Displacement Type Research Articles

Ecological, Social and Economic Aspects of Italian Marine Spearfishing Tournaments (2009-2020)

Marine recreational spearfishing is practiced by a small proportion of recreational fishers and ecological, social and economic aspects of such activities are poorly understood with respect to recreational angling. The Italian Federation of Sport Fishing and Underwater Activities (FIPSAS) started in 2009 the collection of catch data related to Italian spearfishing tournaments. Here, we provide the first snapshot of this catch data regarding 48 tournaments organized in 29 different Italian localities from 2009 to 2020. We also developed a survey to collect social and economic information that has been administrated to participants to the tournaments. We retrieved 8843 specimens caught by spearfishers, which accounted for 33 species and a total biomass of 5665 kg (mean individual mass ± standard error; 0.64 ± 0.01 kg). The five most frequently species represented 78% of the specimens caught (white seabream, Diplodus sargus 48%; brown wrasse, Labrus merula 12%; brown meagre, Sciaena umbra 9%, green wrasse, Labrus viridis 5%; salema, Sarpa salpa 4%). The overall catch per unit effort for all the tournaments was 0.47 ± 0.01 kg/spearfisher/h, and we showed interesting effects of type of tournaments and type of displacement on it. We also assessed the accuracy of participants to catch fish in accordance to tournaments-specific minimum weight limits. The five most caught species showed that spearfishers committed errors around 50 g below the weight limit. The survey showed that spearfishers participating to tournaments are trophy-fish oriented (i.e., they would rather catch one or two big fish than ten smaller fish), but not particularly catch oriented (i.e., they are just as happy if they do not shoot the fish they see and a fishing trip can be successful even if no fish are caught). Regarding the motives for fishing, they fish for experiencing adventure, excitement and new and different things as well as to be underwater. Participants spent from 2 to 26 days in the tournament locations (median equal to 7 days), which implies a total expenditure to solely participate to the tournaments ranging from 800 to 3500 Euros (mean ± standard deviation; 1800 ± 591 euros). This study represents the first ecological, social and economic baseline knowledge for an integrative management of contemporary spearfishing tournaments.

Focus position below TP in Standard Arabic

PurposeAdopting the split complementizer phrase (CP) hypothesis, the paper aims at providing an account for object cliticization in Standard Arabic (SA) as an instance of object displacement. Kayne's proposal on cliticization is adopted here to account for the type of displacement in SA that objects clitics in SA, like full determiner phrases (DPs), obligatorily move from their base position as independent complements of the verb to the specifier of Foc first before attaching to the verb under the tense node.Design/methodology/approachThis research adopts a qualitative interpretive research design (Creswell, 2007, 2010). The majority of the samples chosen for the study involve dependent pronominal objects obligatorily attached to the verb. The samples were judged to be grammatical based on the author's judgment as an native speaker of Arabic. Moreover, all the examples were checked for grammaticality by two full professors of Arabic grammar who are native speakers.FindingsThe analysis proposed that, like lexical DP's, pronominal objects originate as separate maximal projection (XP) constituents and move from their base position as verbal complements to the focus position [Spec, Foc]. In other words, both are able to move out of VP, targeting the same specifier position of a functional projection. This movement is focus-driven, that is, triggered by the edge feature on Foc. Pronominal objects at a later phase crucially higher than V0 (possibly in phonetic form (PF)) get cliticized to the verb which has adjoined to T.Originality/valueUnlike displaced lexical DP objects in SA syntax, displaced pronominal objects, however, have received less critical attention especially within Rizzi's (1997, 2004) left periphery theory and, therefore, some areas of these constructions remain poorly understood.

“How Does Nature Deify Us”

“How Does Nature Deify Us”

Surgical Management of Type II Displaced Dens Fractures Improves One-year Mortality in Elderly Patients.

Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of US national data collected by PearlDiver Inc. database. To determine the rates of surgical/nonsurgical treatments and associated one-year mortality for displaced type II dens fractures without neurological deficit. Existing literature on dens fractures includes small series of patients with highly variable surgical rates. These studies contain insufficient data to determine the benefits of surgical or nonsurgical treatment as surgeon bias in treatment and selection of patients have significant effects on the results. Displaced type II dens fractures and upper cervical surgeries were identified using their respective International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Inclusion criteria included patients older than 65, diagnosed with a displaced type II dens fracture, absent neurological damage, during the years 2015 to 2018. Age, sex, ICD-10 diagnosis codes, CPT codes, displacement type, and Elixhauser Comorbidity Index scores were obtained through the PearlDiver database. Patient-related variables and one-year mortality associated with surgical versus nonsurgical treatment were compared using univariate χ 2 analysis, odds ratios, and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Among the 5300 patients who met our inclusion criteria, 59% (n=3108) were female, the mean age was 76.6 (±3.9) years old, and the average Elixhauser Comorbidity Index was 7.1 (±4.0). Only 8.3% (n=437) had surgical treatment for the displaced dens fracture. Multivariate logistic regression analysis for one-year mortality showed surgery was associated with decreased one-year mortality in all patients ( z =-6.26; P <0.001), patients between the ages of 65 and 74 ( z =-2.53; P =0.012), and patients over the age of 75 ( z =-5.81; P <0.001). Despite surgery improving survival in elderly patients with type II dens fractures, surgical management is rarely pursued. Factors that independently increase the likelihood of surgery include younger age, male sex, and posterior displacement. 4.

Emergence from Anesthesia: A Comparison between Isolated Mandibular Setback and Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgeries in Skeletal Class III Patients.

Background:We aimed to compare the emergence from anesthesia between the isolated mandibular setback and bimaxillary orthognathic surgeries in Skeletal Class III Patients.Methods:All healthy patients with skeletal class III deformity admitted to Mashhad Dental School, Mashhad, Iran from the years 2017 to 2018 were included in this study. They were candidates for either bimaxillary orthognathic surgery (Bimax surgery) through a combination of mandibular setback surgery plus maxillary advancement or isolated mandibular setback (Monomax surgery). The predictor variable was the type of jaw displacement and anesthesia duration, while the outcome variable was the duration of emergence from general anesthesia. The duration of emergence from anesthesia was calculated from the time the patient was transported to the recovery room until the time of safely discharging from the recovery room. For statistical analysis, the significance level was set at 0.05 using SPSS 21.Results:A total of 81 consecutive patients, comprising 45 (55.6%) males and 36 (44.4%) females, with an average age of 23.15±4.58 years were recruited. Among the participating patients, 56 (69.1%) underwent bimaxillary surgery while the other 25 (30.9%) were treated with Monomax surgery. Regardless of the type of performed surgery, the duration of general anesthesia was the only factor to be significantly correlated to the length of emergence from anesthesia (P= 0.001). Conclusion:Increased exposure time to general anesthesia might result in a longer emergence from anesthesia, despite the type of performed orthognathic surgery. Further clinical trials are needed to support the relevancy.

Performance evaluation of a real-time high-precision landslide displacement detection algorithm based on GNSS virtual reference station technology

Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) technology is one of the most effective landslide displacement monitoring methods, but most of the current landslide research based on GNSS is focused on long-term landslide monitoring, but short-term landslide monitoring is particularly important for the early warning of landslides. The main purpose of this paper is to extend the existing GNSS positioning model and design a set of different landslide displacement detection algorithms, which can guarantee high-precision displacement detection and give consideration to real-time, mainly for short-term landslide displacement, and can also give consideration to long-term landslide monitoring. In addition, the traditional layout mode of “one reference station corresponds to one landslide” has many problems, such as high cost, low utilization rate of reference station and excessive reliance on single reference station, which restrict the large-scale promotion and application of GNSS in landslide monitoring. Based on the existing VRS processing method and the displacement detection algorithm presented in this paper, the service effect of virtual reference station and physical reference station is compared and analyzed in detail, and the feasibility of virtual reference station replacing physical reference station is demonstrated. Experimental results show that the positioning accuracy of real time kinematic (RTK) is slightly worse than that of physical reference station due to the existence of atmospheric residual errors in the regional reference station network when VRS replaces physical reference station for displacement detection. However, after processing the real-time sliding window model, it significantly suppressed the influence of all kinds of observation noise and gross error, and the solution accuracy of the output sliding window period was not much different from that of the physical reference station, basically at the sub-centimeter level, which could fully meet the needs of centimeter and sub-centimeter level landslide displacement detection. In addition, the “short and long period mutual checking method” proposed in this paper can realize the detection and early warning of the rapid displacement type in a short period by reasonably adjusting the window length of the short and long period. The “ epoch difference method” can realize the detection and early warning of the sudden displacement in a few epoch. In practical application, the combined detection of the two methods can satisfy the real-time detection and early warning of short-term landslide displacement. In addition, by storing the solution positions of each long period sliding window period, the periodic position comparison can be carried out to judge the displacement changes of the monitoring body, which is equivalent to the usual long-term landslide monitoring strategy.

