consumers'whose occupation classification is self-employed businessman or farm operator.) Supporting data are introduced from the I94952 Surveys of Consumer Finances. Deflationary saving, or in net claims, defined as disposable money less total expenditures for goods and services, has been taken as our dependent variable. This variant of saving does not count as saving purchases of tangible assets such as houses or cars; only changes in claims to assets are counted as saving. We chose this variable because we are in-' terested in short-run fluctuations in the level of economic activity. Deflationary saving measures the extent to which the actions of economic units increase (the case of negative or decrease (the case of positive the circuit flow of The usual variants of saving which define saving as change in net do not measure directly additions to or subtractions from the flow and thus are less suitable for our purposes.' If the magnitudes and movements of the net worth variants of saving were highly correlated with deflationary saving, they could be used as proxies for it, but this is not the case.2 The question may legitimately be raised as to why we do not consider the use of Milton Friedman's3 (or saving) concept. The answer is that the permanent consumption concept is designed to eliminate just those transitory elements of consumption (or in which we are chiefly interested, namely those which account for most of the year-to-year variation in saving. For a similar reason we have employed measured income rather than income.