Tooth Displacement Research Articles

Investigation of the displacement of an odonto-prepared tooth based on a comparison of digital models of the jaws. Analysis of a clinical case.

Aim The substantiation of the duration of orthopedic treatment, taking into account the error in the displacement of the odonto-prepared tooth based on a comparison of digital models of the jaws. Methods To analyze the data on the distance at which the odonto-prepared tooth moved towards the antagonists over a certain period of time, the distance to the antagonists' teeth was measured from digital models. Digital images of jaw models obtained immediately after odontopreparation marked them as initial data. After 24 days after the first impressions were taken, the digital models obtained from the repeated impressions were designated as current data.3D combination of dentition models in the position of central occlusion, and measurement of the distance of the initial and current data was carried out 10 times. To assess the displacement of the odonto-prepared tooth, their values ​​were compared. Results Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that there are statistically significant differences between the measurements carried out in a known period of time; the average value of the data ​​of the initial situation is 1.345 ± 0.005 mm. The average value of the data of the current situation is 1.229 ± 0.003 mm. The difference between the measurements allows concluding that there was a displacement of the odonto-prepared tooth by 0.116 ± 0.002 mm (116 ± 2 μm). Conclusion The clinical result of the study suggests the implementation of orthopedic treatment with fixed structures, without the use of a temporary structure, in the shortest possible time. The displacement of the odonto-prepared tooth towards the antagonist teeth, measured on digital jaw models, shows that the time of laboratory manufacture of the prosthesis without the use of a temporary structure for more than 24 days is critical, leading to defects in the dental prosthesis.

The biomechanical effects of clear aligner trimline designs and extensions on orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review

BackgroundClear aligner treatment (CAT) has emerged as an effective alternative to conventional multibracket systems in orthodontics. The trimline design and extension of aligners may significantly influence their biomechanical performance and tooth movement efficacy.AimTo systematically review the biomechanical effects of different aligner trimline designs and extensions on orthodontic tooth movement.MethodsA systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2000 and August 2024. The review included any types of empirical research focusing on the influence of trimline of orthodontic aligners on tooth movement efficacy conducted between January 2000 and August 2024. The Risk of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool was used for quality assessment.ResultsTwelve studies met the inclusion criteria, all assessed as having low to moderate risk of bias. Aligner trimline design significantly influenced orthodontic tooth movement efficacy through two primary mechanisms: enhanced force delivery and increased aligner retention. Aligners with straight and extended margins generally exerted higher forces and moments compared to scalloped or shorter designs. This resulted in greater tooth displacement for certain movements, particularly intrusion, translation, tipping, and root torquing. Extended trimlines also demonstrated superior retention. However, the effects varied depending on the type of tooth movement.ConclusionAligner trimline designs and extensions can significantly influence biomechanical performance and tooth movement efficacy in CAT. Straight extended trimlines generally demonstrate superior force delivery and retention, leading to more predictable clinical outcomes. This could reduce the need for revisions, thereby decreasing overall treatment time and increasing patient satisfaction. However, further research is needed to investigate the interactions between aligner trimline designs and other factors to develop evidence-based guidelines for their optimal combination in various clinical scenarios.

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of maxillary molar distalization treated with clear aligners combined with different traction methods

BackgroundThis study aimed to analyze the effects of maxillary molar distalization using clear aligners with different intramaxillary and intermaxillary traction via the three-dimensional (3D) finite element method.MethodsA 3D finite element model consisting of the maxilla, mandible, dentitions, periodontal ligaments (PDLs), attachments, and clear aligners was constructed. Five groups were established based on different traction modalities: group 1 (control group); group 2 (orthodontic mini-implants (OMIs) were implanted between the maxillary first molars and the second premolars on the buccal side); group 3 (OMIs were implanted in the infrazygomatic crest area between the maxillary first and second molars on the buccal side); group 4 (OMIs were implanted between the maxillary first molars and the second premolars on the palatal side); and group 5 (class II elastics were utilized between the maxillary canines and the mandibular first molars). OMIs were implanted 4 mm away from the alveolar crest in each experimental group. A force of 1.5 N was applied to each experimental group. The 3D displacement of the target teeth and stress distribution around the PDLs were analyzed.ResultsGroup 4 exhibited the least amount of torque change in the upper anterior teeth and the highest displacement of the maxillary second molars. Group 3 showed smaller changes in anterior teeth torque and higher molar distalization efficiency compared to group 2. Group 5 showed adverse effects such as anterior teeth extrusion and mandibular anchorage loss.ConclusionOMIs implanted on the palatal side have advantages in preserving anterior teeth anchorage and improving the efficiency of molar distalization compared to those positioned on the buccal side. OMIs implanted in the infrazygomatic crest area between the first and second molars on the buccal side demonstrate benefits in the aforementioned aspects when compared to OMIs implanted between the first molars and the second premolars on the buccal side.

