Displacement Paradigm Research Articles

Displacement paradigm towards digital music distribution in the recording industry

Digital music streaming and downloading platforms supervene the stymied superfluity of physical music distribution in the recording industry. The significant transition seems to provide quasi-real-time increased music consumption. The purpose of the study is to identify the challenges associated with the paradigm shift to the digital trajectory of music regarding global market demand and to establish the extent to which digital diffusion innovations influence digital music distribution and consumption in the recording industry. The exploratory research study employed univariate and multivariate statistical analysis to analyse the data collected from 217 musicians. The study found that the customer base of physical retail stores is dwindling due to the increasing number of independent artists and technologically compatible media devices that encourage music streaming and downloads. The practical implications ensue the amplitude of music downloads that is proffered by modular technological developments, such as the buttress of smartphones while it predicates the perspicacity of innovative digital technologies to create independent shrewd music entrepreneurs.

新手團體諮商師心理位移之經驗與影響研究

<p>本研究旨在探究新手團體諮商師心理位移之經驗與影響。資料來源為30位研究參與者，在完成六次團體經驗的心理位移書寫後接受訪談所得之30小時逐字稿。所得資料採紮根理論資料分析方式進行，結果發現：（一）在不同位格的體驗：「我」位格有主觀陳述、真實感覺、情緒較多、負面評價；「你」位格有同理安慰、關照支持、批判指責、客觀評論；「他」位格有冷靜旁觀、理性分析、觀看整體、思考行動；4.「再回到我」有情緒緩解、漸趨平衡、正向能量、促發改變。（二）對個人自我產生七大影響：含1.自我覺察，自我了解；2.情緒轉換，緩解抒發；3. 自我賦能，滋養自信；4.內在擺盪，趨於平衡；5.自我接納，提供選擇；6.自我鼓勵，降低自責；7.自我照顧，自我療癒。（三）對團體諮商專業產生八大影響：含1.有助檢視與評估團體；2.清晰化團體概念與運作；3.有助預備與面對下一次團體；4.改變對團體成員看法及方式；5.減少帶團體的焦慮；6.幫助與協同領導者的合作；7.有自我督導的功能；8.釐清與思考團體困境。</p> <p> </p><p>The purpose of this study is to explore the effects and experiences of applying Psychological Displacement Paradigm in Diary-Writing (PDPD)to novice group therapists. Participants were 30 novice group therapists. After six PDPD writings, they received a one-hour individual interview. The time for these interviews is about 30 hours. The raw data are the transcripts of these interviews. The procedures of data analysis included open coding, axial coding, and selective coding from grounded theory. The results are as follows：I. The experiences of PDPD：1)Using first-person pronoun, I：Subjective description, real feelings, more emotions, and negative evaluation.2)Using second-person pronoun, you：Empathy and comfort, care and support, judgment and blame, and rational reflection.3)Using third-person pronoun, he：Calmness and observing, objectivity and analysis, having a broader perspective, as well as adjusting changes.4)Returns to first-person pronoun, I：emotional release, feeling balance, positive power, and triggering changes. II.The effects on personal level：1)Self-awareness and self-understanding. 2)Emotional adjustment and release. 3)Nurturing self-confidence and empowering self. 4)Balancing the opposites. 5)Self-acceptance and providing choices.6)Self-encouragement and reducing self-blame. 7) Self-care and self-healing. III.The effects on the professional group counseling level：1)Helpful to examine and evaluate the group. 2)Understanding the group concepts how to conduct a group.3)Enhancing the preparation of leading the group. 4) Changing leaders’ perspectives and group interaction with group members. 5)Reducing anxiety of leading group. 6)Assisting and facilitating the cooperation of co-leaders. 7)Serving the function of self-supervision. 8)Clarifying and thinking for the difficulties of the group.</p> <p> </p>

Peripersonal encoding of forelimb proprioception in the mouse somatosensory cortex

