Displacements Of Landmarks Research Articles

Determination of Sexual Dimorphism and Morphological Variation of Pool Barb, Puntius sophore (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), Using Landmark Based Geometric Morphometric Analysis

Geometric morphometrics is an efficient way to quantify biological shape variation and its covariation with other biotic or abiotic factors. The geometric information of an object is measured in a non-linear shape space after removing size, orientation, and position-related effects. This study was aimed to determine sexual dimorphism and morphological variation in body shape using landmark-based morphometrics by means of relative warp analysis. The indigenous freshwater fish Puntius sophore (Cyprinidae) was selected as the model organism for the study. Adult male and female individuals were collected during July-August 2019 (breeding season) and March–April 2019 (non-breeding season) from the ponds of Bolpur, West Bengal, India. Prior to analysis, the images were digitised using the appropriate fourteen landmarks and relative wrap analysis was performed using appropriate software. The results were then analysed, and the maximum relative displacements of adjacent landmarks were interpreted using canonical variate analysis (CVA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Significant body shape differences were found to be present in the non-breeding season and breeding season (male and female) populations of the species. Thus, geometric morphometrics can be used to understand the sexual dimorphism in natural populations of small fish species.

Three-dimensional evaluation of dental decompensation and mandibular symphysis remodeling on orthodontic-surgical treatment of Class III malocclusion

The purposes of this research were to identify the buccolingual inclinations of the mandibular teeth and the mandibular symphysis remodeling that result from the orthodontic decompensation movement. The sample consisted of 30 adults with Class III dentofacial deformity, who had presurgical orthodontic treatment. Three-dimensional images were generated by cone-beam computed tomography scans at 2 different times (initial and before orthognathic surgery). Three-dimensional virtual models were obtained and superimposed using automated voxel-based registration at the mandible to evaluate B-point displacement, mandibular molar and incisor decompensation movement, and symphysis inclination and thickness. The 3-dimensional displacements of landmarks at the symphysis were quantified and visualized with color-coded maps using 3D Slicer (version 4.0; www.slicer.org) software. The measurements showed high reproducibility. The patients presented mandibular incisor proclination, which was consistent with the movement of tooth decompensation caused by the presurgical orthodontic treatment. Statistically significant correlations were found between the inclination of the mandibular incisors, symphysis inclination, and B-point displacement. Regarding the thickness of the symphysis and the inclination of the incisors, no statistically significant correlation was found. The buccolingual orthodontic movement of the mandibular incisors with presurgical leveling is correlated with the inclination of the mandibular symphysis and repositioning of the B-point but not correlated to the thickness of the symphysis.

SETTLEMENT MONITORING OF THE EARTH DAMS BY PERFORMANCE PERIODICAL TOPO-GEODETIC MEASUREMENTS

The paper presents the current way of elaboration of the topographical and cadastral documentation needed in the process of tracking the behavior of hydrotechnical constructions such as earth dam. The studied area is represented by the accumulation of Pârcovaci located in the Deleni territorial administrative unit in Iași county. Using topo-geodetic measurements the magnitude of the vertical displacement of the studied construction were determined. The measurements were performed during the exploitation period of the dam, during 23 series of observations. Thus, there were highlighted the displacements of landmarks located on coping dam, downstream slope and outlet tower. Charts of evolution over time of vertical deformation have been made according to field observation. Also, the suface of the land corresponding to the whole of the accumulation of Pârcovaci was registered at Office of Cadastre and Real Estate Advertising Iași, through first registration documentation. This has made precise spatial delimitation of the set of lands and construction of studied area, and the whole land was recorded in the land book by assigning a unique cadastral number.

Three-dimensional evaluation of smile characteristics in subjects with increased vertical facial dimensions