Biomechanical analysis of teeth movement during the repair of mandibular defects using transport disk distraction osteogenesis

IntroductionTeeth movement or rotation is one of the complications of mandibular defect repair using transport disk distraction osteogenesis (TDDO). However, the mechanical reasons are not clearly understood. Material and methodsTo evaluate the biomechanical factors associated with teeth movements during mandibular defect repair with TDDO, a finite element model created from computed tomographic images of the human mandible was adopted to evaluate teeth displacement and the Von Mises stress distribution on the periodontal ligament resulting from the transport disk for teeth subjected to TDDO loading. ResultsUnder a displacement of 0.5 mm to the fixed arm of the transport disk, the teeth on the disk moved away from the distraction. The stress on the periodontal ligament was highest (60 KPa) around the distal neck. Upon the application of 150 g of resistance, the entire tooth moved in the same direction and the isoline gradient was almost parallel to the long axis of the tooth. Although the stress was distributed similarly; it decreased to 0.117 KPa geometrically. DiscussionWhen mandibular defects are repaired with TDDO, the transport disk and anti-distraction forces contribute to the reversal movement or rotation of the teeth, which may become immobility when antagonistic forces are applied in the same direction.

Effect of photobiomodulation and corticopuncture methods on tooth displacement and gene expression: animal study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRX1), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and type I collagen (COL1) and the rate of tooth movement comparing 3 accelerated tooth movement (ATM) methods: Corticopuncture (CP), photobiomodulation (PBM) and the combined technique (CP + PBM) on days 1, 3, 7 and 14. Orthodontic tooth movement was induced in 24 male Wistar rats. CP procedure included three perforations: two in the palate and one mesial to the molars. GaAlAs diode laser irradiation was performed on days 0, 2, 4 and 6, totaling 4 irradiations. 14 days (810nm, 100 mW, 15s). Gingival tissue was collected from the cervical area of both first molars and qPCR was performed to isolate and quantify mRNA levels. All ATM groups showed increased tooth displacement compared to control after 14 days (20% for PBM; 40% for CP and 60% for CP + PBM). PBM showed higher VEGF expression on days 1,3 and 7 followed by CP and CP + PBM. PRX1 levels increased on days 1 and 3 in PBM and CP + PBM. GLUT1 increased on day 3 in all groups. No difference was found on levels of VEGF, PRX1 and GLUT1 among the groups on day 14, except for COL1 which increased significantly in PBM group. All ATM methods showed higher expression of all of VEGF, PRX1, GLUT1, COL1 than control group. PBM and CP + PBM groups had more expression related to angiogenesis, glucose uptake, oxidative stress and collagen synthesis.

A comparative evaluation of the displacement and stress distribution of Kilroy spring, ballista spring and temporary anchorage devices during traction of palatally impacted canine using a 3 dimensional finite element analysis

