Display Monitor Research Articles

Defining the Position of the Right Wall of the Esophageal Hiatus to Identify the Circumferential Distribution of Small Lesions of the Lower Esophagus.

The reliability of methods for identifying the circumferential position of small lower esophageal lesions is unknown. We prospectively investigated a new method that presents lesion positions as times on a clock face. Eighty-seven patients were consecutively examined by endoscopy. After observing the esophagus, an endoscope was inserted into the stomach and fixed, and the greater curvature folds at the upper gastric corpus were set as horizontal on the endoscope monitor display. The scope was retrogressed into the lower esophagus. At this point, the right wall at the hiatus is at the 3 o'clock position (R-line). The scope was then retrogressed from the gastric angle to the cardia along the center of the lesser curvature in the retroflexed view to obtain the LC-line (the center of the lesser curvature at the cardia). The LC-line in the esophageal hiatus in the frontal view was then identified, and the angle between the R- and LC-lines (R-LC) was measured. After excluding 7 patients with hernias >2 cm and 3 with esophageal stenosis, data from 77 patients were analyzed. The R-LC angle ranged from -38° to +35°. The mean R-LC angle was -0.3°± 15.9°, and its 95% confidence interval was [-4.0°, 3.3°] within [-15°, + 15°]. When indicating lesion locations as times on a clock face, there was an error of ±30 min (±15°); therefore, R- and LC-lines were shown to be identical on an equivalence test. This new method allows the circumferential position of small lower esophageal lesions to be reliably represented as a clock face.

Assessment of Average Glandular Dose Received in Full-field Digital Mammography and Digital Breast Tomosynthesis

Objective: To assess the average glandular doses (AGD) from full-field digital mammography (FFDM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). Material and Methods: Radiographic exposure parameters target/filter, tube voltage, and tube current were collected from 50 patients. Patient information including age, breast thickness, entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) and AGD from the monitor display were also recorded. The tube outputs (tube voltage and tube loadings) at the reference points in both FFDM and DBT modes were measured. The AGD was calculated from ESAK by using the correction factors following the Technical Report Series no. 457 protocol. For the DBT mode, the AGD was calculated and corrected for the X-ray gantry rotation following the Dance et al. method. Results: The radiation doses to breasts in terms of ESAK and AGD from FFDM were 4.97±2.29 and 1.36±0.48 milligray (mGy) respectively. The third quartiles were 6.5 mGy and 1.67 mGy, findings which were lower than the standard Dose Reference Levels reported by the International Atomic Energy Agency recommendation (AGD 3 mGy/view for standard breast thickness with grid). For the DBT mode, ESAK and AGD were 6.49±2.10 mGy and 1.63±0.51 mGy. The third quartiles were 7.68 mGy and 1.81 mGy which were more than the FFDM mode by 23.0% and 17.0%, respectively. Conclusion: This study found that the AGD received from the DBT mode was higher than from the FFDM mode. Patients who underwent combination modes of mammographic examination increasingly received AGD up to 1.74 mGy. However, the AGD in our institute was still lower than the standard AGD recommendations.

Quantifying and Ranking Quality for Acquired Recordings on Digital Video Recorders.

As the closed-circuit television (CCTV) security industry transitioned from analog media to digital video recorders (DVRs) with digital storage, the law enforcement community struggled with the means with which to collect the recordings. New guidelines needed to be established to determine the collection method which would be efficient as well as provide the best quality evidence from live DVRs. A test design was developed to measure, quantify, and rank the quality of acquisition methods used on live systems from DVRs typically used in digital CCTV systems. The purpose was to determine guidelines for acquiring the best quality video for investigative purposes. A test pattern which provided multiple quantifiable metrics for comparison between the methods of acquisition was used. The methods of acquisition included direct data download of the proprietary file and open file format as well as recording the video playback from the DVR via the available display monitor connections including the composite video, Video Graphics Array (VGA), and high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI). While some acquisition methods may provide the best quality evidence, other methods of acquisition are not to be discounted depending on the situation and need for efficiency. As an investigator that needs to retrieve video evidence from live digital CCTV systems, the proprietary file format, overall, provides the best quality evidence. However, depending on the circumstance and as recording technology continues to evolve, options other than the proprietary file format may provide quality that is equal to or greater than the proprietary file format.