Patients seeking orthodontic treatment often have esthetic concerns (ie, they want a better smile). Patients with increased vertical facial dimensions have different smile traits than other patients. This study aimed to compare the smile characteristics of subjects with different vertical facial dimensions and to use stereophotogrammetry to evaluate the changes in facial animation upon smiling. One hundred twenty adolescents and young adults (aged 15-25years) who were referred for orthodontic treatment were divided into 2 groups according to their vertical facial height: increased (n=30) and normal (n=30). Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric images were obtained from the patients during rest and smile. The images were superimposed, and the displacements of specific landmarks were recorded. Linear, angular, and proportional measurements were recorded on the smile and rest images. When smiling, horizontal movement of commissures was less (right, P=0.038; left, P=0.009), upper lip elevation was higher (P=0.014), and the upper lip was shorter (P=0.014) in the vertical group than in the normal group. In the vertical group, the interlabial gap was increased both at rest and when smiling (P<0.001). Statistically significant differences were found in smile index (P=0.001), nasolabial fold displacement (P=0.018), and lip angles (both P=0.001) between groups. Group and sex differences were observed when smiling. Careful consideration of these differences will help clinicians in proper diagnosis and treatment planning.

REGULAR VIRTUAL COORDINATE SYSTEM OF COORDINATES OVER THE FIELD OF MOVING VISUAL LANDMARKS

The problem objects tracing in respect to large sample of visual landmarks whose position, shape, and optical properties change over time is considered. A Regular Virtual Coordinate System (RVCS) based on visual landmarks triangulation is proposed. RVCS is created using a linear iterative algorithm to relax initial triangulation to the quasi equilibrium state – shagreen, in which the grid nodes are located close to centers of their surroundings. It is shown that shagreen has a dense boundary with strongly elongated cells and the central core with almost regular triangles. We proposed to use the shagreen core as a virtual barycentric mesh because its geometry is regular and resistant to random displacements of visual landmarks, while correctly mirror affinity transformations. The use of RVCS allows to minimize the amount of information for representing the object trajectory while maintaining the accuracy of its localization close to the maximum achievable when using all available landmarks. It is shown that due to its global instability of the shagreen with random structure the triangulations with less then 100 vertices should be relaxed by no more then T = 10 – 20 simple iterations. This process can be represented by single linear operator which in special case T = 2t is created by t matrix multiplications. In addition, shagreen indicates the smooth trend for rough landscape, which increases the reliability of the estimation of local normals.

Skeletal dimensions as predictors for the shape of the nose in a South African sample: A cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) study

The profile of the nose is an important feature for facial approximations. Although several manual and semi-automated prediction guidelines exist for estimating the shape of the nose, the reliability and applicability of these methods to South Africans groups are unknown.The aim of this study was to predict the displacements of capulometric landmarks from hard-tissue planes to facilitate nasal soft-tissue reconstruction in a South African sample. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 120 adult South Africans were selected from the Oral and Dental Hospital, University of Pretoria, South Africa. Measurements involving craniometric and capulometric landmarks of the nose were obtained as plane-to-plane distances. Correlation coefficients between hard- and soft-tissue measurements were determined, and regression equations computed to assist in the prediction of the most probable shape and size of the nose. All hard- and soft-tissue measurements appeared significantly different between groups, except for the distance between the pronasale and nasion in the transverse plane and for the distance between the alare and the nasion in the coronal plane. The nasal height, nasal bone length and the nasal bone projection were significant predictors of the pronasale, subnasale and alare positions. More precisely, the nasal height and the nasal bone length were significant predictors of the pronasale position in both groups. Nasal bone projection was only useful for predicting shape in white South Africans. The variation in the skeletal predictors of the external shape of the nose noted between black and white South Africans and the results of the cross-validation testing emphasize the need for population specific guidelines.

Bone-anchored maxillary protraction therapy in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate: 3-dimensional assessment of maxillary effects.

The aim of this study was to 3-dimensionally assess the treatment outcomes of bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. The cleft group comprised 24 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and Class III malocclusion with mean initial and final ages of 11.8 and 13.2years, respectively. The noncleft group comprised 24 noncleft patients with Class III malocclusion with mean initial and final ages of 11.9 and 12.9years, respectively. Cone-beam computed tomography examinations were performed before and after BAMP therapy in both groups and superimposed at the cranial base. Three-dimensional displacements of maxillary landmarks were quantified and visualized with color-coded maps and semitransparent superimpositions. The t test corrected for multiple testing (Holm-Bonferroni method), and the paired t test was used for statistical comparison between groups and sides, respectively (P<0.05). BAMP produced anterior (1.66mm) and inferior (1.21mm) maxillary displacements in the cleft group with no significant differences compared with the noncleft group. The maxillary first molars of the cleft group showed significantly greater medial displacement than did those in the noncleft group. The zygoma showed significantly greater lateral displacement at the cleft side compared with the noncleft side. BAMP caused similar amounts of maxillary protraction in patients with and without unilateral cleft lip and palatem with discrete differences between the cleft side and the noncleft side.

