Display Form Factors Research Articles

Transparent Micromesh Patterned OLED Fabricated Using the In-Situ Deposition Process of an Ultrathin Mg:Ag Interconnection Layer.

TOLEDs (transparent organic light-emitting diodes) have emerged as one of the most promising ways to implement next-generation display form factors. Transparent OLEDs can provide new added value to HMDs (head mounted displays), automobiles, smart windows, mobile devices, TVs, etc. through their transparency, which allows objects to be seen from the other side. However, previous approaches using metal thin films have faced limitations in attempting to achieve high transmittance. In this study, TOLEDs were designed using a new cathode structure consisting of an interlayer and an emission pattern layer, and these layers connect the light-emitting part and the nonemitting part by themselves without requiring the use of another interconnection layer. This structure, which was intended to improve transmittance, was implemented by applying an in situ evaporation process that adds only one shadow mask without the need to use any difficult methods. Through this process, the optimal condition was found when the light-emitting part was deposited in a mesh pattern with a length of 120 μm and a width of 80 μm, in which case the transmittance of the TOLED improved by up to 83% while maintaining electro-optical performance. It was also confirmed that this new structure can be applied to flexible devices.

Latest Advances in Narrow‐Band Phosphors and Their Role in Color Management

Latest Advances in Narrow‐Band Phosphors and Their Role in Color Management

3D Shape‐Morphing Display Enabled by Electrothermally Responsive, Stiffness‐Tunable Liquid Metal Platform with Stretchable Electroluminescent Device

Abstract3D displays are of great interest as next‐generation displays by providing intensified realism of 3D visual information and haptic perception. However, challenges lie in implementing 3D displays due to the limitation of conventional display manufacturing technologies that restrict the dimensional scaling of their forms beyond the 2D layout. Furthermore, on account of the inherent static mechanical properties of constituent materials, the current display form factors can hardly achieve robust and complex 3D structures, thereby hindering their diversity in morphologies and applications. Herein, a versatile shape‐morphing display is presented that can reconfigure its shape into various complex 3D structures through electrothermal operation and firmly maintain its morphed states without power consumption. To achieve this, a shape‐morphing platform, which is composed of a low melting point alloy (LMPA)‐graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)‐elastomer composite, is integrated with a stretchable electroluminescent (EL) device. The LMPA in the composite, the key material for variable stiffness, imparts shape memory property and forms conductive pathways with GNPs enabling rapid electrothermal actuation. The stretchable EL device provides reliable illumination in 3D shape implementations. Experimental studies and proof‐of‐concept demonstrations show the potential of the shape‐morphing display, opening new opportunities for 3D art displays, transformative wearable electronics, and visio‐tactile automotive interfaces.

Fabrication of practical deformable displays: advances and challenges

Display form factors such as size and shape have been conventionally determined in consideration of usability and portability. The recent trends requiring wearability and convergence of various smart devices demand innovations in display form factors to realize deformability and large screens. Expandable displays that are foldable, multi-foldable, slidable, or rollable have been commercialized or on the edge of product launches. Beyond such two-dimensional (2D) expansion of displays, efforts have been made to develop three dimensional (3D) free-form displays that can be stretched and crumpled for use in realistic tactile sensation, artificial skin for robots, and on-skin or implantable displays. This review article analyzes the current state of the 2D and 3D deformable displays and discusses the technological challenges to be achieved for industrial commercialization.

CES 2022: Less is More

AbstractScaled‐down show still delivers top‐notch exhibits and innovation aplenty.

17‐2: Invited Paper: Simulation Based Artificial Intelligence for Displays

In this paper, simulation‐based artificial intelligence is applied to discover new materials, and to aid in backplane and module design in order to realize high performance organic light emitting diode displays. Additionally, image quality restoration based on deep learning is introduced for a new display form factor in which the camera is positioned beneath the display panel.

Bright‐Multicolor, Highly Efficient, and Addressable Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Fibers: Toward Wearable Textile Information Displays

AbstractFiber‐based light‐emitting devices, which can be directly integrated into daily clothes, have emerged as a next‐generation display form factor that can provide informational hyper‐connections between humans and devices. However, although various approaches have provided advanced wearability, challenges remain for visualizing information, such as high power consumption resulting from high driving voltage and low current efficiency (CE), limited brightness making information difficult to recognize, and lack of addressability for displaying information. Here, a novel fiber‐based textile display that can surmount those challenges by successfully introducing phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (phOLEDs) based on a dip‐coating method and an addressable structure on cylinder‐shaped fiber is reported. The fiber phOLEDs exhibit unprecedented optoelectronic performance, including brightness, CE, and driving voltages comparable to those of conventional glass‐based OLEDs. Particularly, they show the highest CE values of 16.3, 60.7, and 16.9 cd A–1 for red, green, and blue, respectively, among results reported thus far. Also, the fiber phOLEDs with an addressable structure implementing independent pixels can be operated by the matrix‐addressable scheme. Based on unique deformability which is confirmed by flexibility tests, the performance capabilities, and addressability, letter information can be successfully visualized on daily clothes, demonstrating the potential for realizing truly wearable textile displays.

