Display Quality Research Articles

Electrophoretic video display based on image semantic segmentation

AbstractElectrophoretic displays (EPDs) are popular in consumer electronics, like e‐readers and tags, for their paper‐like visuals and minimal power consumption. However, EPDs struggle to rapidly switch to target grayscales due to the inherent limitations in the response speed of their display particles. Video halftoning technology achieves a smoother video grayscale display, but it also inevitably reduces the image quality and affects the viewing experience. Therefore, this paper proposes an EPD driving method based on image semantic segmentation. The method could distinguish the dynamic region and the static region accurately. For static areas, high‐definition driving waveforms were used to ensure the image display accuracy. For the dynamic area, dynamic target and dynamic text were processed by different algorithms, respectively, and the speed‐driving waveforms were used to maintain the fluency and clarity of the video display. With the method we proposed, the display quality for EPD in complex video playback was optimized significantly. Compared to DBS refresh techniques, the SSIM had increased from 4% to 82% and the PSNR had increased from 2.56 dB to 10.89 dB with our method, significantly enhancing the video playback performance of EPDs.

Research on convolutional neural network to realize high-quality dynamic holographic display

There are still some challenges in the computation speed and reproduction quality of holographic display. In this paper, a method is proposed to realize a high-quality 3D holographic display by using a complex value convolutional neural network. Firstly, the layer-based method is used to cut and layer the object. The amplitude and phase of each layer of the object are calculated by a complex value network at the same time. Then, the output of the complex value type of the network is converted into a phase-only hologram, and each layer of the hologram is superimposed to reproduce the complete 3D object. In addition, a novel color convolutional neural network is used to generate R, G and B three-color holograms simultaneously, reducing the time required for three-channel recalculation of holograms. The proposed method only takes 16 ms to generate a hologram from single-layer object, the average peak signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed image is 28 dB, and the structural similarity exceeds 0.99, which realizes a high-quality dynamic holographic display. The experimental results confirm the feasibility of the proposed method and provide a new method for real-time holographic display of 3D object.

Pengaruh Price Discount, Store Atmosphere, Display Product, dan Kualitas Produk terhadap Pembelian Impulsif (Studi Kasus di Matahari Department Store Sidoarjo)

The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of price discounts, store atmosphere, product display, and product quality on impulse purchases at Matahari Department Store Sidoarjo. The research was carried out using a quantitative approach. The method used was purposive sampling with a sample size of 100 consumers of Matahari Department Store Sidoarjo. The data analysis technique uses multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The results of this research found that the price discount and product display variables had a positive and significant effect on impulsive purchases, store atmosphere and product quality had a negative effect on impulse purchases at Matahari Department Store Sidoarjo.

A comprehensive review of quality of experience for emerging video services

The recent advances in multimedia technology have significantly expanded the range of audio–visual applications. The continuous enhancement of display quality has led to the emergence of new attributes in video, such as enhanced visual immersion and widespread availability. Within media content, the video signals are presented in various formats including stereoscopic/3D, panoramic/360°and holographic images. The signals are also combined with other sensory elements, such as audio, tactile, and olfactory cues, creating a comprehensive multi-sensory experience for the user. The development of both qualitative and quantitative Quality of Experience (QoE) metrics is crucial for enhancing the subjective experience in immersive scenarios, providing valuable guidelines for system enhancement. In this paper, we review the most recent achievements in QoE assessment for immersive scenarios, summarize the current challenges related to QoE issues, and present outlooks of QoE applications in these scenarios. The aim of our overview is to offer a valuable reference for researchers in the domain of multimedia delivery.

Spectroscopic investigation of novel Eu3+ doped Na2LiAlF6 fluoroaluminate for solid state lighting applications

Red-emitting phosphors are crucial for sustainable white-light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) used in lighting. These materials significantly enhance the lighting and backlit display quality of phosphor-converted white LEDs (pc-WLEDs) by overcoming red deficiency. Luminescent properties of rare earth activated fluoride based inorganic compounds are most investigated due to its excellent spectral characteristics. In this paper we report the novel Na2LiAlF6 luminescent host material activated with Eu3+ rare earth ions synthesized by wet chemical method. The spectral analysis revels the excitation spanning in near UV region while emission spectra depict characteristic peaks transitioned in accordance with 5D0 to 7F1 and 7F2. Effect of concentration quenching, Color purity and temperature studied briefly which demonstrates that the prepared red emitting phosphor is useful in various device applications such as phosphor converted White light emitting diodes for fulfilment of red deficiency, solid state lighting, display technology as an essential red component.