A New Image Grating Sensor for Linear Displacement Measurement and Its Error Analysis.

To improve the accuracy of the current vision-based linear displacement measurement in a large range, a new type of linear displacement sensing system, namely, image grating, is proposed in this paper. The proposed system included a patterned glass plate attached to the moving object and an ultra-low distortion lens for high-accuracy image matching. A DFT local up-sampling phase correlation method was adopted to obtain the sub-pixel translation of the patterns onto the target plate. Multiple sets of stripe patterns with different designs were located on the glass plate to expand the measurement range, based on the principle of phase correlation. In order to improve the measurement accuracy, the main errors of the image grating system were analyzed, and the nonlinear error compensation was completed based on the dynamic calibration of the pixel equivalent. The measurement results, after the error compensation, showed that the total error of the proposed system was less than 2.5 μm in the range of 60 mm, and the repeatability was within 0.16 μm, as quantified by standard deviation.

Housing precariousness and health: a mixed-methods study into households affected by displacements and demolitions in East Jerusalem

BackgroundEast Jerusalem residency status for more than 350 000 Palestinians depends on showing that there is a continued centre of life in the city and can be revoked on the grounds of a breach of allegiance. 2975 Palestinians in East Jerusalem were displaced or had their homes demolished between 2009 and 2021, primarily on the grounds of not having Israeli-issued building permits, which are highly difficult to obtain, or settler takeover. We aimed to explore the perceived health effects of demolition or displacement, and to assess self-reported health and the intersection of housing precariousness and other forms of precarity in East Jerusalem. MethodsWe did a mixed-methods study in East Jerusalem. Drawing on a database of demolition or displacement in East Jerusalem from 2009 to 2019, we undertook ten household case studies, using in-depth interviews, site visits, and visual ethnography, and surveyed a systematic random sample of 120 women, each representing a separate household that underwent demolition or displacement during 2017–19. In the qualitative component, we chose a mix of different types of demolition or displacement and post-displacement housing trajectories. We used survey tools to assess household demographics; exposure to different forms of precarity and occupation-related violence; a measure of human insecurity (Birzeit University human insecurity scale); and self-reported health (SF-12 version 2 assessment), wellbeing (WHO-Five Wellbeing Index), and disability (Washington Group short questions). FindingsWe examined the perceived health effects of demolition or displacement related to experiences of the event; subsequent housing quality; subsequent neighbourhood and its environmental quality; the under-provision of municipal services; and psychosocial stress connected with affordability, tenure, and absence of security and legal protections. The survey response rate was 84 households (70%) of 120. 79 households (94%) of 84 underwent demolition, whereas five households (6%) were displaced without demolition. 19 households (24%) of 79 experienced two or more incidences of demolition and six households (7%) of 84 had at least one family member who had lost East Jerusalem residency. Economically, in 22 households (26%), the head of the household was unemployed, 45 households (54%) worried daily about debt, and 32 households (38%) met the criteria for overcrowding (three or more people per room). From 18 households (21%), women reported experiencing personal humiliation by occupation forces, whereas women from 33 households (39%) reported exposure to acts of humiliation of others, and women from 18 households (21%) reported the detention or arrest of other household members. Women from 39 households (46%) experienced high human insecurity; the mean SF-12 version 2 assessment score was 46·6 (SD 22·1) for physical health and 43·4 (SD 18·3) for mental health, where a score of less than 50 would indicate a state of health worse than expected for the mean of the population; whereas the prevalence of poor wellbeing, according to the WHO wellbeing index, was 86% (72 households). InterpretationOur study supports previous research on the damaging health effects of housing precariousness, shown by the poor self-reported health of the women surveyed and a high exposure to different forms of precarity. Israel's occupation policies in East Jerusalem result in insecure residency status and tenure for many households, neglect in the provision of health and public health services, overcrowding, and unsanitary housing and neighbourhood conditions that are hazardous to health. FundingSwiss Development Cooperation.