The above study comprises a comparative evaluation of the displacement and stress distribution of Kilroy spring, Ballista spring and Temporary anchorage devices during traction of palatally impacted canine using a 3 dimensional finite element analysis. Palatally impacted canine is a common phenomenon occuring in around 8% of individuals. The Finite Element Analysis/Finite Element method (FEA/FEM) is the most intricate and dependable study that significantly revolutionized the world of dentistry and biomechanical research. Stresses and displacements can be precisely located using this type of numerical analysis. The orthodontist can better comprehend the physiological reactions that take place within the dentoalveolar complex because of the quantitative information it gives them. A Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)scan of the maxilla was obtained from a patient who reported to the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics after he satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criterion. Finite element 3-D models of Kilroy spring, Ballista spring, Cantilever spring, miniscrew, lingual button, 0.022-inch-slot brackets, 0.019x0.025-inch SS archwire, stainless steel bands with molar tubes were constructed using a three-dimensional computer-aided design program (SolidWorks 2017; Solid Works K.K., Tokyo, Japan). All these components were imported and individually assembled in the ANSYS Software (Version 2021 R2, ANSYS, Canonsburg, Pa) and stress analysis was carried out. On the basis of this study following conclusion were drawn: The maximum amount of impacted canine displacement, with initial simulation, wasobserved with Kilroy spring followed by Ballista spring and miniscrew assisted Cantilever spring and the maximum amount of displacement of adjacent teeth i.e. lateral incisor and 1st premolar is observed with Ballista spring followed by kilroy spring and miniscrew assisted Cantilever spring. Furthurmore stress concentration on the canine is highest in case of ballista spring followed by Kilroy spring and miniscrew assisted Cantilever spring. Over all, miniscrew assisted Cantilever spring can be an efficient treatment option for traction of a palatally impacted canine.

PECULIARITIES OF ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS AND PREDOMINANCE OF PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY

The use of orthodontic treatment for patients with generalized periodontitis enhances the effectiveness of comprehensive care. However, it is important to consider the reduced capacity for alveolar bone regeneration in these patients. Therefore, as part of the complex treatment of generalized periodontitis, the inclusion of medications to support alveolar bone regeneration is essential. The course of various diseases can be influenced by the state of the patient’s autonomic nervous system. In this study, medications were administered to normalize parasympathetic nervous system activity in patients with generalized periodontitis undergoing orthodontic treatment. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment in patients with generalized periodontitis, particularly those with a predominance of parasympathetic autonomic nervous system activity. This was assessed by the supplementary use of a combination of drugs designed to stimulate alveolar bone formation and regulate parasympathetic nervous system function. Materials and methods. This study involved 35 young patients (aged 18-35) with generalized periodontitis and a predominance of parasympathetic autonomic nervous system activity, all of whom presented with displacement of the maxillary frontal teeth. These patients underwent orthodontic treatment. To correct the state of the autonomic nervous system over the treatment of generalized periodontitis, patients were prescribed to take a complex of medicines including the preparation “Calcinova” for stimulating osteogenesis. A comprehensive periodontal examination, including the assessment of hygienic indices, was conducted to evaluate periodontal status throughout the treatment. Results. The periodontal examination revealed that almost all patients demonstated an improvement in oral health. Noticeable dynamics in the pathological process were observed as a result of the complex treatment. The analysis of these findings underscores the importance of orthodontic treatment for patients with generalized periodontitis, particularly when combined with methods to correct parasympathetic nervous system activity and promote osteogenesis. This approach was shown to positively affect periodontal tissues and enhance the effectiveness of generalized periodontitis treatment. Conclusions. Correction of parasympathetic autonomic nervous system function enhances the effectiveness of therapy. In this study, a complex of medications was used to improve parasympathetic nervous system activity. The addition of “Calcinova” to stimulate osteogenesis further contributed to achieving more stable treatment outcomes in patients with generalized periodontitis.

Huge calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor of the mandible and management with a teeth preserving surgical approach: a case report

BackgroundCalcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor is a rare benign tumor that predominantly occurs in posterior sites of the mandible in adults.Case presentationThis case report describes a case of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor in a 37-year-old Iranian female with the chief complaint of swelling in the anterior region of the mandible and tooth displacement. This paper summarized the pathological findings, radiographical features and clinical management of the patient. Clinical examinations revealed a bony hard swelling ~ 3 cm × 4 cm in size with tenderness in the chin area. Radiography revealed an expansile mixed radiolucent and radiopaque lesion with cortical borders. A minimally aggressive surgical approach is used to remove the lesion.ConclusionThis case report outlines the successful outcomes of this surgical approach and the positive outcome associated with the restoration of lost functions of displaced mobile teeth in an arranged and nonmobile way after treatment.