Postprostatectomy incontinence is related to pelvic floor displacements observed with trans-perineal ultrasound imaging.

To investigate the relationship between post-prostatectomy incontinence and dynamic features of activation of specific pelvic floor muscles in addition to anatomical parameters of the urethra. Forty-two men aged 66 (7) years (incontinent [N = 19] and continent [N = 23]) who had undergone prostatectomy participated. Transperineal ultrasound imaging was used to record sagittal images of pelvic structures during involuntary coughing and sustained maximal voluntary contractions. Imaging data were analyzed to calculate displacements of pelvic floor landmarks associated with activation of the puborectalis, striated urethral sphincter, and bulbocavernosus muscles. Anatomical features of functional urethral length and the resting position of the ano-rectal and urethra-vesical junctions were calculated. A principal component analysis and multiple logistic regression were used to consider which combinations of variables best distinguish between men with and without incontinence. Five principal components were identified that together explained 72.0% of the data. Two principal components that represented (i) striated urethral sphincter activation and (ii) bulbocavernosus and puborectalis muscle activation were significantly different between participants with and without incontinence. Together these components correctly identified 88.1% of incontinent men, with a specificity and sensitivity of 91.3% and 84.2%, respectively. Poor function of the bulbocavernosus and puborectalis muscles could be compensated by good striated urethral sphincter function, but the bulbocavernosus and puborectalis muscles had less potential to compensate for poor striated urethral sphincter function. Dynamic features of pelvic floor muscle activation, particularly shortening of the striated urethral sphincter during cough and voluntary contraction, are related to continence status after prostatectomy.

Registration of serial maxillary models via the weighted rugae superimposition method.

We introduce a weighted method for superimposition of serial digital maxillary models based on the variable stability of rugae points. Plaster maxillary models of 24 randomly selected 12-year-olds as well as their models at the age of 14 were obtained and scanned using a benchtop structured-light 3D scanner. The models were registered twice, once via the unweighted and again via the proposed weighted rugae superimposition method based on 12 rugae landmarks. For each superimposition, distances between the corresponding rugae points were measured and compared with reported displacements of rugae points in literature. The unweighted superimposition produced no meaningful differences in terms of total displacements of registration landmarks, whereas the weighted method recognized the medial points of the third ruga as the most stable landmarks. Results of the weighted method also demonstrated statistically significant smaller changes for medial rugae points in almost every dimension compared to the lateral rugae points. These results comply with the growth patterns of maxilla and rugae point displacements reported in similar studies. Considering the variable stability of rugae points during growth, the weighted rugae superimposition method results in more promising registrations on serial models. This method prioritizes registration landmarks based on clinical criteria of choice and is suitable for analysis of other structures such as tooth movements.

Aspects Regarding the Use of Topographic Measurements for Monitoring Drăgan Valley Dam

Dragan Valley Dam is located in Cluj County near Ciucea and is built on plots and blades in double arc. With a height of 120 m and a canopy length of 424 m, the dam is considered the fifth largest in the country. Determining the horizontal displacements of the tracking landmarks embedded in the downstream face, respectively determining the vertical displacements of the landmarks located on the crest using topographic measurements. The displacements are obtained by the difference between the coordinates, heights determined in the current set of measurements and initial set respectively. To determine the horizontal displacement, a micro-triangulation network was created in a local coordinate system, with X axis direction oriented downstream-upstream of the dam, and the Y axis to the direction of growth on left bank. Support Network is formed of eleven pillars found on the bedrock and sixty-nine tracking markers mounted on the downstream of the dam. Altimetric network is formed of thirty-three leveling landmarks located on the crest and two fixed landmarks situated at the edges of the dam. Planimetric measurements were made with a Leica TS30 total station, and the altimetric measurements with a Leica DNA 03, which provides an accuracy of 0.3 mm / 1km double leveling. After processing the azimuthal measurements with indirect measurements method and using statistical assumptions, pilasters I, II and VII were considered as fixed stations. Maximum shifts in downstream were recorded at landmark R7 (-42.3 mm) and maximum was recorded at the landmark R33. Horizontal and vertical displacement values of planimetric and altimetric landmarks, obtained after carrying out topographical observations and their processing, falls within allowable tolerances, which shows stability in the functionality of the dam.