Reevaluation of a classification system: stable and unstable odontoid fractures in geriatric patients—a radiological outcome measurement

ObjectivesWe carried out a retrospective cohort study to differentiate geriatric odontoid fractures into stable and unstable and correlated it with fracture fusion rates. Results are based on the literature and on our own experience. The authors propose that the simple Anderson and D’Alonzo classification may not be sufficient for geriatric patients.MethodsThere were 89 patients ≥ 65 years who presented at our institution with type II and III odontoid fractures from 2003 until 2017 and were included in this study. Each patient was categorized with CT scans to evaluate the type of fracture, fracture gap (mm), fracture angulation (°), fracture displacement (mm) and direction (ventral, dorsal). Fractures were categorized as stable [SF] or unstable [UF] distinguished by the parameters of its angulation (< / > 11°) and displacement (< / > 5 mm) with a follow-up time of 6 months.SFs were treated with a semi-rigid immobilization for 6 weeks, UFs surgically—preferably with a C1–C2 posterior fusion.ResultsThe classification into SFs and UFs was significant for its angulation (P = 0.0006) and displacement (P < 0.0001). SF group (n = 57): A primary stable union was observed in 35, a stable non-union in 10, and an unstable non-union in 8 patients of which 4 were treated with a C1/2 fixation. The overall consolidation rate was 79%. UF group (n = 32): A posterior C1–C2 fusion was carried out in 23 patients, a C0 onto C4 stabilization in 7 and an anterior odontoid screw fixation in 2. The union rate was 100%. Twenty-one type II SFs (91%) consolidated with a nonoperative management (P < 0.001). A primary non-union occurred more often in type II than in type III fractures (P = 0.0023). There was no significant difference in the 30-day overall case fatality (P = 0.3786).ConclusionTo separate dens fractures into SFs and UFs is feasible. For SFs, semi-rigid immobilization provides a high consolidation rate. Stable non-unions are acceptable, and the authors suggest a posterior transarticular C1–C2 fixation as the preferred surgical treatment for UFs.Level of evidenceLevel III.

Defense Mechanism as a Strategy to Overcome Jacob's Anxiety in William Landay's Defending Jacob

Defense mechanism is a strategy or effort developed by the ego to dispel unpleasant feelings caused by anxiety so that unpleasant feelings and experiences feel better. The purpose of the study are to reveal the type of anxiety experienced by Jacob Barber in William Landay's Defending Jacob and discover how defense mechanisms work to overcome this anxiety. The method used in this study is qualitative by applying Sigmund Freud's anxiety and defense mechanism theory in a psychoanalytic approach. The data in this study are in the form of phrases, sentences, and dialogues contained in the novel Defending Jacob written by William Landay. The results of this study indicate that there are three types of anxiety experienced by Jacob Barber. They are neurotic, moral, and realistic anxiety. In order to overcome these anxiety, Jacob Barber uses five types of defense mechanisms, namely denial, projection, displacement, rationalization, and reaction formation. The types of defense mechanisms that are most often used to overcome the anxiety that arise in Jacob Barber are projection and displacement.

Future bioenergy expansion could alter carbon sequestration potential and exacerbate water stress in the United States.

The maximum future projected bioenergy expansion potential, in scenarios limiting warming to 2°C or below, is equivalent to half of present-day croplands. We quantify the impacts of large-scale bioenergy expansion against re/afforestation, which remain elusive, using an integrated human-natural system modeling framework with explicit representation of perennial bioenergy crops. The end-of-century net carbon sequestration due to bioenergy deployment coupled with carbon capture and storage largely depends on fossil fuel displacement types, ranging from 11.4 to 31.2 PgC over the conterminous United States. These net carbon sequestration benefits are inclusive of a 10 PgC carbon release due to land use conversions and a 2.4 PgC loss of additional carbon sink capacity associated with bioenergy-driven deforestation. Moreover, nearly one-fourth of U.S. land areas will suffer severe water stress by 2100 due to either reduced availability or deteriorated quality. These broader impacts of bioenergy expansion should be weighed against the costs and benefits of re/afforestation-based strategies.