Surgical management of conventional ameloblastoma: a retrospective cohort study over the past 21 years.

Conventional ameloblastoma presents infiltrative behavior and its treatment ranges from enucleation combined with adjuvant therapies to marginal/segmental resection. The purpose of this study is to present a cohort of twenty-four patients with ameloblastoma treated in the same institution after marginal/segmental resection for the past 21 years. All cases had diagnosis confirmation by incisional biopsy. Patients with an unconfirmed diagnosis and missing follow-up information were excluded. Data were categorized into clinicopathological, surgical and recurrence aspects. Thirteen patients were females (54%). The mean age was 40.2 years. Mandible was the most affected site (91%). The mean length of the lesions was 4.10cm (± 2.06) and the multilocular aspect was predominant (83%). Root resorption (37.5%), tooth displacement (45.8%) and cortical perforation (45.8%) were noticed. Histologically, most of the cases were follicular (n = 19,79%). Microscopic analysis showed positive margins in four cases. Patients were treated by marginal (n = 19) and segmental (n = 5) resections. Recurrence occurred in two cases (8.33%). Both primary and recurrent ameloblastomas were treated through marginal resections and no recurrence was observed during the past 9 and 5 years after the last intervention, respectively. The overall mean follow-up was 79.25 months and patients are still monitored over these years. Marginal/segmental resection of conventional ameloblastoma is associated with a low recurrence rate.

Tooth accidental displacement in extraction manoeuvres: a series of two cases

Tooth displacement in bordering anatomical areas is a rare and challenging complication that might occur in the attempt at tooth extraction. Displacement may be attributed to multiple factors, including inadequate clinical evaluation before surgery, an inappropriate extraction plan, the application of excessive force, the use of an incorrect surgical technique, or a lack of experience on the part of the operator. Additionally, anatomical characteristics of the patient must be considered. In this report, we present two examples of tooth displacement and describe the surgical approach adopted to achieve tooth removal.

Impact of botulinum toxin type A on tooth movement and bone remodeling in male Wistar rats

ObjectiveWe evaluated whether the use of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BTX-A) in masticatory muscles influences tooth movement and bone remodeling. DesignSeventy-seven male Wistar rats were allocated to the groups: S - Saline (n=20); SM - Saline with movement (n=20); BT - Botulinum toxin (n=18); BTM - Botulinum toxin with movement (n=19). On day 1, 0.02 mL of sterile 0.9 % saline was administered to groups S and SM and BTX-A (1 U in 0.02 mL of saline) to groups BT and BTM, in the masseter and temporal muscles laterally. On day 30, a nickel titanium spring was installed to move the first maxillary molar and euthanasia was performed on days 32 and 51. Tooth displacement, maxillary and mandibular bone volumes, collagen neoformation, bone and root resorptions, and masseter morphometry were assessed. Statistical analysis was conducted (p < 0.05). ResultsA higher percentage of type I collagen was observed in the BT than in the S group on day 51 and lower mass, length, and diameter of the masseter fibers in BT and BTM (p < 0.05). Tooth displacement, bone volume, bone and root resorptions, hyaline area, and masseter height showed no difference among groups with and without BTX-A, regardless of tooth movement (p > 0.05). ConclusionsBTX-A did not interfere with tooth displacement, bone volume, and dental and periodontal tissues related to tooth movement in rats; it increased mature collagen in animals without tooth movement; and it caused a decrease in the mass, length, and diameter of the masseter fibers.

Autologous platelet concentrates in root coverage procedures.