Conscious perception of limb movements depends on proprioceptive neural responses in the somatosensory cortex. In contrast to tactile sensations, proprioceptive cortical coding is barely studied in the mammalian brain and practically non-existent in rodent research. To understand the cortical representation of this important sensory modality we developed a passive forelimb displacement paradigm in behaving mice and also trained them to perceptually discriminate where their limb is moved in space. We delineated the rodent proprioceptive cortex with wide-field calcium imaging and optogenetic silencing experiments during behavior. Our results reveal that proprioception is represented in both sensory and motor cortical areas. In addition, behavioral measurements and responses of layer 2/3 neurons imaged with two-photon microscopy reveal that passive limb movements are both perceived and encoded in the mouse cortex as a spatial direction vector that interfaces the limb with the body’s peripersonal space.

The Effects of Psychological Displacement Paradigm in Diary-Writing on the Self Level of the Counselor Interns

<p>本研究旨在探究心理位移書寫對全職實習諮商心理師自我層面之影響及影響如何產生。資料來源為6位研究參與者，在一年全職實習期間，每週進行一篇諮商經驗的心理位移書寫後，於上下學期各接受一次訪談，所得約22小時訪談逐字稿中的部份內容。所得資料則採紮根理論資料分析方式進行，結果發現心理位移書寫對全職實習諮商心理師的自我層面產生六大影響：1. 情緒的覺察、處理與改變；2.擴展自我覺察；3.自我同理與支持；4.促進自我接納；5.賦能自我；6.安頓與療癒自我，且每個影響各自有其內涵。此外也發現每個影響如何經由心理位移而產生，含「你」位格的自我對話、支持與肯定；「他」位格的視野擴大、拉開距離觀看與撫育；持續的「位格轉換」等。</p> <p> </p><p>This study investigated the effects of the Psychological Displacement Paradigm in Diary-Writing (PDPD) program on the self of counselor interns. This research lasted for 1 year. In total, 6 counselor interns participated in this study. Participants used the PDPD form weekly to record their counseling experiences. Participants were interviewed twice. Interview transcripts were analyzed, and data analysis included open coding, axial coding, and selective coding according to the grounded theory of qualitative research. In total, 6 characteristics of self were affected by the PDPD program: 1) emotional awareness, processing, and change, 2) self-awareness, 3) self-empowerment, 4) self-acceptance, 5) self-empathy and support, and 6) settling and healing. The mechanisms by which the PDPD program affected self-included self-dialogue, self-support, and self-confirmation using the second-person singular (you) pronoun; expanding one’s vision, encouraging new perspectives, nurturing oneself using the third-person singular (she/he) pronoun; and changing pronouns.</p> <p> </p>

Beyond the “I” framework: Improving emotional expression and increasing social connectedness among college athletes through the psychological displacement paradigm in diary‐writing

AbstractThis study explored the effects of a 6‐week psychological displacement paradigm in diary‐writing (PDPD) intervention on alexithymia and social connectedness in Taiwanese college athletes at the individual and interpersonal levels. The sample comprised 87 participants (Mage = 19.80 ± 0.75 years). After a pretest, the individual writing group engaged in individual and interpersonal PDPD twice a week for 6 consecutive weeks. A posttest was conducted after the interventions, and a follow‐up test was conducted 2 months later. Both the individual and interpersonal writing groups scored lower than did the control group on difficulty identifying feelings and difficulty describing feelings in the posttest, and the effects persisted at follow‐up. Moreover, PDPD contributed to an increase in social connectedness. This study provided evidence of the effects of individual and interpersonal PDPD on athletes' emotion control and emotion regulation.

Forcing the issue: testing gecko-inspired adhesives.