Achieving zero-thermal quenching of Al2(WO4)3:Eu,Tb red phosphors with low thermal expansion for LEDs

Minimizing the emission loss with rising temperature is important to fundamental research and technological applications of phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes (pc-WLEDs). Red phosphor materials are crucial for improving the illumination and backlit display quality of pc-WLEDs. In this work, non-hygroscopic Al2(WO4)3:0.05Eu3+,0.05 Tb3+ (AWO:0.05Eu,0.05 Tb) red phosphors with low positive thermal expansion are successfully developed to simultaneously achieve zero thermal quenching (ZTQ) and a highly efficient red emitting. Under the optimal 397 nm NUV light excitation, AWO:0.05Eu,0.05 Tb exhibited a strong red emission at 618 nm with a high color purity (CP) of 99.71 % and a high internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 80.24 %. Furthermore, a warm pc-WLED device with suitable color coordinates (0.347, 0.317), high color rendering index (CRI = 90.2) and low color correlated temperature (CCT = 4737 K) was fabricated based on the as-prepared red phosphor AWO:0.05Eu,0.05 Tb. The findings suggest that the proposed phosphor holds significant promise as a red component for high-power warm pc-WLEDs, which may open up new ways for the exploration of high-performance lanthanide-activated red phosphors towards versatile applications.

P‐34: The Effect Analysis of Display Quality According to the AMOLED Pixel Arrangement

In the AMOLED display, many factors affect the user's visual perception, such as color ratio, refresh rate and drive ability of array circuit, pixel density and so on. In the past, the primary idea to improve the precision and smoothness of the display quality is to increase the pixel per inch (PPI) and optimize the sub pixel rendering (SPR) algorithm between pixel units. At present, the PPI has gradually stabilized at 400+ grade for mobile phone display, and the IC driver algorithm corresponding to the pixel arrangement of each panel factory has also stabilized gradually, therefore, more efforts are needed to optimize the pixel arrangement itself to further improve the quality of display panel without taking into account the above two factors. Bear this in mind, we systematically summarized the common pixel patterns to extract the key characteristics of pixel arrangement benefited to the display quality by simulating and analyzing the display effect, and then put forward several suggestions for the subsequent pixel arrangement design.

P‐85: The Methods to Improve Low‐gray Lens Mura

With the development of OLED display technology and the intensified competition in the OLED mobile phone product market, consumers are increasingly demanding the display quality of OLED mobile phones. The higher image quality requirements have prompted panel makers to minimize the impact of mura through process improvement, product design optimization, etc. Low‐gray lens mura is an important one which affect display quality. This paper provides an effective direction for optimizing the process parameters of exposure machine and product design to weakening the influence of lens mura.

18‐1: A Super‐fast and Precise Moiré Pattern Simulation Algorithm for Improving Antenna‐on‐Display Moiré Effect

This study introduces a super‐fast and precise simulation algorithm capable of generating human‐visible moiré patterns, taking into account real structures with diverse patterns. The simulation of entire area of a mobile phone screen can be completed in less than 10 minutes, demonstrating a remarkable efficiency improvement of approximately 1200‐fold compared to traditional ray tracing method. The improvement comes from that we use a simplified method of calculating geometric areas instead of the first‐principles approach used in ray tracing. Based on the proposed algorithm, the moiré patterns ofAoD are optimized and the display quality is guaranteed.

13‐3: Full Screen Fingerprint Display with Embedded Organic Photo‐detectors

This paper introduces the world's first fully integrated in‐cell fingerprint sensor display. Organic photodetector (OPD) is embedded into the state‐of‐the art flexible OLED display in the same horizental plane, thus identfis a fingerprint in the entire display active area and allows multple fingers sensing while maintaining high‐resolution display quality. Additionally, no increased thickness and process cost were expected due to the benefits from the integration. The manufactured fingerprint display obtained comparable results including a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of more than 8.5 and a False Rejection Rate (FRR) of less than 1 % in the entire display region when employing the proposed novel solutions to circumvent the integration issues. We belive the implementedfingerprint display could take a central role of display evolution in the security applications and documentation.

P‐179: Design of the Pixel Electrode to Improve the image sticking in FFS‐LCD

In this paper, a series of slit angle designs are designed to achieve the improvement of long‐term image sticking properties. The excellent image sticking of high slit angle design are attributed to the small flexo‐electric effect which is explained by using simulation and theory mode analysis, where the flexo‐electric maintains a lower level and the electric field provides a minor deformation. This novel pixel electrode design which optimizes the performance of image sticking, provides a new paradigm for the high picture quality of liquid crystal display.