Slim-panel holographic video display

Since its discovery almost 70 years ago, the hologram has been considered to reproduce the most realistic three dimensional images without visual side effects. Holographic video has been extensively researched for commercialization, since Benton et al. at MIT Media Lab developed the first holographic video systems in 1990. However, commercially available holographic video displays have not been introduced yet for several reasons: narrow viewing angle, bulky optics and heavy computing power. Here we present an interactive slim-panel holographic video display using a steering-backlight unit and a holographic video processor to solve the above issues. The steering-backlight unit enables to expand the viewing angle by 30 times and its diffractive waveguide architecture makes a slim display form-factor. The holographic video processor computes high quality holograms in real-time on a single-chip. We suggest that the slim-panel holographic display can provide realistic three-dimensional video in office and household environments.

Relationships between Flexible Display's Form Factors and its User Experience Types

It is expected that the flexible display will provide various physical forms of the interface through its bendable, rollable or foldable characteristics without any damage and these forms are considered as the core factors to deliver user experiences in the interface. In this study, we determined the ways of utilization of the form factors in the design phase of the user experience by analyzing the effectiveness of the flexible display’s form factors to each and every user experience type through a survey. The analyzed user experiences are Functionality, Understandability, Pleasure, Convenience, Familiarity, Stimulation, Adaptability, Collectivity, Reality, and Aesthetic; the results showed that each user experience type has a different level of effectiveness of the form factors. This indicated that particular user experiences and certain form factors are related and implies that the designer can use certain form factors to express particular user experiences.

69.1: Invited Paper: Materials and Component Solutions for Evolving Display Form Factors and Functionality

AbstractSeveral concurrent trends (large TV, small‐format viewing and novel functionality) are creating challenges for display components. In this paper, we review how component developments are progressing relative to these trends, including large substrates (Gen 10 and beyond), substrates with high thermal capability, and high‐strength cover glass.

Shaping the Display of the Future: The Effects of Display Size and Curvature on User Performance and Insights

ABSTRACT As display technology continues to improve, there will be an increasing diversity in the available display form factors and scales. Empirical evaluation of how display attributes affect user perceptions and performance can help designers understand the strengths and weaknesses of different display forms, provide guidance for effectively designing multiple display environments, and offer initial evidence for developing theories of ubiquitous display. Although previous research has shown user performance benefits when tiling multiple monitors to increase the number of pixels, little research has analyzed the performance and behavioral impacts of the form factors of much larger, high-resolution displays. This article presents two experiments in which user performance was evaluated on a high-resolution (96 DPI), high pixel-count (approximately 32 million pixels) display for single-user scenarios in both flat and curved forms. We show that for geospatial visual analytics tasks there is a benefit to larger displays, and a distinct advantage to curving the display to make all portions of the display more accessible to the user. In addition, we found that changing the form factor of the display does have an impact on user perceptions that will have to be considered as new display environments are developed.

Collaborative Web Search: Who, What, Where, When, and Why

Abstract Today, Web search is treated as a solitary experience. Web browsers and search engines are typically designed to support a single user, working alone. However, collaboration on information-seeking tasks is actually commonplace. Students work together to complete homework assignments, friends seek information about joint entertainment opportunities, family members jointly plan vacation travel, and colleagues jointly conduct research for their projects. As improved networking technologies and the rise of social media simplify the process of remote collaboration, and large, novel display form-factors simplify the process of co-located group work, researchers have begun to explore ways to facilitate collaboration on search tasks. This lecture investigates the who, what, where, when and why of collaborative search, and gives insight in how emerging solutions can address collaborators' needs. Table of Contents: Introduction / Who? / What? / Where? / When? / Why? / Conclusion: How?

High-resolution gaming: Interfaces, notifications, and the user experience

Advances in technology and display hardware have allowed the resolution of monitors – and video games – to incrementally improve over the past three decades. However, little research has been done in preparation for the resolutions that will be available in the future if this trend continues. We developed a number of display prototypes to explore the different aspects of gaming on large, high-resolution displays. By running a series of experiments, we were not only able to evaluate the benefits of these displays for gaming, but also identify potential user interface and hardware issues that can arise. Building on these results, various interface designs were developed to better notify the user of passive and critical game information as well as to overcome difficulties with mouse-based interaction on these displays. Different display form factors and user input devices are also explored in order to determine how they can further enhance the gaming experience. In many cases, the new techniques can be applied to single-monitor games and solve the same problems in real-world, high-resolution applications.

Frontiers in User‐Computer Interaction

In this age of (near‐)adequate computing power, the power and usability of the user interface is as key to an application’s success as its functionality. Most of the code in modern desktop productivity applications resides in the user interface. But despite its centrality, the user interface field is currently in a rut: the WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, Point‐and‐Click GUI based on keyboard and mouse) has evolved little since it was pioneered by Xerox PARC in the early ’70s. Computer and display form factors will change dramatically in the near future and new kinds of interaction devices will soon become available. Desktop environments will be enriched not only with PDAs such as the Newton and Palm Pilot, but also with wearable computers and large‐screen displays produced by new projection technology, including office‐based immersive virtual reality environments. On the input side, we will finally have speech‐recognition and force‐feedback devices. Thus we can look forward to user interfaces that are dramatically more powerful and better matched to human sensory capabilities than those dependent solely on keyboard and mouse. 3D interaction widgets controlled by mice or other interaction devices with three or more degrees of freedom are a natural evolution from their two‐dimensional WIMP counterparts and can decrease the cognitive distance between widget and task for many tasks that are intrinsically 3D, such as scientific visualization and MCAD. More radical post‐WIMP UIs are needed for immersive virtual reality where keyboard and mouse are absent. Immersive VR provides good driving applications for developing post‐WIMP UIs based on multimodal interaction that involve more of our senses by combining the use of gesture, speech, and haptics.