Investigation of using quadcopter as a means of acoustic and optic surveillance

The main problem in performing optic and acoustic surveillance is the distance. Using quadcopters for gaining access to optic and acoustic information allows coming closer to the places of storing, processing and transmitting of information, suggesting that the interception of this information might be unauthorized. The object of surveillance can be located in the places traditionally inaccessible for normal surveillance – on (restricted areas) closed grounds or on a high floor. The objective of this article is theoretical and practical investigation of using civil unmanned aircrafts to perform surveillance. The basic task of acoustic surveillance is to determine the possibility of receiving and recording the signal of appropriate quality in spite of the noises of the quadcopter itself on the basis of the methods of calculation of discrete word intelligibility index developed by N. B. Pokrovsky. The basic task of optic surveillance is to determine the distance of text recognition on the monitor display or paper using traditional cameras installed on quadcopters. The special task is to choose the parameters of a quadcopter, which can be used for the objectives, to determine its possible characteristics of noise, weight, energy and size. In conclusion, the authors determined critical conditions of quadcopter use in acoustic and optic surveillance for understanding the range of necessary preventive measures against technical leak of information.

Spatial Perception of 3D CAD Model Dimensions and Affordances in Virtual Environments

Design understanding and needed level of the accompanying spatial skills that enable it depend on information input provided by a visual representation of a design solution. During product development, designers use models to visually represent a design solution. These visual representations can be mediated by various technologies (for example, an immersive virtual reality (IVR) technology or 2D user interfaces such as a monitor display), providing designers with different types of information. Capabilities of an IVR technology such as stereopsis, eye-height reference, spatial updating, and multimodal interaction, have shown a potential to mitigate the cognitive load and the need for highly developed spatial skills enabling design understanding. Nevertheless, specific design understanding aspects for which IVR technology may be beneficial over conventional 2D user interfaces are yet to be clarified. The conducted experiment aimed to explore differences in designers’ spatial perception of spatial properties and relations (affordances) of a design solution in virtual environments (VEs). The design solution was presented by a 3D CAD model in immersive virtual environment (IVE) and non-immersive virtual environment (nIVE). IVE was mediated using the IVR technology ( head-mounted display ; HMD), while nIVE using the conventional 2D user interface (a monitor display, a mouse, and a keyboard). Results indicate that engineering students more accurately perceive spatial properties in the IVE than nIVE. Besides, it is suggested that the likelihood of making the correct judgment of the affordance is similar in both VEs.

Study of Multimodal Interfaces and the Improvements on Teleoperation

Research in multimodal interfaces aims to provide immersive solutions and to increase overall human performance. A promising direction is to combine auditory, visual and haptic interaction between the user and the simulated environment. However, no extensive comparison exists to show how combining audiovisuohaptic interfaces would affect human perception and by extent reflected on task performance. Our paper explores this idea and presents a thorough, full-factorial comparison of how all combinations of audio, visual and haptic interfaces affect performance during manipulation. We evaluated how each combination affects the performance in a study ( $N=25$ ) consisting of manipulation tasks with various difficulties. The overall performance was assessed using both subjective measures, by assessing cognitive workload and system usability, and objective measurements, by incorporating time and spatial accuracy-based metrics. The results showed that regardless of task complexity, the combination of stereoscopic-vision with the virtual reality headset increased performance across all measurements by 40%, compared to monocular-vision from a generic display monitor. Besides, using haptic feedback improved outcomes by 10% and auditory feedback accounted for approximately 5% improvement.

Intraoperative 3D Hologram Support With Mixed Reality Techniques in Liver Surgery.