Gingival recessions are vastly prevalent among the general population. With regards to their treatment, recent advancements in periodontal and microsurgical procedures, focusing on minimal invasiveness and patient-centered therapies, have propelled a shift in their contemporary treatment, highlighting the field of biologics and bioactive mediators. Among different classes and types of biologics, autologous platelet concentrates (APCs), also referred to as autologous blood-derived products, are commonly used and preferred among many clinicians. These are essentially obtained via venipuncture (intravenous access) followed by centrifugation, for which numerous protocols and preparation methods have been used, leading to varieties of blood-derived products. In this review, via a systematic search, we explored the efficacy of the different utilized preparation methods and centrifugation protocols of APCs (e.g., platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), leucocyte-PRF, advanced-PRF, concentrated growth factor (CGF), etc.) for the treatment of type 1 gingival recessions (RT1, without interproximal attachment loss or noticeable tooth displacement), as well as their effectiveness relative to a common control (treatment with flap advancement alone without any additional material). Based on the available literature from randomized trials found in our systematic search, we observed that utilization of PRF can significantly enhance treatment outcomes when performing a coronally advanced flap, in terms of the amount of root coverage. The improvement in root coverage was further enhanced in the presence of baseline keratinized tissue width, and with an increasing relative magnitude (the more the baseline keratinized tissue width, the better the root coverage outcomes when using PRF). The efficacy of these products needs to be further explored with different graft substitutes and matrices, as well as relative to other commonly applied biologics, through well-conducted and adequately-powered randomized clinical trials.

Comparison of dental movements in digital setups created by orthodontists and “3shape design service®” engineers: A cross-sectional study

The demand for faster and invisible orthodontic treatments has led to the increased use of clear aligners, facilitated by advancements in digital treatment planning. This study aims to evaluate the reliability of digital orthodontic setups performed by orthodontists compared to those by 3Shape Design Service®engineers. A monocentric, cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Bretonneau Hospital from October 2022 to May 2023. All patients meeting the inclusion criteria and willing to participate were included in the study. Intraoral scans were used to create treatment setups using the Ortho System® software, performed by both orthodontists and 3Shape® engineers. The primary objective was to compare the dental movements (rotation, intrusion, extrusion, buccolingual inclination, tipping, mesiodistal translation and buccolingual translation) between the two groups. Secondary objectives included the number of teeth displaced, aligners needed, interproximal enamel reduction and number of attachments placed. Nineteen patients with mild to moderate malocclusion were included. Statistically significant differences were found in tooth displacements between the two groups with engineers executing greater dental movements for derotation (4.9±2.6 vs. 3.7±2.3), tipping (0.79±0.69 vs. 0.26±0.44), bucco-lingual (0.40±0.26 vs. 0.08±0.11) and mesio-distal translations (0.31±0.20 vs. 0.20±0.17). Secondary measures showed no significant differences except for the number of teeth displaced (15.32±5.21 vs. 9.68±4.82), which was higher in the 3Shape group. While digital setups by engineers showed more significant tooth movements, the practical impact on mild malocclusion treatment was minimal. This study highlights the need for precise treatment objectives and consideration of overcorrection practices. For mild malocclusions, outsourcing setups to 3Shape engineers can be an alternative to in-office setups by orthodontists. However, further studies are needed to evaluate setup reliability for more complex malocclusions.

Numerical Simulation of Maxillary Anterior Teeth Retraction Utilizing Power Arms in Lingual Orthodontic Technique.

It was the scope of this study to explore the biomechanical implications of retraction force application point modifications in lingual orthodontics, aiming to mitigate the bowing effect and enhance anchorage stability in the anterior teeth. Using the FE method on an idealized maxillary model, en masse retraction was simulated using a modified lingual fixed appliance including edgewise lingual brackets, a 0.017″ × 0.025″ mushroom-shaped archwire, and power arms between lateral incisors and canines, with a transpalatal arch (TPA) connecting the first molars. Applying bilateral retraction forces of 1.5 N at twelve positions, initial tooth displacements during space closure were evaluated. Shifting power arms gingivally did not effectively counteract palatal tipping of incisors but reduced posterior and palatal tipping of canines with a power arm length of 11.3 mm preventing posterior tipping. Apically displacing the TPA retraction force increased mesiobuccal rotation while preventing mesial molar tipping for retraction forces applied 12.6 mm from the archwire. Apically shifting retraction forces can mitigate vertical bowing effects in lingual orthodontics, yet it also highlights the challenges in maintaining torque in the anterior teeth. Further research and clinical validation are essential in order to confirm these results, emphasizing the complexity and need for advanced biomechanical strategies in personalized lingual orthodontic treatments.

