Disposable Income Research Articles

The Relationship Between Food Prices, Disposable Income, Perceived Impact of Inflation, and Nutrition Education in Guiding University Students’ Food Choices

The Relationship Between Food Prices, Disposable Income, Perceived Impact of Inflation, and Nutrition Education in Guiding University Students’ Food Choices

Unintended Consequences of Welfare Cuts on Children and Adolescents

This paper studies the effects of a large welfare benefit reduction on the children in the affected families. The welfare cut targeted adult refugees who received residency in Denmark, and it reduced their disposable income by 30 percent on average over the first five years. We show that children exposed to the welfare cut during preschool and school-age obtained lower GPAs, experienced reduced well-being and overall education levels, and suffered lower employment and earnings as adults. Children in their teens at exposure faced large increases in conviction probabilities for violent and property crimes. (JEL I26, I31, I38, J13, J15, J31, K42)

Analysis of the Combined Impact of Socio-Economic Factors on House Price Volatility in the Housing Market

As an important variable in China’s economic system, real estate price is a key point closely linked to the country’s economy and people’s livelihood. It is of great practical significance to study the impact of socio-economic factors in the housing market on China’s house prices and its transmission mechanism, so as to put forward corresponding policy recommendations for stabilizing house prices and preventing real estate market and financial risks. Taking China’s time series data from 2014 to 2023 as a sample, this paper empirically investigates the law of the relationship between socio-economic factors in the housing market and house price fluctuations by constructing a structural vector autoregressive model, and employs impulse response function and variance decomposition to analyze the relationship between the two dynamically. The study shows that the 15-period variance decomposition effect of itself and residents’ disposable income are the main influencing factors of house price fluctuation, and the degree of explanation of its fluctuation is 55.5% and 23.2% respectively. In a market economy, real estate prices fluctuate up and down around their value due to the law of value. Therefore, real estate prices cannot rise indefinitely, and the final result should be stabilized within a reasonable level.

Ekonomiczne determinanty popytu na ubezpieczenia na życie – ujęcie regionalne

Insurance has various functions in the economic and social spheres. Life insurance is a specific type of insurance, offered in the form of individual or group insurance. Research on insurance market at regional level is undertaken relatively rarely. The aim of the study presented in this paper is to identify economic factors determining the level of demand for individual and group life insurance on regional insurance markets. Dynamic econometric models for panel data (GMM estimator) with demand expressed in gross written premium per capita (life insurance density) have been used in the analysis. The research was carried out on the basis of data at voivodship level for the period of 2017–2021 from Statistics Poland and the Polish Financial Supervision Authority. The regression analysis demonstrated that an improving economic situation of the region and households’ growing disposable income positively affected demand for life insurance, while a poor situation on the labor market (indicated by the unemployment rate) had a reverse effect. Individual insurance demand responded stronger to changes in disposable income and the unemployment rate, whereas group insurance demand was more sensitive to changes in the region's economic situation. The level of insurance consumption observed in a given period is determined by that observed in the previous period, which indicates the phenomena occurring on this market are of a relatively stable character.

Stock Market Participation Awareness among University Students in Nepal

Financial Literacy amongst students is very important aspects. Therefore, as part of Financial Literacy, a study was conducted amongst 120 students of various colleges and fields to explore the awareness level of stock market investments in the Kathmandu valley. With a growing number of young investors entering the financial market, this research seeks to understand the factors that influence students' engagement with the stock market, particularly in a developing economy like Nepal. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, including surveys distributed to students across various colleges in Nepal. Findings reveal that while there is moderate awareness about the stock market among students, actual participation remains limited. The main barriers include a lack of financial literacy, limited disposable income, and perceived risks associated with stock investments. Furthermore, cultural attitudes towards saving and investing also play a significant role in shaping students' engagement with the stock market. The research underscores the importance of integrating financial education from the school level itself to equip students with the knowledge and confidence to participate in the stock market. This study contributes to the existing literature on financial literacy and investment behaviors, offering insights into the unique challenges faced by students in developing countries like Nepal. It emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to enhance financial literacy and foster a more inclusive financial ecosystem.