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of an intraoperative 3D hologram, which was a computer graphics model liver, with mixed reality techniques in liver surgery. The merits for the application of a hologram for surgical support are: 1) no sterilized display monitor; 2) better spatial awareness; and 3) 3D images shared by all the surgeons. 3D polygon data using preoperative computed tomography data was installed into head mount displays, HoloLens (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA). In a Wi-Fi-enabled operative room, several surgeons wearing HoloLens succeeded in sharing the same hologram and moving that hologram from respective operators' angles by means of easy gesture-handling without any monitors. The intraoperative hologram contributed to better imagination of tumor locations, and for determining the parenchymal dissection line in the hepatectomy for the patients with more than 20 multiple colo-rectal liver metastases. In another case, the hologram enabled a safe Gliisonean pedicle approach for hepato-cellular carcinoma with a hilar anatomical anomaly. Surgeons could easily compare the real patient's anatomy and that of the hologram just before the hepatic hilar procedure. This initial experience suggested that an intraoperative hologram with mixed reality techniques contributed to "last-minute simulation," not for "navigation." The intraoperative hologram might be a new next-generation operation-supportive tool in terms of spatial awareness, sharing, and simplicity.

Use of Augmented Reality in Reconstructive Microsurgery: A Systematic Review and Development of the Augmented Reality Microsurgery Score

Augmented reality (AR) uses a set of technologies that overlays digital information into the real world, giving the user access to both digital and real-world environments in congruity. AR may be specifically fruitful in reconstructive microsurgery due to the dynamic nature of surgeries performed and the small structures encountered in these operations. The aim of this study was to conduct a high-quality preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) and assessment of multiple systematic reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2) compliant systematic review evaluating the use of AR in reconstructive microsurgery. A systematic literature search of Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases was performed using appropriate search terms to identify all applications of AR in reconstructive microsurgery from inception to December 2018. Articles that did not meet the objectives of the study were excluded. A qualitative synthesis was performed of those articles that met the inclusion criteria. A total of 686 articles were identified from title and abstract review. Five studies met the inclusion criteria. Three of the studies used head-mounted displays, one study used a display monitor, and one study demonstrated AR using spatial navigation technology. The augmented reality microsurgery score was developed and applied to each of the AR technologies and scores ranged from 8 to 12. Although higher quality studies reviewing the use of AR in reconstructive microsurgery is needed, the feasibility of AR in reconstructive microsurgery has been demonstrated across different subspecialties of plastic surgery. AR applications, that are reproducible, user-friendly, and have clear benefit to the surgeon and patient, have the greatest potential utility. Further research is required to validate its use and overcome the barriers to its implementation.

Joint Gaze Correction and Face Beautification for Conference Video Using Dual Sparsity Prior

Gaze mismatch is a common problem in video conferencing, where the viewpoint captured by a camera (usually located above or below a display monitor) is not aligned with the gaze direction of the human subject, who typically looks at his counterpart in the center of the screen. This means that the two parties cannot converse eye-to-eye, hampering the visual communication experience. A recent popular approach to the gaze mismatch problem is to synthesize a gaze-corrected face image as viewed from the screen center via depth-image-based rendering (DIBR), assuming texture and depth maps are both available at the camera-captured viewpoint. Due to self-occlusion, however, there will be missing pixels in the DIBR-synthesized view image that require satisfactory filling. In this paper, we propose to jointly solve the hole-filling problem and the face beautification problem (subtle modifications of facial components and contour to enhance attractiveness of the rendered face) using dual sparsity prior. Specifically, prior to the start of a video conference session, we first train two dictionaries separately offline using two large data sets: one with general face images, and the other with “beautiful” human faces, which means faces with high beauty scores. During the actual conference session, we solve the hole-filling and facial components beautification problems simultaneously by seeking two code vectors—one is sparse in the first dictionary and explains the available DIBR-synthesized pixels, the other is sparse in the second dictionary and matches well with the first vector in terms of feature space distance. This ensures an acceptable level of recognizability of the conference subject, while increasing proximity to “beautiful” facial features to improve attractiveness. Experimental results show naturally rendered human faces with noticeably improved attractiveness.