Materials are traditionally tested either by imposing controlled displacements and measuring the corresponding forces, or by imposing controlled forces. The first of these approaches is more common because it is straightforward to control the displacements of a stiff apparatus and, if the material suddenly fails, little energy is released. However, when testing gecko-inspired adhesives, an applied force paradigm is closer to how the adhesives are loaded in practice. Moreover, we demonstrate that the controlled displacement paradigm can lead to artefacts in the assumed behaviour unless the imposed loading trajectory precisely matches the deflections that would occur in applications. We present the design of a controlled-force system and protocol for testing directional gecko-inspired adhesives and show that results obtained with it are in some cases substantially different from those with controlled-displacement testing. An advantage of the controlled-force testing approach is that it allows accurate generation of adhesive limit curves without prior knowledge of the expected behaviour of the material or the loading details associated with practical applications.

Azacryptands as molecular cages for anions and metal ions

This is a short overview on azacryptands, as molecular receptors for cations and anions. A particular attention was devoted to the results obtained by women researchers working in the field. The terms ‘cryptand’ and ‘cryptate’ were coined by Lehn. Since then, much work has been done to improve the knowledge on this class of receptors. Small azacryptands, as free bases, were found to bind a single metal ion within their cavities. When fully protonated, the same systems could also behave as selective hosts for anions, through the cooperation of H-bonding and electrostatic interactions. Proceeding to systems with larger cavities, the inclusion of two metal ions and a bridging anion was possible, forming the so-called ‘cascade’ complexes. Azacryptates carrying fluorescent spacers or exploiting the indicator displacement paradigm allowed the sensing of anionic species in water at micromolar concentrations. Moreover, immobilisation on solid matrices and surfaces yielded new materials for the solid-phase extraction of anionic pollutants and the construction of selective electrodes for analytes in water.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of online motor correction processing revealed by high-density electroencephalography.

The ability to control online motor corrections is key to dealing with unexpected changes arising in the environment with which we interact. How the CNS controls online motor corrections is poorly understood, but evidence has accumulated in favor of a submovement-based model in which apparently continuous movement is segmented into distinct submovements. Although most studies have focused on submovements' kinematic features, direct links with the underlying neural dynamics have not been extensively explored. This study sought to identify an electroencephalographic signature of submovements. We elicited kinematic submovements using a double-step displacement paradigm. Participants moved their wrist toward a target whose direction could shift mid-movement with a 50% probability. Movement kinematics and cortical activity were concurrently recorded with a low-friction robotic device and high-density electroencephalography. Analysis of spatiotemporal dynamics of brain activation and its correlation with movement kinematics showed that the production of each kinematic submovement was accompanied by (1) stereotyped topographic scalp maps and (2) frontoparietal ERPs time-locked to submovements. Positive ERP peaks from frontocentral areas contralateral to the moving wrist preceded kinematic submovement peaks by 220-250 msec and were followed by positive ERP peaks from contralateral parietal areas (140-250 msec latency, 0-80 msec before submovement peaks). Moreover, individual subject variability in the latency of frontoparietal ERP components following the target shift significantly predicted variability in the latency of the corrective submovement. Our results are in concordance with evidence for the intermittent nature of continuous movement and elucidate the timing and role of frontoparietal activations in the generation and control of corrective submovements.

The Psychological Displacement Paradigm in Diary-Writing (PDPD) and its Psychological Benefits

The present study aimed to investigate the psychological displacement paradigm in diary-writing (PDPD) had both immediate and short-term psychological benefits. Participants were randomly assigned to write about their recent negative life experiences two times a week for 2 weeks in PDPD group or comparison group. Results revealed that the PDPD group displayed a decrease in negative emotion and an increase in positive emotion immediately after each writing session; they also showed an increase in psychological well-being relative to the comparison group for at least 2 weeks. Implications for PDPD are discussed.