Individual determinants of job satisfaction among young adults in Poland

Abstract Job satisfaction is an essential factor influencing employees as well as employers. This study aims to identify and compare overall job satisfaction determinants among young adults in Poland in two dimensions, i.e., economic and socio-demographic. The ordered logit model was built upon the data collected in 2021 in a survey using the Computer Assisted Web Interview technique on a sample of 304 young adults aged 18–29 years in Poland. The results indicate that young adults’ job satisfaction in Poland is determined by wage satisfaction to the highest extent. It was also demonstrated that the impact of economic factors on job satisfaction is much stronger than that of socio-demographic ones. Individual income increases the probability of high job satisfaction to a greater extent than disposable income per person in a household. Moreover, the economic profile of education increases the probability of greater job satisfaction.

Characteristics and Influencing Factors of the Uncoordinated Coupling Between Higher Education and Regional Economy in Yunnan Province

The relationship between higher education and regional economy has always been a hot topic in academic circles. This paper explored the influencing factors of the uncoordinated coupling between higher education and regional economy in Yunnan Province from 2010-2021. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: Firstly, based on spatial durbin model, it studied the influence of the per capita disposable income of urban residents on the uncoordinated coupling between higher education and regional economy. The results show that per capita disposable income has a positive effect on the coordinated development between higher education and regional economy, but it has negative effect on the coordinated development between higher education and regional economy in neighboring cities. Secondly, A spatial heterogeneity analysis was based on the background of “Double First-rate”. The results show that after “Double First-rate”, the per capita disposable income of urban residents reduces the uncoordinated coupling between local higher education and regional economy, but improves the uncoordinated development between higher education and regional economy in the neighboring areas. Finally, expenditure on education and science both play a completely mediating role in the relationship between the per capita disposable income and uncoordinated coupling.

Pharmacy School Affordability for Pharmacy Technicians From 2004 to 2022

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the trends in pharmacy technician wages relative to pharmacy school tuition and fees for the first professional year (P1) from 2004 to 2022, and to assess the affordability of pharmacy education for those currently employed as technicians in a pharmacy. MethodsThis observational cross-sectional study used data from the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics to calculate median disposable incomes for pharmacy technicians and the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Tuition Trends Database to calculate cumulative sums of P1 in-state tuition and mandatory fees for pharmacy students. The primary outcome was the national change in the tuition affordability ratio, defined as the comparison of median disposable income with median total tuition and fees for P1. Changes in the tuition affordability ratio for the most affordable programs in each state were analyzed as a secondary outcome. ResultsThe study found that from 2004 to 2022, the median disposable income of pharmacy technicians nationally increased from $20,103 to $33,255, while median P1 tuition and fees rose from $13,223 to $36,183. The median tuition affordability ratio decreased from 1.52 in the 2004–2005 academic year to 0.92 in 2022–2023, indicating a 40% reduction in affordability. State-specific analysis revealed varying affordability ratios, with only Pennsylvania and Rhode Island showing an increase in affordability. ConclusionThe study highlights a significant decline in the affordability of pharmacy education, raising concerns about the economic barriers faced by prospective pharmacy students and calling for a reevaluation of financial strategies within the field.

High Out-of-Pocket Cost Burden of Mental Health Care for Adult Outpatients in the United States.

This report describes characteristics of patients who had high out-of-pocket (OOP) spending on mental health care relative to income. A sample of 8,923 U.S. adults with outpatient mental health visits was drawn from the 2018-2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Respondents who spent ≥10% of their disposable family incomes on OOP mental health visits were defined as having a high OOP cost burden. Using weighted percentages, the authors found that 2.4% of psychiatric outpatients had a high OOP burden; among those below the federal poverty level, 12.8% had a high OOP burden. Patients with a high (vs. low) OOP burden were statistically significantly more likely to be uninsured (7.5% vs. 2.4%) or diagnosed as having a substance use disorder (8.7% vs. 2.8%) or bipolar disorder (14.5% vs. 8.0%). Despite federal policies extending the availability of insurance for mental health care, many low-income psychiatric outpatients experience high OOP cost burden.