Heads-Up 3D Surgery under Low Light Intensity Conditions: New High-Sensitivity HD Camera for Ophthalmological Microscopes.

Purpose To determine the feasibility of performing intraocular surgeries in a heads-up position with low illuminance conditions by observing a display of the surgical field created by a three-dimensional imaging (3D) system. Methods Seventy-four eyes of 56 patients underwent cataract surgery (72 eyes) with the heads-up 3D surgery system; 60 eyes with cataract surgery alone, 7 eyes with combined cataract and glaucoma microdevice implant surgery, 5 eyes with combined cataract and vitrectomy surgery, and two eyes with vitrectomy surgery alone were studied. The illuminance from the surgical microscope was set to be dimmer (Leica M822F40 main light 2%; otto-flex 6%) than the usual setting to minimize the discomfort and glare for the patient. The surgeries were performed under topical anesthesia. The luminance of the images observed through the eyepieces of the operating microscope and the image of a 3D system created by a high-sensitivity sensor Exmor R 3CMOS HD camera (Sony MCC-1000MD) were measured. Results All surgeries were completed without any complications under the low illumination conditions. The surgical field on the display monitor was created by a 3D system using a high-sensitivity sensor camera and was observed in a heads-up position. The patients did not report any intolerable discomfort or glare during the surgery. Cataract surgeries were performed with a good view of the surgical field under the extremely low illumination from the surgical microscope. The high-sensitivity sensors and electronic amplifications of the image signals made the surgical field brighter and allowed the surgeon to perform the surgery confidently and safely. Conclusions Heads-up, 3D-assisted intraocular surgeries can be performed safely and efficiently with low illuminance of the surgical field. This trial is registered with UMIN000037838.

Polyvinyl Alcohol-Stabilized Liquid Metal Hydrogel for Wearable Transient Epidermal Sensors.

Wearable epidermal sensors are attracting growing interests in human activity monitoring and flexible touch display, but they are still limited by the poor self-healing property and the difficult dissolvable feature. Herein, we report polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-stabilized liquid metal particles (LMPs) (PVA-LMPs) hydrogels with excellent self-healing performance and the dissolvable feature for wearable epidermal sensors, constructed by dispersing LMPs of eutectic gallium and indium into the borate-modified PVA polymer networks. Interestingly, the PVA-LMPs hydrogels exhibited excellent electrically and mechanically self-healing ability. Moreover, the PVA-LMPs hydrogel can be fabricated as epidermal sensors, which can accurately monitor the human activities. Additionally, the epidermal sensors are dissolvable, showing an attractive feature for on demand transient electronics. It is demonstrated that the hydroxyl groups of PVA can stabilize LMPs via hydrogen-bonding interactions. Furthermore, the dynamic cross-linking bonds between hydrogels and LMPs can rupture and coalesce reversibly in the hydrogel network, which endow the hydrogels with both electrically and mechanically self-healing ability. This work shows the potential of constructing next-generation multifunctional hydrogel-based epidermal sensors for human activity monitoring, wearable healthcare diagnosis, portable electronics, and robot tactile systems.

The Impact of Concurrent Linguistic Tasks on Participants’ Identification of Spearcons

Spearcons (time-compressed speech) may be a viable display for patient monitoring, but the impact of concurrent linguistic tasks on spearcons has not been examined. We tested whether different concurrent linguistic tasks worsen participants’ identification of spearcons. Experiment 1 tested participants’ identification of spearcons representing 2 vital signs of 5 patients while participants did either no concurrent task, reading, or saying linguistic tasks. Experiment 2 tested identification of 48 single patient-monitoring spearcons while participants did no concurrent task, reading, listening, and saying linguistic tasks. In Experiment 1 the saying task worsened participants’ identification of spearcons compared with the other tasks. In Experiment 2, the saying and listening tasks each reduced participants’ accuracy at identifying spearcons, but the reading task did not. Listening had no more effect than the saying task did. Concurrent listening and saying tasks worsen participants’ identification of spearcons, probably due to auditory modality interference in working memory.