24‐2: Invited Paper: Interaction between Duty Ratio and Eye Movement for Motion Artifacts

Previous research compared the motion artifacts under tracking and fixating conditions with moving stimulus and suggested that shorter duty ratios resulted in enhanced display quality by minimize motion blur in tracking condition (Hoffman et al, 2014). However, in real‐world, interactions between eye movements and stimulus motion are more intricate than their experimental setups. We investigated the interaction further by employing various eye movement and stimulus motion combinations: A. Smooth Pursuit + Moving stimulus, B. Smooth Pursuit + Stationary stimulus, C. Fixation + Moving stimulus, D. Saccade + Stationary stimulus, and E. Saccade + Moving stimulus. Participants compared short duty ratio (10%) and a long duty ratio (90%) stimuli at 60 Hz to a reference stimulus of a 100% duty ratio at 1440 Hz. Participants perceived the short duty ratio stimulus as more closely resembling the reference stimulus in condition A as in the previous study. Interestingly, in conditions B and E, participants reported the long‐duty ratio stimulus is more similar to the reference stimulus. There was no significant difference between short and long duty ratios in conditions C and D. These findings challenge the conventional assumption that less motion blur (associated with short duty ratio) is inherently more natural and suggest that even strong motion blur (associated with long duty ratio) can be perceived as more natural under specific conditions. This study underscores the importance of considering the complex interactions between eye movements, duty ratio, and stimulus motion when evaluating display image quality.

Design and fabrication of polygonal grating waveguide display with full-color 2D eye-box expansion

Over the past few decades, the surface relief grating (SRG) based waveguide display technology has attracted significant interest in the augmented reality community due to its light weight, small form factor and ease of mass production. However, the intuition grating structure restricts the optimization freedom which limits the display quality of full-color SRG waveguide. To address this issue the 2D polygonal grating is presented since it has a higher freedom degree in optimizing color uniformity compared to intuition grating structure. By using the 2D polygonal grating we also proposed a design approach of full-color SRG waveguide with hierarchical optimization method. To validate this design, a 2D polygonal grating-based waveguide composed of double layers waveguide was fabricated by using EBL and nanoimprinting technology. The final experimental results show that the 2D eye-box expansion (EPE) waveguide has a field of view (FOV) of 40°, an eye-box of 15 mm × 12 mm, at an eye relief (ERF) of 25 mm, and the overall luminance uniformity is 60 %.

Coupling‐Grafting‐Ultrasonication Modification of Electrophoretic Particles for Fast Response and High Contrast Ratio Electrophoretic Display

AbstractElectrophoretic displays (EPDs) show great promise in the field of information display because of their eye‐friendly feature and high ambient visibility. Enhancing electrophoretic particle preparation and optimizing charge properties are crucial for display quality, response speed, and the capability to show full color. Despite the various methods explored, achieving a balance among simplicity, cost‐effectiveness, high surface charge, rapid response, and contrast improvement remains challenging. This study introduces a coupling‐grafting‐ultrasonication (CGU) approach. The surface charge and stability of the particles are turned by precisely adjusting the thickness of the poly (lauryl methacrylate) (PLMA) layer. Through optimization, TiO2‐PLMA electrophoretic particles with a grafting mass of 10 exhibit a fast response (170 ms for white, 120 ms for black), high contrast (30), and demonstrated long‐term stability in EPD devices. Furthermore, the CGU method proves to be versatile for colored EPD particle preparation, providing a new direction for the future development of EPD.

CNN-based image splitting algorithm for dual-layer display

Dual-layer displays (DLDs) can achieve high dynamic range by reducing light leakage via bonding two LC panels. However, the physical distance between the two LC panels introduces a parallax error when the display is viewed off-axis. This paper proposes a convolutional neural network-based image splitting algorithm for improving the display quality of a DLD. In order to improve processing speed, the network structure is designed relatively simply. The training dataset is established mainly based on TV signals. Different from the common image evaluation metrics based on PSNR and SSIM, the paper proposes to apply learned perceptual image patch similarity (LPIPS) to define the loss function for DLDs. The simulation and experiment results show that compared with the existing method, the proposed method has better performance in reducing parallax error and improving image details. The processing time can be shortened by 2.7 times. The proposed CNN-based method can greatly reduce the processing time while maintaining high display quality, which presents high practicability.

Assessment of the definition varying with display depth for three-dimensional light field displays

In the three-dimensional (3D) light field display (LFD), display quality is the most important concern, and from an intuitive perspective, the quality will decline with the increase of display depth. When evaluating display quality, definition is one of the indispensable indicators. However, there is no universally accepted quantitative measure in the 3D display like resolution in the two-dimensional (2D) display. In this work, a voxel analysis model is utilized to investigate the variation of definition with depth and two resolutions, spatial resolution and perceived visual resolution, with corresponding measurement methods are proposed to quantify the definition of 3D LFDs. The experiments are performed on two LFD devices, and the relationship between definition and display depth is obtained and analyzed. The display effect at different depths and the impact of human eye characteristics on the perceived display definition is studied.