Income Inequality Considering the Cost of Living. An Admin-Data Approach Studying the Swiss Case

Cost of living is an important aspect of economic well-being, which is often neglected in inequality studies. Based on a Gini decomposition using admin data, this study estimates the relevance of minimum and average cost of living in Switzerland in relation to inequality and highlights the significance of direct taxes, everyday goods, housing, and health care premiums. Cost of living significantly increases disposable income inequality. Regional differences exist, which are primarily attributed to the design of welfare instruments.

A Qualitative Study on Counterfeit Consumption in Kuwait

Purpose: This study explores the phenomenon of counterfeit luxury goods consumption in Kuwait, influenced by high disposable incomes, social status importance, and Islamic norms. The research aims to understand the socio-psychological motivations behind purchasing counterfeit luxury products.Study design/methodology/approach: Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and netnography. Semi-structured interviews provided in-depth exploration of participants' experiences, while netnography captured real-time online interactions and discussions.Sample and data: The study involved semi-structured interviews with 21 participants familiar with counterfeit luxury brands, predominantly under 30 years old. Additionally, 372 comments were collected from Instagram for the netnographic analysis to understand consumer behaviors and attitudes.Results: The study reveals that socio-psychological factors significantly impact counterfeit product consumption. Social conformity and public image influence counterfeit luxury consumption in Kuwait. Fashion consciousness and financial considerations, prioritizing visual appeal and cost savings over authenticity, are also highlighted. The hedonic experience associated with buying and using counterfeit products emerged as a significant motivator.Originality/value: This research provides a nuanced understanding of counterfeit consumption within a unique cultural and religious context, contributing to the limited literature on the subject in the Middle East. It offers insights for policymakers and brand managers to develop strategies addressing this issue.Research limitations/implications: The qualitative nature and convenience sampling limit the generalizability of the findings. Future research could expand to include different socio-economic backgrounds for a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon.

Measurement and Influencing Factors of Total Factor Water Resources Utilization Efficiency in the Yellow River Basin

This paper focuses on the total factor water resources utilization efficiency (WRUE) as the research object, employing the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) model based on the transcendental logarithmic production function to measure the WRUE of nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin of China from 2012 to 2021, obtains WRUE values for each province. And then, we perform a regression analysis of influencing factors using the Tobit model. The results indicate that: (1) The average value of WRUE of nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin is 0.541, which deviates greatly from the fully effective frontier of SFA, with an overall downward trend during the study period. (2) There is a significant polarization of WRUE among the provinces. Inner Mongolia exhibits the highest WRUE at 0.978, close to the SFA efficient frontier, while Ningxia has the lowest WRUE at only 0.314; the remaining provinces display efficiency values between 0.4 and 0.6. (3) Among the influencing factors affecting the WRUE, the value added of the primary industry, per capita disposable income, and the number of reservoirs have a significant positive impact on the WRUE. In contrast, the value added of the secondary industry, local financial environmental protection expenditures, comprehensive water supply production capacity, and per capita daily water consumption negatively affect the WRUE.

Analysis of Multiple Marketing Strategies and their management in food and beverages brands in India

Over the years, the changing purchasing habits of Indian consumers have seen a tremendous transition. A better state of the economy, exposure to international media, travel abroad, the degree of urbanisation, educational attainment, and the introduction of new employment prospects in the service sector, such as in information technology. Some of the drivers include call centres and shopping that affects consumer habits. Due to economic changes implemented two decades ago, the middle class has grown significantly. In India, altering spending habits are occurring as disposable income rises. For international beverage manufacturers, India's beverage industry is a significant market. The food sector in India is extremely profitable thanks to rising standards of living and population expansion. Indian society's traditional economic environment was different from its current environment. The majority of Indian consumers gave home-cooked cuisine a strong preference. Contrarily, the current practise of eating out is quickly altering Indian society's perspective. Due to the fast-paced modern lifestyle, hectic schedules, competition, rise in the number of working women, nuclear family concept, etc., many fast-food franchises have now established themselves in India.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Performance of Selected Bakeries in Abuja, Nigeria