Reconstruction of Pathology Induced Anterior Maxillary Defect: A Case Report

A cyst is defined as a pathologic cavity lined by epithelium. Nasopalatine duct cysts (NPDC) are of non-odontogenic origin arising from epithelial remnants from two embryonic nasopalatine ducts. These cysts may form anywhere along the ducts’ course, which runs from posterior palatal midline to the soft tissue palatine papilla also known as the incisive papilla. NPDC often develop between the 4th and 5th decades of life with men being affected more than women (2:1 ratio). They are typically asymptomatic but present with palatal swelling in the anterior maxillary region. Larger cysts may create a labial expansion in addition to a midpalate expansion which is usually compressible due to resorption of bone beneath the mucosa. Radiography often shows a well demarcated round or pear-shaped radiolucency superimposed on the incisive canal, tooth displacement or divergence of roots may be observed. This pathology is usually greater than 6mm in size which differentiates it from the incisive canal. Differential diagnoses often include a periapical granuloma or radicular cyst from nonvital central incisors, however a palatal radiolucency and expansion represents a NPDC until proven otherwise. Typical treatment includes enucleation and curettage with low recurrence rates.

The Role of Bone and Root Resorption on the Biomechanical Behavior of Mandibular Anterior Teeth Subjected to Orthodontic Forces: A Finite Element Approach.

This study was conducted to systematically evaluate the biomechanical impact of varying degrees of root and bone resorption resulting from periodontitis and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) on the mandibular anterior teeth. The objective was to determine whether these distinct resorption patterns exert a specific influence on tooth displacement and strain patterns. A finite element (FE) model of an idealized anterior mandible from the first premolar in the third to the fourth quadrant was developed without bone or root resorption and a constant periodontal ligament (PDL) thickness of 0.2 mm. Variations included three root resorption levels (0%, 20%, 50%) and three bone resorption types (circular 50%, circular 80%, vestibular 80%). Models ranged from 200,000 to 440,000 elements and 55,000 to 130,000 nodes. Orthodontic forces, namely root torque (5 Nmm), intrusion (0.2 N), and distalization (0.5 N) were applied for subsequent crown displacement and PDL strain analysis. A total of 180 simulations were performed. Simulations showed that displacement was similar across different bone resorption conditions, irrespective of modeled root resorptions. Circumferential bone resorption increased tooth displacement, regardless of root resorption status. Vestibular bone resorption exhibited less increase in tooth displacement. However, when accompanied by root resorption, the combination exacerbated tooth displacement. Strains in the PDL clearly increased with a circumferential bone resorption of 80%. This study highlights the critical role of bone resorption in tooth displacement during OTM, particularly the challenges associated with circumferential resorption. Clinicians must consider both bone and root resorption for personalized medicine treatment of patients with severe periodontitis, in favor of low-force application strategies to optimize outcomes and minimize complications linked to excessive tooth displacement.

Dentoalveolar effects of open-bite correction with the dual action vertical intra-arch technique: A finite element analysis.

To evaluate tooth displacement and periodontal stress generated by the dual action vertical intra-arch technique (DAVIT) for open-bite correction using three-dimensional finite element analysis. A three-dimensional model of the maxilla was created by modeling the cortical bone, cancellous bone, periodontal ligament, and teeth from the second molar to the central incisor of a hemiarch. All orthodontic devices were designed using specific software to reproduce their morpho-dimensional characteristics, and their physical properties were determined using Young's modulus and Poisson's coefficient of each material. A linear static simulation was performed to analyze the tooth displacements (mm) and maximum stresses (Mpa) induced in the periodontal ligament by the posterior intrusion and anterior extrusion forces generated by the DAVIT. The first and second molars showed the greatest intrusion, whereas the canines and lateral incisors showed the greatest extrusion displacement. A neutral zone of displacement corresponding to the fulcrum of occlusal plane rotation was observed in the premolar region. Buccal tipping of the molars and lingual tipping of the anterior teeth occurred with intrusion and extrusion, respectively. Posterior intrusion generated compressive stress at the apex of the buccal roots and furcation of the molars, while anterior extrusion generated tensile stress at the apex and apical third of the palatal root surface of the incisors and canines. DAVIT mechanics produced a set of beneficial effects for open-bite correction, including molar intrusion, extrusion and palatal tipping of the anterior teeth, and occlusal plane rotation with posterior teeth uprighting.