Confirmation of Fenfluramine Effect on 5-HT1B Receptor Binding of [11C]AZ10419369 using an Equilibrium Approach

Assessment of serotonin release in the living brain with positron emission tomography (PET) may have been hampered by the lack of suitable radioligands. We previously reported that fenfluramine caused a dose-dependent reduction in specific binding in monkeys using a classical displacement paradigm with bolus administration of [(11)C]AZ10419369. The aim of this study was to confirm our previous findings using an equilibrium approach in monkey. A total of 24 PET measurements were conducted using a bolus infusion protocol of [(11)C]AZ10419369 in three cynomolgus monkeys. Initial PET measurements were performed to assess suitable K(bol) values. The fenfluramine effect on [(11)C]AZ10419369 binding was evaluated in a displacement and pretreatment paradigm. The effect of fenfluramine on [(11)C]AZ10419369 binding potential (BP(ND)) was dose-dependent in the displacement paradigm and confirmed in the pretreatment paradigm. After pretreatment administration of fenfluramine (5.0 mg/kg), the mean BP(ND) of the occipital cortex decreased by 39%, from 1.38±0.04 to 0.84±0.09. This study confirms that the new 5-HT(1B) receptor radioligand [(11)C]AZ10419369 is sensitive to fenfluramine-induced changes in endogenous serotonin levels in vivo. The more advanced methodology is suitable for exploring the sensitivity limit to serotonin release as measured using [(11)C]AZ10419369 and PET.

Strain and load thresholds for cervical muscle recruitment in response to quasi-static tensile stretch of the caprine C5–C6 facet joint capsule

The aim of this study was to investigate the response of cervical muscles to physiologic tensile stretch of cervical facet joint capsule (FJC) at a quasi-static displacement rate of 0.5 mm/s. In vivo caprine left C5–C6 FJC preparations were subjected to an incremental tensile displacement paradigm. EMG activity was recorded during FJC stretch from the right trapezius (TR) and multifidus (MF) muscle groups at the C5 and C6 levels and bilaterally from the sternomastoid (SM) and longus colli (LC) muscle groups at the C5–C6 level. Onset of muscular activity was later analyzed using visual and computer-based methods. Capsule load and strain at the time of onset were recorded and compared between the muscle groups. Results indicated capsule load was a better indicator of the tensile stretch thresholds for muscular recruitment than capsule strain. MF responded at significantly smaller capsule loads than TR and LC, while TR and LC activation loads were not significantly different. SM did not respond to physiologic FJC stretch. Muscle group recruitment order reflected the muscles’ fiber type compositions and functional roles in the spine. This study provides the first evidence that the cervical ligamento-muscular reflex pathways are activated via tensile FJC stretch and extend to superficial and deep musculature on the anterior and posterior aspects of the neck, ipsilateral and contralateral to the side of FJC stretch.

Complex Spike Activity in the Oculomotor Vermis of the Cerebellum: A Vectorial Error Signal for Saccade Motor Learning?

Brain stem signals that generate saccadic eye movements originate in the superior colliculus. They reach the pontine burst generator for horizontal saccades via short-latency pathways and a longer pathway through the oculomotor vermis (OMV) of the cerebellum. Lesion studies implicate the OMV in the adaptation of saccade amplitude that occurs when saccades become inaccurate because of extraocular muscle weakness or behavioral manipulations. We studied the nature of the possible error signal that might drive adaptation by examining the complex spike (CS) activity of vermis Purkinje (P-) cells in monkeys. We produced a saccade error by displacing the target as a saccade was made toward it; a corrective saccade approximately 200 ms later eliminated the resulting error. In most P-cells, the probability of CS firing changed, but only in the error interval between the primary and corrective saccade. For most P-cells, CSs occurred in a tight cluster approximately 100 ms after error onset. The probability of CS occurrence depended on both error direction and size. Across our sample, all error directions were represented; most had a horizontal component. In more than one half of our P-cells, the probability of CS occurrence was greatest for error sizes<5 degrees and less for larger errors. In the remaining cells, there was a uniform increased probability of CS occurrence for all errors<or=7-9 degrees. CS responses disappeared when the target was extinguished during a saccade. We discuss the properties of this putative CS error signal in the context of the characteristics of saccade adaptation produced by the target displacement paradigm.