Root Fractures in the Primary Teeth and Their Management: A Scoping Review.

(1) Background: Traumatic dental injuries constitute a major global health problem. Primary deciduous teeth of the upper frontal group are frequently affected by trauma, especially at an early age. It is important to treat primary traumatic injuries because early tooth loss can lead to aesthetic and functional alterations. The most common injuries are extrusion, lateral luxation, and intrusion. Root fracture is a less common complication that can lead to tooth extraction if not properly diagnosed and managed. However, there are a lack of data regarding primary root fracture treatment. The literature was reviewed to study the current knowledge on the treatment of these injuries, and to propose an operative protocol based on the results obtained. (2) Methods: A literature search was performed on Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, and SCOPUS. The research focused on the following features: age of the patient; localization of the root fracture and type of displacement suffered (intrusive, extrusive, or lateral); type of emergency treatment or diagnostic test performed and their compliance with IADT guidelines; follow-up duration. (2) Results: Only 8 articles fully met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 46 patients and 62 root fractures. Out of a total of 62 root fractures, regarding only upper incisors, the most common treatment was splinting (n = 39) for a period ranging from 3 weeks to 3 months (with an average of six weeks). No treatment was performed for 23 of the root fractures. The splinting performed in most of the included cases was semi-rigid, with the splint held in place using a composite resin material. An orthodontic splint using brackets and 0.5 mm stainless steel wire was used in only in one study. (4) Conclusions: We deduced that the root fracture of primary teeth is a rare traumatic dental injury that can cause numerous complications, such as eruptive problems in the permanent teeth. Correct radiological diagnosis, immediate repositioning and semi-rigid splinting could be conservative methods to prevent premature tooth loss in very young patients.

Thermodynamic analysis of ideal thermocompressor based on Euler view

The thermocompressor is the driving source and the core heat-work conversion part of Vuilleumier (VM) refrigerator, which cause pressure fluctuation of the gas by converting the thermal energy at a constant volume. The thermocompressor is consists of cylinder, heater, generator, cooler, displacer, driving mechanism, load, hot cavity and cold cavity. Therefore, the ideal thermocompressor was introduced for thermal analysis to simplify the thermodynamic process and components. In order to better understand the principle of heat-work conversion in the ideal thermocompressor, firstly, the thermodynamic concept of the variable mass system that can be used in the ideal thermocompressor was introduced. Secondly, the thermodynamic process of the ideal thermocompressor under the Euler view was analyzed. Thirdly, the internal operation characteristics of the thermocompressor without load and driving displacer type refrigerator were discussed. At last, the distributions of enthalpy flow, entropy flow and exergy flow in all parts of the ideal thermocompressor were carried out. The results show that the thermocompressor does not output the net entropy flow to the load in one cycle and the flow exergy output by thermocompressor is equal in quantity to the acoustic power output by thermocompressor.

Migration of dental implant towards maxillary sinus

Placing a dental implant in the maxillary posterior region is a challenge to a dentist because of its proximity to the maxillary sinus and decreased height of bone in this region. The surgical approaches for instilling a dental implant are thus associated with complications, of which migration of the implant into pneumatized sinus can also occur. Though this type of displacement is an accidental occurrence and can occur either intra-operatively or post-operatively, but a dentist should be adequately prepared if such a situation arises. These two (02) case reports and an overview will focus on the migration of dental implants toward the maxillary sinus with its probable causes, clinical findings, diagnosis, associated complications, and management.

Secondary displacement in distal forearm fractures in children: adequate positioning of the wrist in the cast is more important than cast index.