Construction of Intelligent Electricity Platform under the Background of Intelligent Fire Protection

In order to forecast and warn the electric fire accidents, and to provide support for the emergency rescue of the electric fire accidents, the intelligent electric monitoring system is applied to the electric fire. The system uses Internet of Things, Mobile Internet, Cloud Platform and Big Data Technology to realize real-time online monitoring and graphical display of current, leakage, temperature, harmonic and other parameters of electrical lines. Once the electrical parameters exceed the threshold, they will alarm at the mobile terminal, monitoring screen, computer and other terminals. After the intelligent electric fire alarm system is issued, the basic information of enterprises, surrounding environment information and emergency information can be viewed through the system, so as to improve the speed and efficiency of emergency rescue. The system can realize the early warning of electric fire and provide support for emergency rescue of electric fire accidents.

THE ROLE OF MONITORS IN THE VISUALIZATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE INFERIOR ALVEOLAR CANAL

<h3>Background</h3> The inferior alveolar canal (IAC) is a familiar landmark for dentists. Clear visualization of the IAC and its relationship with developing or impacted mandibular third molars is especially important. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has improved the ability for more accurate assessment of the IAC. <h3>Objective(s)</h3> The aim of this study was to determine if there is a difference in the ability to appropriately assess the third molar–IAC relationship between 3 different monitor types. <h3>Study Design</h3> In all,105 scans were randomized and evaluated by 2 calibrated and masked evaluators. Evaluation was performed on 3 different monitors: BARCO 3 MP medical-grade monitor, a prototype BARCO 2 MP monitor, and DELL ultrasharp monitor. Evaluations were completed in a dimly lit area. The luminance and ambient light were measured using a light meter. All 3 monitors were placed in same position for the evaluators and were adjusted such that the luminance was the same. The gold standard was established by 2 board-certified oral and maxillofacial radiologists and 1 oral and maxillofacial radiology resident, who assessed the data sets after the evaluation was completed and reached a consensus on the location of the IAC. <h3>Results</h3> The medical 3 MP monitor demonstrated the best interrater reliability with a percent agreement of 87% and a kappa value of 0.83. Accuracy was significantly greater with the medical-grade 3 MP compared with the consumer-grade display monitor, with an average increase in accuracy of 10.1%. A significantly higher accuracy (7.2%) was also obtained for the medical-grade 3 MP in comparison with the medical-grade 2 MP by 1 observer. <h3>Discussion/Conclusions</h3> This study found that the IAC can be well visualized and with a higher degree of accuracy on medical-grade display (3 MP) monitors compared with consumer-grade display monitors. The 2 MP prototype medical monitor showed a higher degree of accuracy compared with the consumer-grade monitor, although the differences were not statistically significant.

Lifeguarding Operational Camera Kiosk System (LOCKS) for flash rip warning: Development and application

A Lifeguarding Operational Camera Kiosk System (LOCKS) is developed and implemented at the North Beach of Port Washington, WI to provide real-time flash rip warnings to beach users for the first time. LOCKS has three components. First, a real-time environmental observation system acquires timely beach view images and local environmental condition data. Second, an integrated nowcast forecast operational system, a high performance and distributed computing infrastructure, digitally detects and assesses flash rip hazards in high, moderate or low risks. Third, an automated kiosk dynamically issues real-time warnings on site by a three-color dynamic lights and a digital display monitor. Results of flash rip detection show that the combined length threshold and HSV-based segmentation method can be used in both sunny and cloudy days with an overall accuracy of 83%. Nonstationary locations and intermittent occurrences of flash rips are observed and characterized. The length of the flash rip ranges between 10 and 50 m. The duration of flash rips varies from 1 to 5 min with 65% of flash rips less than 2 min. A flash rip occurrence checklist by adding two new (storm and visual observation) factors is constructed to reliably assesses the likelihood of hazardous flash rips. Public communication through media mentions, news releases, and website usages show the strong interest and support of the LOCKS as a new approach to issue timely and dynamic flash rip warnings to beach users. LOCKS can be used to issue warnings of other types of rips like bathymetry-controlled and boundary-controlled rip currents in the future.