Craniofacial Asymmetry in Adults With Neglected Congenital Muscular Torticollis.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the craniofacial asymmetry in adults with neglected congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) by quantitative assessment based on craniofacial three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT).MethodsPreoperative craniofacial asymmetry was measured by 3D-CT for 31 CMT subjects ≥18 years of age who visited a tertiary medical center and underwent 3D-CT between January 2009 and December 2013. The relationship between the age and the severity of craniofacial asymmetry was analyzed in reference to anteroposterior length asymmetry of the frontal bone and zygomatic arch, vertical and lateral displacements of the facial landmarks, and mandibular axis rotation.ResultsThe age at CT was 27.71±7.02 years (range, 18-44 years). All intra-class correlation coefficients were higher than 0.7, suggesting good inter-rater reliability (p<0.05) of all the measurements. The frontal and the zygomatic length ratio (i.e., the anteroposterior length asymmetry on the axial plane) was 1.06±0.03 and 1.07±0.03, respectively, which was increased significantly with age in the linear regression analysis (r2=0.176, p=0.019 and r2=0.188, p=0.015, respectively). The vertical or lateral displacement of the facial landmarks and rotation of the mandibular axis did not significantly correlate with age (p>0.05).ConclusionCraniofacial asymmetry of neglected CMT became more severe with age in terms of anteroposterior length asymmetry of the ipsilateral frontal bone and zygomatic arch on the axial plane even after growth cessation. This finding may enhance the understanding of therapeutic strategies for craniofacial asymmetry in adults with neglected CMT.

Quantification of Facial Movements by Optical Instruments

The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of displacements of tracing landmarks in standardized facial movements. Forty healthy persons were evaluated in 2 different groups (20 men and 20 women, aged 18-30 years) with optoelectronic motion analyzer and surface laser scanning. The displacements of tracing landmarks in brow lift and smile were calculated, and the 2 methods (optoelectronic motion analyzer and surface laser scanning) were compared in healthy persons. Side-related differences were found in the tracing landmark (superciliare) during brow lift movements between both methods (the largest movements were found on the right side, P = 0.044), whereas in smile movements the tracing landmark cheilion did not show significant differences between the 2 sides. In both movements, the differences of the tracing landmark displacements between the 2 systems and sexes were on average less than 2 mm, without statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). In conclusion, normal young adult men and women had similar standardized facial movements. The 2 analyzed movements can be measured by both optical instruments with comparable results.

Phenotypic variation of the housefly,Musca domestica: amounts and patterns of wing shape asymmetry in wild populations and laboratory colonies

Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) is a vector of a range variety of pathogens infecting humans and animals. During a year, housefly experiences serial population bottlenecks resulted in reduction of genetic diversity. Population structure has also been subjected to different selection regimes created by insect control programs and pest management. Both environmental and genetic disturbances can affect developmental stability, which is often reflected in morphological traits as asymmetry. Since developmental stability is of great adaptive importance, the aim of this study was to examine fluctuating asymmetry (FA), as a measure of developmental instability, in both wild populations and laboratory colonies of M. domestica. The amount and pattern of wing shape FA was compared among samples within each of two groups (laboratory and wild) and between groups. Firstly, the amount of FA does not differ significantly among samples within the group and neither does it differ between groups. Regarding the mean shape of FA, contrary to non-significant difference within the wild population group and among some colonies, the significant difference between groups was found. These results suggest that the laboratory colonies and wild samples differ in buffering mechanisms to perturbations during development. Hence, inbreeding and stochastic processes, mechanisms dominating in the laboratory-bred samples contributed to significant changes in FA of wing shape. Secondly, general patterns of left-right displacements of landmarks across both studied sample groups are consistent. Observed consistent direction of FA implies high degrees of wing integration. Thus, our findings shed light on developmental buffering processes important for population persistence in the environmental change and genetic stress influence on M. domestica.