The food industry's role in developing any economy cannot be over-emphasized due to the significant investment of disposable income into the sector. However, the sudden emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic attracted global attention and significantly disrupted many countries' economic sectors. The study determined the production pattern of the Bakeries in Abuja and further assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Bakery performance in Abuja. The study covers only staff selected from twenty (20) bakeries in Abuja using a multistage sampling technique. The first stage involved the selection of twenty (20) bakeries extracted from the listing of master baker’s association of Abuja using a purposive sampling technique. The second stage is the selection of ten (10) staff from each selected bakery in the study area using a simple random sampling technique, thus, making a total of 200 respondents to participate in the study. Data were obtained using a set of questionnaires along with interviews. Secondary data were sourced from the internet, libraries, Journals and reports. Data obtained were analysed using frequency counts, percentages, mean ratings, and Analysis of variance (ANOVA). The study revealed that Bakeries made nine (9) distinct aggregate products in Abuja. These comprise a combination of butter-filled Bread, Chocolate Bread, Wheat Bread, and Low-fat Bread. These products were indicated to be produced always by the bakeries. Finally, the analysis showed that there is a statistically significant (P<0.05) difference in the variation between the mean rating of Increase in sales volume (2.82), Increase in customer satisfaction (3.38), Increase in customer loyalty (3.49) and Customer buying decision (3.45). The study further shows that there is a statistically significant (P<0.05) difference in the variation between the mean rating of the Bread distribution (2.98). The study concludes that the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown significantly impacted the performance of bakeries in Abuja and recommends that the adopted quality of products be sustained to enhance this performance.

Consumer Behaviour Towards Durable Goods: A Study On Thiruvananthapuram District

Understanding consumer behaviour is fundamental to modern marketing, making it essential for effective marketing management. While consumers may articulate their needs and desires, their actual behaviour often diverges, reflecting deeper motivations they might not even recognize. India's consumer market is currently flourishing, fuelled by the nation's robust economic growth. This expansion is largely driven by a youthful population with increasing disposable incomes and easy access to financing options, leading to remarkable market outcomes. The challenges posed by consumer behaviour are becoming more pronounced, especially in the context of durable goods. In recent years, the popularity of durable goods in India has surged, with the introduction of various products bringing about significant changes in consumer tastes and preferences

Tradeoff between air pollution and economic benefits in migration dynamics: Evidence from China

This paper investigates how environmental amenity and economic benefits are balanced in migration dynamics from the individual perspective. We construct a structural model based on the dataset that combines PM2.5 concentration data from NASA and migration information from the China Migration Dynamic Survey (CMDS). Thermal inversion is used as a source of exogenous shock in air pollution to address the omitted variable bias. The results indicate that if the ambient concentration of PM2.5 at destinations increases 1 μg/m3, the probability of migration at the individual level will decrease by 0.90 %. A battery of robustness checks is implemented, including different approaches to measuring migration decision, using imputed wage instead of disposable income, using different IV and proxy variable. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the deterrence effect of air pollution is more pronounced for the following groups: migrants who are male, move from a rural residence, or to a coastal destination, belong to working-age population, engage in a tertiary industry, have a postgraduate-level education, and support two or more elders.

House prices and credit as transmission channels from monetary policy to inequality: Evidence from OECD countries

Using a panel vector autoregressive model, this paper assesses the impact of monetary policy on the Gini coefficient of disposable income for 30 OECD countries between 1995Q1 and 2019Q4. We assume house prices and household credit as transmission channels, representing households’ financial balance. To capture the effect of the financial crisis, the analysis further distinguishes the period that started in 2008Q4. We find that a contractionary monetary policy increases the Gini coefficient in a moderate way. For the entire period, house prices are an effective transmission channel, a positive shock decreasing inequality, while credit is not statistically significant. Following the crisis credit stands out as the transmission mechanism, a positive credit shock reducing the Gini coefficient, while house prices lose relevance. These results are robust to different model specifications.