The objective of this study was to assess whether the positioning of the wrist joint in the cast in such a manner that it counteracts the direction of angulation of fragments is more important than the cast index in the prevention of secondary displacements in distal forearm fractures. A retrospective review of all pediatric patients (0-16 years of age) who were hospitalized in our institution with displaced fractures of the distal forearm (either isolated fractures of the distal radius or both bone fractures) who underwent subsequent closed reduction and splinting in the period from August 2018 to October 2020. Patients with physeal fractures and open fractures, and skeletally mature patients were excluded from the study. Patients were divided into two categories - the first one in which the cast index was below 0.9 and the second in which it was above 0.9. In each category, we have identified two groups of patients - the first one in whom the wrist joint was positioned in such a manner that it counteracts the direction of angulation of fracture fragments and the second one in whom the wrist joint was in a neutral position. The two groups in each category have been compared according to age, sex, initial angulation, fracture type (isolated radius or both bone fractures), displacement type (angulation or complete dislocation) and the rate of secondary displacement. In both categories, the two groups were comparable according to age, sex, initial angulation, fracture and displacement type. In both categories (cast index below 0.9 and cast index above 0.9), a statistically significant higher portion of patients with secondary displacement was identified in the group of patients who had the wrist joint in a neutral position ( Z = -2.1997; P = 0.0278 - for cast index <0.9 and Z = -2.1672; P = 0.030216 for cast index >0.9). Our research supports the notion that positioning of the wrist joint in the position that counteracts the force that leads to angulation of fracture fragments is more important than the cast index in the prevention of secondary displacements in pediatric distal forearm fractures.

Deep learning for biomechanical modeling of facial tissue deformation in orthognathic surgical planning.

Orthognathic surgery requires an accurate surgical plan of how bony segments are moved and how the face passively responds to the bony movement. Currently, finite element method (FEM) is the standard for predicting facial deformation. Deep learning models have recently been used to approximate FEM because of their faster simulation speed. However, current solutions are not compatible with detailed facial meshes and often do not explicitly provide the network with known boundary type information. Therefore, the purpose of this proof-of-concept study is to develop a biomechanics-informed deep neural network that accepts point cloud data and explicit boundary types as inputs to the network for fast prediction of soft-tissue deformation. A deep learning network was developed based on the PointNet++ architecture. The network accepts the starting facial mesh, input displacement, and explicit boundary type information and predicts the final facial mesh deformation. We trained and tested our deep learning model on datasets created from FEM simulations of facial meshes. Our model achieved a mean error between 0.159 and 0.642mm on five subjects. Including explicit boundary types had mixed results, improving performance in simulations with large deformations but decreasing performance in simulations with small deformations. These results suggest that including explicit boundary types may not be necessary to improve network performance. Our deep learning method can approximate FEM for facial change prediction in orthognathic surgical planning by accepting geometrically detailed meshes and explicit boundary types while significantly reducing simulation time.

Улаанбаатар Орчмын “Сонгино” Идэвхитэй Хагарал Дээрхи Георадарын Судалгааны Анхан Шатны Үр Дүнгээс

The seismic activity observed in the vicinity of Ulaanbaatar (UB) city not only has been increased since 2005, but it is also organized, at least, on two perpendicular directions which determine two active faults: Emeelt fault (40 km long, situated 15 km NW of UB) and Hustai fault (80 km long, less than 30 km West of UB). The Songino fault (10 km long, situated 20 km West of UB) is located between Emeelt and Hustai fault. Their length and morphology indicate they can produce earthquakes of magnitude 6.5 to 7.5. Most of the Mongolian population (1.5 million over 3 million) is concentrated around UB city which is the main political and economical centre of the country. Hence, the study of seismic hazard is of first importance for the country. Since the last large earthquake, the fault geomorphology has been smoothed due to erosion processes and a low slip rate. The exact location of the fault is thus hidden in a several meter strip. In such a context, the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method gives good and useful results and can help to characterize faults by identifying offsets of radar reflectionsand buried fluvial channel deposits. In order to image and characterize these faults, we have conducted many GPR campaigns in 2010, 2012 and 2013 over active areas around UB. In our study we present only some preliminary results of GPR measurements performed along the Songino fault (in 2013). The objective is to understand its geometry (dip, length, orientation) and the type of displacements and amplitude. In this survey we used 250 MHz, 500 MHz shielded antenna and RTA 50 MHz unshielded antenna and also used a differential GPS in order to measure the topography. One trench has been dug in Songino area.

Hyoid displacement patterns in healthy swallowing.