The impact of concurrent linguistic tasks on participants’ identification of spearcons

Spearcons (time-compressed speech) may be a viable auditory display for patient monitoring; however, the impact of concurrent linguistic tasks remains unexamined. We tested whether different concurrent linguistic tasks worsen participants' identification of spearcons. Experiment 1 tested non-clinician participants' identification of multiple-patient spearcons representing 2 vital signs of 5 patients while participants performed no concurrent task, reading, or saying linguistic tasks. Experiment 2 tested non-clinician participants' identification of 48 single-patient spearcons while they performed no concurrent task, reading, listening, and saying linguistic tasks. In Experiment 1 the saying task worsened participants' identification of spearcons compared with no concurrent task or reading. In Experiment 2, the saying and listening tasks reduced participants' accuracy at identifying spearcons, but the reading task did not. Listening affected identification accuracy no differently than the saying task did. Concurrent auditory linguistic tasks worsen participants’ identification of spearcons, probably due to auditory modality interference in verbal working memory.

Design of monitoring system for marine power station based on DSP

Based on the experimental platform of marine power station, the design of the collection circuit was presented and the electrical parameters such as voltage, current, frequency and phase were collected by taking digital signal processor (DSP) in type of TMS320F2812 as the core controller. As regards the site jamming signal existed in power system, the full-wave differential Fourier algorithm was applied to improve the sampling process. It could completely eliminate the DC component and suppress the aperiodic component, while obtaining the accurate fundamental component. Furthermore, the necessary conditions for establishing an effective monitoring system were provided. Combined with the touch screen in type of WEINVIEW MT8100i, the data monitoring and alarm display of the marine power station were realized. The designed data collection and monitoring system can be continuously and stably operated on the experimental platform, which verifies the feasibility of the design.

Applications Research of Wireless Video Transmission Technology in Security Monitoring

With the development of monitoring industry from full analog monitoring to full digital monitoring system, monitoring transmission technology has also experienced from closed-circuit television transmission to lP wired network transmission. The security monitoring system based on wireless video is intuitive in form and rich in content. Wireless video intelligent monitoring and control part and display and recording part are applied in many places of society. Through the control operation of the camera host, the image captured by the camera is collected and sorted, and the image is input, stored and replayed through specific processing mode. Moreover, video intelligent analysis technology can greatly improve the efficiency of security monitoring and realize the unattended automatic security monitoring system. Gradually moving towards digital network development, the efficiency has been greatly improved and the security has been greatly enhanced. As an indispensable part of digital security system, wireless video transmission technology has become a powerful tool for modern management.

Proposal for a Revised Classification of the Depth of Neuromuscular Block and Suggestions for Further Development in Neuromuscular Monitoring.

Proposal for a Revised Classification of the Depth of Neuromuscular Block and Suggestions for Further Development in Neuromuscular Monitoring.

Determining fidelity of mixed prototypes: Effect of media and physical interaction

Mixed prototyping, combining virtual and physical prototypes, is an emerging method used to aid in usability testing. This study aims to determine when to use a mixed prototype and how to choose its fidelity to validate the usability testing results and reduce the prototyping cost. A 2×2 between-subject experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the media (head-mounted display versus computer monitor) and physical interaction (using a tangible mock-up or not) on the usability evaluation results and other subjective measures. The experiment results showed that, when aesthetic and functional features are controlled, the non-functional mock-up facilitates users in finding problems regarding physical interaction and ergonomics. Media with high immersion positively influenced the users’ subjective ratings. Based on the findings of this study, guidelines on how to choose the fidelity of the prototype during different stages of a usability test are suggested to help product developers find a cost-efficient way to conduct usability tests.