Determinants of Private Consumption Expenditure in Australia: ARDL Study

This paper studies the relationship among non-public intake expenditure and independent variables that encompass GDP, population number, interest price, and inflation price in Australia at some point of the duration from 1960 to 2022using the Autoregressive disbursed Lag version (ARDL). The studies additionally ambitions to take a look at the impact of displacement among non-public intake spending and government consumption spending using a model (ARDL). The have a look at determined that there may be an advantageous and enormous dating between personal intake spending and each output and populace in the end. Ultimately, a 1% growth in GDP is related to a zero.8% boom in private consumption pending, and a 1% boom in populace is associated with a zero.3% increase in private consumption spending. However, there is an inverse and tremendous dating among private consumption spending and both interest rate and government consumer spending in the long run. Ultimately, a 1% boom in the interest rate is associated with a 0.2% lower in private consumption spending, and a 1% growth inside the inflation rate is related to a 0.1% lower in private consumption spending. Inside the quick term, there's a high-quality and substantial dating between private consumption spending and both output and population. Within the short term, a 1% increase in GDP is associated with a zero.6% growth in private consumer spending, and a 1% increase in population is associated with a 0.2% growth in private consumer spending. However, there is an inverse dating among private consumer spending and short-time period interest rate, within the quick term, a 1% increase within the interest price is related to a 0.1% decrease in private consumer spending. The findings of this study advise that the imperative financial institution can use financial coverage equipment order to persuade the intermediate objective of monetary policy and have an effect private consumer spending and aggregate demand. Taxes can also be used as one of the fiscal coverage gear to persuade disposable income which will change private client spending and combination demand.

The Research of Real Estate Price Bubble in Case of Hengda Real Estate Company

Real state bubble refers to a continuous process of abrupt increase of selling price which excesses value. Therefore the economy is so full of bubbles that cannot reflect material wealth. When the price is too high to afford by consumers, the whole industry have risk to collapse. In order to research reasons lead to real estate bubble, this paper uses liner regression method to explore factors that influence real state selling price. As a result, the real state selling price is positive relative to land price and resident disposable income and negatively relative to interest rate. Additionally, this research also takes a example of Hengda to prove the result.

Spatial patterns and their influencing factors for China’s catering industry

The catering industry plays an essential role in providing life services. Understanding its spatial patterns offers insights into the economic, cultural and spiritual image of a society. Especially in urban settings, the catering industry is often considered a key element for improving the competitiveness of cities. With rapid urbanization and economic growth in China, the catering industry has become the main driving force to stimulate China’s service sectors. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive spatial analysis to explore the distribution patterns by calculating kernel density and applying the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model with 4.49 million restaurants across 336 cities in China in 2020. The restaurants were categorized into four types: Chinese restaurants (CRs), Western restaurants (WRs), fast-food restaurants (FFRs), and dessert and drink restaurants (DDRs). We incorporated a diverse set of socio-economic indicators to explore potential causal influences, including population size and density, GDP, etc. Our study revealed a gradual decrease in restaurant density from southeast to northwest China, with high density observed in the Pearl River Economic Delta, Yangtze River Economic Delta, Chongqing, and Chengdu regions. In terms of the potential influencing factors, we observed that in west and southwest regions, density appeared to be more affected by GDP per unit area, total tourism revenue, disposable income per capita of urban residents, and total retail sales of social consumption. While in northeast areas, restaurant density was more affected by total retail sales of social consumption, GDP per unit area, number of urban population, and the proportion of tertiary industry in GDP. These insights serve as a direct scientific foundation for informing the strategic planning of different types of restaurants at municipal, provincial, and regional levels.