Pengaruh Kemudahan Penggunaan, Kepercayaan Konsumen, Kualitas Tampilan Dan Kualitas Informasi Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Scarlett Whitening Melalui Promosi Di Tiktok (Studi Kasus Mahasiswa/I FEB UM Metro)

This research is motivated by the high use of the internet in Indonesia, used by many peopleas a promising business opportunity. This can be seen from the many online stores that havesprung up on social media which are believed to be effective as a medium for promotingproducts, one of the social media currently widely used by the public is Tiktok. The purposeof this study was to determine the effect of ease of use, consumer trust, display quality andinformation quality on purchasing decisions. In this study, it was tested using multiple linearregression analysis calculations using the SPSS20 program. This type of research isquantitative research or verification research. Quantitative research is research that usesnumbers, and in this study there were 68 respondents. The data analysis technique used inthis research is multiple linear regression. The results showed that: 1) The ease of usevariable had a positive effect on purchasing decisions. 2) The variable of consumerconfidence has a positive effect on purchasing decisions. 3) The display quality variable hasa negative effect on purchasing decisions. 4) The information quality variable has a positiveeffect on purchasing decisions. 5) The variables of ease of use, consumer trust, quality of information has a positive effect on purchasing decisions, while the quality of display doesnot have a positive effect on purchasing decisions.

An Investigation of Online Consumers' Choices of Textiles and Clothing Color and Design

This study investigated online consumers’ purchase behaviour towards the colour and design of textile clothing. Bestseller products on Amazon's e-shop were collected for four categories in women’s clothing: Coats, jackets, vests, skirts, dresses and tops, tees, and blouses. The best-seller products ranked from the highest to the least at identified retrieval time were analysed for each category. The analysis was based on mixed methodology, combining qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse collected data relevant to colour and pattern design and the frequencies of choosing them. It was found that black was the most desired colour by online shoppers, followed by White. Therefore, black and white shades -not considered colours - are the most purchased online. This result would be due to these shades' independence from visual display qualities. This finding would interpret the challenge of marketing clothing and textile products through e-stores. Multi-colour designed textiles occupied the second position in textile design and colour. These results mean that online consumers preferred black and white shades and a designed clothing textile. Therefore, textile print design products could be more prominent in online markets than plain products of various brightness and saturation levels. These research findings support textile print designers in considering the specifications of online products in terms of design attributes, listing, and competitive advantage.

Recoding double-phase holograms with the full convolutional neural network

Herein, we proposed a method to recode double-phase holograms (DPHs) with a full convolutional neural network (FCN) for alleviating the fringes and spatial shifting noises in that. There are many fringes near the edge of the diffraction field due to the incomplete Fresnel zone plate, and the pixel-by-pixel encoding method of DPH will cause above fringes to appear in the reconstructed image of that as well. Besides, the spatial shifting noises generated during the conversion from complex-amplitude information to pure-phase information will also decrease the reconstruction quality and definition. Depending on the great nonlinear fitting ability of FCN, the proposed method can recode DPHs, alleviating the fringes and removing the spatial shifting noises effectively. Finally, the phase-only holograms with the resolution 2400 × 4096 have been generated in 0.06 s, which have a peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of 35.6 dB in the mean reconstruction quality. Optical results showed that compared with the conventional methods, the target images reconstructed by the proposed method have less noise and a higher display quality.

Self-steering Yagi-Uda antenna positioning system for television

The aim of this study is to develop a prototype that automatically improves the position of a Yagi-Uda antenna using a microcontroller and to illustrate its radiation pattern through the use of MATLAB<sup>®</sup>. This study is intended for students and professors in the electronics engineering field. This served as their educational materials for teaching antenna system principles and theories. Developmental and experimental methods were used to achieve the objectives. The materials and components generally used in this study are a Yagi-Uda antenna, stepper motor, Arduino Uno, L293D motor shield, USB TV stick tuner, slotted optocoupler, ADS1115, coax cable splitter, speaker stand, and timing belt. The statistical tool used in this study was a Z-test to find out if the experiment results were significant. In testing the effectiveness of the automatic antenna system, the TV display in every increment of 1.8° was taken. It was the basis for the effectiveness of the study. At 5% α/2 level (1.96), the computed z value is 1.76, which is less than 1.96. Therefore, there is no significant difference between the picture quality of the TV display at every angle and the desired angle with maximum reception of the signal with the integration of MATLAB<sup>®</sup>.