A finite element model of the face including an orthotropic skin model under in vivo tension

Computer models of the human face have the potential to be used as powerful tools in surgery simulation and animation development applications. While existing models accurately represent various anatomical features of the face, the representation of the skin and soft tissues is very simplified. A computer model of the face is proposed in which the skin is represented by an orthotropic hyperelastic constitutive model. The in vivo tension inherent in skin is also represented in the model. The model was tested by simulating several facial expressions by activating appropriate orofacial and jaw muscles. Previous experiments calculated the change in orientation of the long axis of elliptical wounds on patients' faces for wide opening of the mouth and an open-mouth smile (both 30o). These results were compared with the average change of maximum principal stress direction in the skin calculated in the face model for wide opening of the mouth (18o) and an open-mouth smile (25o). The displacements of landmarks on the face for four facial expressions were compared with experimental measurements in the literature. The corner of the mouth in the model experienced the largest displacement for each facial expression (∼11–14 mm). The simulated landmark displacements were within a standard deviation of the measured displacements. Increasing the skin stiffness and skin tension generally resulted in a reduction in landmark displacements upon facial expression.

A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE FACE INCLUDING AN ORTHOTROPIC SKIN MODEL UNDER IN VIVO TENSION

Computer models of the human face have the potential to be used as powerful tools in surgery simulation and animation development applications. While existing models accurately represent various anatomical features of the face, the representation of the skin and soft tissues is very simplified. A computer model of the face is proposed in which the skin is represented by an orthotropic hyperelastic constitutive model. The in vivo tension inherent in skin is also represented in the model. The model was tested by simulating several facial expressions by activating appropriate orofacial and jaw muscles. Previous experiments calculated the change in orientation of the long axis of elliptical wounds on patients' faces for wide opening of the mouth and an open-mouth smile (both 30o). These results were compared with the average change of maximum principal stress direction in the skin calculated in the face model for wide opening of the mouth (18o) and an open-mouth smile (25o). The displacements of landmarks on ...

Stress and displacement between maxillary protraction with miniplates placed at the infrazygomatic crest and the lateral nasal wall: A 3-dimensional finite element analysis

The purpose of this study was to compare the pattern and amount of stress and displacement between maxillary protraction with miniplates placed at the infrazygomatic crest and the lateral nasal wall. Three-dimensional finite element models for the skull and the curvilinear type of miniplate were constructed. After a protraction force (500 g/side) was applied to the distal end of the miniplate with a forward and 30° downward vector to the maxillary occlusal plane, stress distributions in the circummaxillary sutures and displacements of the surface landmarks were analyzed. There was a difference in the maximum stress distribution area according to the site of the miniplate: infrazygomatic crest and middle part of the maxilla in the infrazygomatic crest and paranasal area adjacent to the pyriform aperture in the lateral nasal wall. Stress values of the frontonasal, frontomaxillary, zygomaticomaxillary, and pterygomaxillary sutures were greater in the infrazygomatic crest than in the lateral nasal wall. The site of the miniplate produced differences in the major displacement areas: infrazygomatic crest, maxillary dentition, anterior maxilla, and upper part of the maxillary tuberosity in the infrazygomatic crest and the lateral nasal wall, maxillary dentition, anterior maxilla, and lower part of the maxillary tuberosity in the lateral nasal wall. The lateral nasal wall exhibited forward, downward, and outward displacements of ANS, Point A, and prosthion. However, the infrazygomatic crest showed forward and upward displacements of ANS, Point A, and prosthion, and outward displacement of the zygomatic process of the maxilla and the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone. The site of miniplate placement should be considered to obtain proper stress and displacement values in different areas with maxillary hypoplasia.

Landmark optimization using local curvature for point-based nonlinear rodent brain image registration.

Purpose. To develop a technique to automate landmark selection for point-based interpolating transformations for nonlinear medical image registration. Materials and Methods. Interpolating transformations were calculated from homologous point landmarks on the source (image to be transformed) and target (reference image). Point landmarks are placed at regular intervals on contours of anatomical features, and their positions are optimized along the contour surface by a function composed of curvature similarity and displacements of the homologous landmarks. The method was evaluated in two cases (n = 5 each). In one, MRI was registered to histological sections; in the second, geometric distortions in EPI MRI were corrected. Normalized mutual information and target registration error were calculated to compare the registration accuracy of the automatically and manually generated landmarks. Results. Statistical analyses demonstrated significant improvement (P < 0.05) in registration accuracy by landmark optimization in most data sets and trends towards improvement (P < 0.1) in others as compared to manual landmark selection.