ABSTRACTObjective To describe the patterns of displacement of the hyoid bone in healthy individuals, considering their displacements during swallowing of different consistencies.Methods Two hundred one swallowing videofluoroscopy exams of 67 adult and elderly individuals without swallowing disorders were analyzed. Descriptive analysis was performed to identify and describe the patterns of displacement of the hyoid bone.Results Seven types of displacement of the hyoid bone were found: H1 (horizontal), H2 (short vertical and long horizontal), H3 (vertical and diagonal to upper), H4 (long vertical and short horizontal), H5 (vertical), H6 (diagonal), and H7 (brief). The standards were maintained in different consistencies. The most frequent pattern of displacement was type H2. The distribution of the types of displacement of the hyoid was different among men and women.Conclusion Seven patterns of displacement of the hyoid bone during swallowing of normal adults and older people have been described. The most frequent pattern of displacement was horizontal, with variations in distribution between men and women. The displacement pattern was maintained during the swallowing of the three different consistencies (thin, pasty and solid liquid).

A research of micro-pulse tube cryocooler with displacer phase shifter

• The phase relationships in the whole displacer PTC system were analyzed. • Three different sizes of a displacer type micro PTCs have been designed. • A 2D CFD model was constructed and used to characterize the displacer micro PTC. • A displacer provides a good phase shifting for a small-cooling-power micro PTC. • A cooling power of 1.5 W@80 K and a COP of 20.96% is obtained by the second micro PTC. Investigations of phase shifters and power recovery mechanisms are of sustainable interest for developing Stirling pulse tube cryocoolers (SPTC) with more compact design and higher efficiency. The warm displacer type SPTC has been demonstrated with a very promising theoretical efficiency benefiting from its strong phase shifting and work recovery functions. Extending this same phase shifting approach to miniature pulse tube refrigerators may provide advantages over the other alternatives, since inertance tubes are severely limited in their phase shifting capability when the associated acoustic power decreases below 20 W. A comprehensive investigation regarding the micro-pulse tube cryocooler with a displacer phase shifter is carried out in this work, including the design of the major components of the cryocooler, theoretical analysis regarding the phase relationship in the whole displacer type cryocooler system, and 2D simulation work addressing the performance of the cryocooler systems. In the optimum phase angle conditions of the 3 mm pulse tube size cryocooler, the mass flow rate leads the pressure wave by 28.8° at the regenerator warm end, and lags the pressure wave by 27.7° at the regenerator cold end. A cooling power of 1.5 W at 80 K and a COP (Coefficient of Performance) of 20.96% is obtained with an input power of 7.4 W.

Prospective Comparative Study of Fixing Displaced Transverse Patellar Fracture by Tension Band Wiring Versus Cannulated Screws with Wiring

BACKGROUND: Transverse fractures of the patella are important fractures with a wide variety of subtypes, the common incidence in the age group of 20–50 years. Surgical interference aims to achieve a perfect alignment of the joint surface, in addition to rigid fixation of the fracture for early re-habitation and early movement to retain the extensor mechanism of the knee joint. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the radiological and functional outcomes of the displaced transverse patella fracture in adult patients treated by ORIF using tension band wiring versus cannulated screws with wiring. METHODS: A prospective analytic comparative study was conducted in Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital/Baghdad/Iraq for 18 months from April 1, 2019, to October 1, 2020. It included 32 patients with isolated displaced transverse patellar fracture AO type 34-C1. The patients have undergone operative fixation with two different surgical techniques divided randomly by choosing every other patient into two groups. Group A, the fracture was fixed by cannulated screws with wiring and Group B, the fracture was fixed by two K-wires and with tension band technique. Postoperatively, assessment of the knee function by Lysholm score, the visual analog scale for pain intensity, and active flexion range of movement were measured in degree as primary outcomes, while time to union in weeks assessed radiographically as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: The patients’ age was ranging from 26 to 49 years, with males predominant. Low-energy falls occupying a major part of the mechanism of injury in both groups. Lysholm score was significantly increased after 3, 6, and 12 months compared to that after 1 month in both groups with no statistical differences. The mean visual analog score significantly decreased in Group A after 1 month than that in Group B with no significant change in the other follow-up periods. There were no statistically significant differences in both groups regarding the range of knee movement and the radiographic assessment of fracture healing. CONCLUSION: Both techniques are good and effective with taking into consideration that open reduction and cannulated screws fixation with wiring technique is shown to be associated with lower post-operative pain and a lower frequency of complications mainly surgical site infection.