In Vivo DA D1 Receptor Selectivity of NNC 112 and SCH 23390

[(11)C]NNC 112 and [(11)C]SCH 23390 are selective positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for visualizing dopamine D(1) receptors. It is known that both have some affinity for serotonin 2A receptors, but previous studies have suggested this is negligible compared to D(1) affinity. We sought to verify this property in vivo. Two baboons were scanned to measure the selectivity of both tracers with a displacement paradigm. Four baboons were scanned to directly assess [(11)C] NNC 112 affinity for both receptors. In vivo, D(1) to 5-HT(2A) selectivity is six to fourteenfold, not 100-fold as previously reported by other investigators. We conclude that about 1/4 of the cortical signal of both [(11)C]NNC 112 and [(11)C]SCH 23390 is due to binding to 5-HT(2A) receptors. If confirmed in humans, this suggests caution should be exercised when drawing conclusions from studies using either tracer. These results also indicate the need for more selective tracers for the D(1) receptor.

Ketamine does not decrease striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding in man.

A glutamate-dopamine interaction has been implicated in the psychosis-like effects of glutamate N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, such as phencyclidine and ketamine. However, recent imaging studies addressing striatal glutamate-dopamine interaction directly in vivo in man have been controversial. To examine whether the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine in high subanesthetic concentrations decreases striatal [(11)C]raclopride binding potential in man. To further evaluate whether changes in striatal [(11)C]raclopride binding are associated with ketamine-induced behavioral effects. The effect of computer-driven subanesthetic ketamine infusion on striatal dopamine release was studied in healthy male subjects using a controlled study design. Dopamine release was studied using positron emission tomography and the [(11)C]raclopride displacement paradigm. A conventional region of interest-based analysis and voxel-based analysis were applied to the positron emission tomography data. The average plasma ketamine concentration was 293+/-29 ng/ml. Ketamine did not alter striatal [(11)C]raclopride binding. Ketamine induced typical behavioral effects, such as hallucinations but there was no correlation between these effects and displacement of [(11)C]raclopride binding. This controlled study indicates that ketamine does not decrease striatal [(11)C]raclopride binding. Striatal dopamine release is of minor importance in the psychosis-like effects of ketamine.

Mechanisms underlying the generation of averaged modified trajectories

In this work we have studied what mechanisms might possibly underlie arm trajectory modification when reaching toward visual targets. The double-step target displacement paradigm was used with inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) in the range of 10---300 ms. For short ISIs, a high percentage of the movements were found to be initially directed in between the first and second target locations (averaged trajectories). The initial direction of motion was found to depend on the target configuration, and on D: the time difference between the presentation of the second stimulus and movement onset. To account for the kinematic features of the averaged trajectories two modification schemes were compared: the superposition scheme and the abort-replan scheme. According to the superposition scheme, the modified trajectories result from the vectorial addition of two elemental motions: one for moving between the initial hand position and an intermediate location, and a second one for moving between that intermediate location and the final target. According to the abort-replan scheme, the initial plan for moving toward the intermediate location is aborted and smoothly replaced by a new plan for moving from the hand position at the time the trajectory is modified to the final target location. In both tested schemes we hypothesized that due to the quick displacement of the stimulus, the internally specified intermediate goal might be influenced by both stimuli and may be different from the location of the first stimulus. It was found that the statistically most successful model in accounting for the measured data is based on the superposition scheme. It is suggested that superposition of simple independent elemental motions might be a general principle for the generation of modified motions, which allows for efficient, parallel planning. For increasing values of D the inferred locations of the intermediate targets were found to gradually shift from the first toward the second target locations along a path that curved toward the initial hand position. These inferred locations show a strong resemblance to the intermediate locations of saccades generated in a similar double-step paradigm. These similarities in the specification of target locations used in the generation of eye and hand movements may serve to simplify visuomotor integration.