Facial movement before and after masseteric-facial nerves anastomosis: A three-dimensional optoelectronic pilot study

To quantify the effects of facial palsy reanimation, 14 patients aged 17–66years were analysed. All patients had unilateral facial paralysis, and were candidates for surgical masseteric to facial nerve anastomosis. Two patient groups were measured: seven patients were waiting for surgery, the other seven patients had already been submitted to surgery, and had regained facial mimicry. Each patient performed three facial animations: brow raise; free smile; lip purse. These were recorded using an optoelectronic motion analyser.The three-dimensional coordinates of facial landmarks were obtained, their movements were computed, and asymmetry indices calculated (differential movements between the two hemi-faces: healthy and paretic/rehabilitated). Before surgery, mobility was larger in the healthy than in the paretic side; after surgery, the differences were reduced (brow raise and lip purse), or even reversed (smile). Before surgery, lip purse was performed with significant labial asymmetry (p=0.042; larger healthy side movement). After surgery, asymmetry indices reduced. Total labial asymmetry during smiling was significantly different from 0 before surgery (p=0.018, larger healthy side movement). After surgery, all asymmetry indices became non-significant. Before surgery the lateral displacements of all labial landmarks were towards the healthy side, while they normalized after surgery.

Simulation of the effect of dental modifications on facial soft tissues: a 3D stereophotogrammetric study

Several dental treatments can change dental position, and modify lip support in the space. Current methods do not allow a non-invasive quantitative assessment of 3D lip dimensions and position, and no simulations of treatment effects can be made. In the current study we devised a method for the detection of the 3D dentolabial positions during simulated orthodontic and prosthetic dental treatments. The dental arches of 10 adult healthy subjects were reproduced with stone models, and 1and 2-mm thick resin blocks were modeled on the maxillary frontal teeth (from canine to canine) to simulate a prosthetic or orthodontic treatment. The facial soft tissues of the subjects with closed mouth were obtained using a 3D stereophotogrammetric imaging system (Vectra-3D, Canfield Scientific, Inc., Fairfield, NJ, USA), without/ with the two resin thicknesses. The relevant faces were superimposed, and the spatial displacements of selected facial landmarks without/ with the thicknesses were calculated. Additionally, upper and lower labial areas were individualized, and the relevant global distances without/ with the thickness were obtained. Average displacements ranged from 0.39 (sn landmark with the 1-mm thickness) to 1.62 mm (left side ch landmark with the 2-mm thickness). On average, ch and cph landmarks had the largest displacements. In all occasions, the larger movements were obtained with the 2-mm thickness, but the difference was significant only for the ls and cph landmarks (p<.05). The upper lip area had average anterior displacements of 0.28 (1-mm thickness) and 0.5 mm (2-mm thickness; p=.007), while the lower lip area had posterior displacements in 6 (1-mm thickness) and 4 subjects (2-mm thickness). In conclusion, the method devised in the current study allowed a 3D quantitative assessment of the effect of a simulated dental treatment without submitting the subjects to invasive or dangerous examinations. The method could be usefully employed for orthodontic treatment planning in children and adolescents, as well as for simulations of prosthetic oral rehabilitation in adults.

A Brain-Deformation Framework Based on a Linear Elastic Model and Evaluation Using Clinical Data

In image-guided neurosurgery, brain tissue displacement and deformation during neurosurgical procedures are a major source of error. In this paper, we implement and evaluate a linear-elastic-model-based framework for correction of brain shift using clinical data from five brain tumor patients. The framework uses a linear elastic model to simulate brain-shift behavior. The model is driven by cortical surface deformations, which are tracked using a surface-tracking algorithm combined with a laser-range scanner. The framework performance was evaluated using displacements of anatomical landmarks, tumor contours and self-defined evaluation parameters. The results show that tumor deformations predicted by the present framework agreed well with the ones observed intraoperatively, especially in the parts of the larger deformations. On average, a brain shift of 3.9 mm and a tumor margin shift of 4.2 mm were corrected to 1.2 and 1.3mm, respectively. The entire correction process was performed in less than 5 min. The data from this study suggest that the technique is a suitable candidate for intraoperative brain-deformation correction.