123I]Iomazenil spect imaging demonstrates significant benzodiazepine receptor reserve in human and nonhuman primate brain

SPECT imaging with [ 123I]iomazenil was used to measure benzodiazepine (BZ) neuroreceptor occupancy of the agonist lorazepam administered at therapeutically relevant doses in humans and supratherapeutic doses in monkeys. Lorazepam at therapeutic doses (0.03 mg/kg, i.v.) administered 90 min after the bolus injection of [ 123I]iomazenil had no statistically significant effect (P > 0.12) on the washout rates of regional brain activities compared to that in control subjects, although human subjects demonstrated marked sedation from the lorazepam. In baboons, the effects of higher doses of lorazepam (cumulative 0.5 mg/kg) were examined in a stepwise displacement paradigm. The in vivo potency was expressed as the ED 50 (or dose required to displace 50% of receptor bound activity) and was equal to 0.34 ± 0.01 mg/kg (mean ± SD, n = 12). Log-logit analyses of displacement data corrected for endogenous washout showed that therapeutic doses of lorazepam were associated with < 3% BZ receptor occupancy. To examine if endogenous GABA modulates potency of the BZ agonist, the ED 50 of lorazepam was compared with and without concurrent administration of tiagabine, a GABA reuptake inhibitor. These experiments were designed to measure an in vivo GABA shift of agonist potency. In vivo microdialysis demonstrated that tiagabine (up to 1 mg/kg, i.v.) increased extracellular GABA levels up to 200% of baseline, but these doses had only a minimal enhancement of lorazepam's potency to displace [ 123I]iomazenil. This study strongly suggests that single therapeutically relevant doses of lorazepam occupy a relatively small percentage (i.e. < 3%) of BZ receptors and that BZ binding sites have a significant (i.e. 97%) receptor reserve.

SPECT imaging of dopamine and serotonin transporters with [123I]β‐CIT: Pharmacological characterization of brain uptake in nonhuman primates

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies of regional kinetic uptake and pharmacological specificity of [123I]methyl 3 beta-(4-iodophenyl) tropane-2 beta-carboxylate ([123I]beta-CIT) were performed in nonhuman primates (n = 41). In control experiments, activity was concentrated in striatum and in hypothalamic/midbrain regions. Striatal uptake increased for 140-180 min and displayed stable levels thereafter. Striatal to cerebellar activity ratios were 7.3 +/- 0.9 (mean +/- SEM) at 300 min. About 75% of striatal uptake was displaceable by injection of nonradioactive beta-CIT. Hypothalamic/midbrain activity reached maximal levels at approximately 45 min. A slow washout phase followed this peak activity. Activities in frontal, occipital, and cerebellar regions were characterized by an early peak (20-30 min), followed by rapid washout. Displacement studies demonstrated that striatal uptake was associated with dopamine (DA) transporters, as it was displaced by GBR 12909, a selective DA uptake inhibitor, but not by citalopram, a selective serotonin (5-HT) uptake inhibitor. The inverse was true in the hypothalamic/midbrain area, suggesting that the uptake in this area was associated primarily with 5-HT transporters. Maprotiline, a selective norepinephrine uptake inhibitor, did not affect [123I]beta-CIT uptake. In vivo site occupancy ED50 values of cocaine, 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (CFT), and beta-CIT were measured in the striatum with a stepwise displacement paradigm. In vivo ED50 values correlated strongly with in vitro IC50 values for binding to DA transporters. Infusion of high dose of L-DOPA (250 mumol/kg) failed to displace striatal [123I]beta-CIT binding, suggesting that the binding would not be affected by L-DOPA administration in Parkinsonian patients. However, studies performed with injection of d-amphetamine indirectly suggested that high synaptic levels of DA may compete with [123I]beta-CIT binding. These studies suggest that [123I]beta-CIT will be a useful SPECT tracer of DA and 5-HT transporters in living human brain.