Reviewing the benefits and clinical outcomes of oral fibroblasts over mesenchymal stem cells for repairing periodontal defects during or after orthodontic tooth movement.

Orthodontic therapy applies forces to teeth, causing an inflammatory reaction in the periodontal ligament. This is repaired by remodeling of the periodontium, allowing tooth displacement. Although orthodontic therapy is mostly initiated during childhood and adolescence, the number of adults seeking this treatment is increasing as our society's esthetic awareness rises. However, adults may already have periodontal tissue abnormalities, rendering orthodontic treatment inefficient because a healthy periodontium is essential for success. Numerous risk factors have been linked to periodontal lesions, with orthodontic tooth movement possibly playing a minimal influence. Although such tissue damages are mostly of esthetic rather than functional concern for patients, restoration frequently requires invasive procedures. Autologous cells for the treatment of periodontal complications have grown in popularity as a less intrusive alternative. The present review analyzed the literature on the use of mesenchymal stem cells and oral tissue-derived fibroblasts for the healing of periodontal defects that may be related to orthodontic tooth movement. Furthermore, the advantages and challenges of the two cell types have been examined. Although the number of clinical studies is currently limited, our study demonstrates that oral fibroblasts have the potential to be the next emergent frontrunners for tissue engineering in the periodontium.

Long-term complications and management of dental trauma in the adult patient - Part 2: discoloured, displaced and missing teeth.

The second paper in this two-part review series aims to outline the long-term complications of dental trauma in the adult patient in relation to discoloured, displaced or missing teeth. A brief overview of the cause of discolouration is outlined, followed by assessment and management options. These can include bleaching, veneers, or crown restorations to mask the discolouration. Displacement of teeth from the socket can occur due to luxation injuries. Management can include simple digital manipulation, surgical repositioning, or orthodontic extrusion based on the severity of extrusion and the time from injury. Teeth can be lost early or in the long-term following dental trauma and associated hard and soft tissues deficiencies may also ensue. Replacement options can include a removable partial prosthesis, resin-retained bridge or dental implants. Often, hard and soft tissue augmentation procedures may be required to address any defects and rebuild lost anatomical contours. A thorough assessment followed by the development of a sound management plan which takes patients' general and local factors into account can ensure a predictable and successful treatment outcome. This would end in an aesthetically pleasing and a functionally stable result for the patient.

Clinical and radiographic characteristics of osteosarcomas of the jaws: A retrospective study.

Osteosarcomas in the maxillofacial region are rare and present different clinical and epidemiological aspects than those diagnosed in the long bones. This retrospective cross-sectional observational study aimed to report the characteristics of osteosarcomas of the jaws diagnosed in an oral pathology reference laboratory. Information (gender, location of origin, age, symptoms, lesion evolution time, and clinical appearance) regarding the cases diagnosed as osteosarcomas between 2001 and 2023 were obtained from histopathology reports, exam request forms, and clinical photographs. All radiographs were evaluated on a high-resolution screen by a previously trained radiologist. A 20-year experienced pathologist reviewed the histopathological slides and determined the predominant matrix of the lesions: osteoblastic, chondroblastic, or fibroblastic. Seventeen out of 33,692 cases diagnosed by the oral pathology laboratory over 22 years were osteosarcomas and 10 were included for analysis. The majority were diagnosed in males (60%) and the overall mean age was 37.8±21.6 years. A swollen, reddish, and ulcerated area was the most common clinical appearance. The mean evolution time of the lesions was 5.2±6.6 months. The majority of osteosarcomas were histologically classified as osteoblastic (80%). The radiographic appearance of the lesions was predominantly mixed (60%), presenting tooth resorption (44.4%) or displacement (33.3%), pericementum thickening (55.5%), mandibular canal erosion (71.4%) and sunray periosteal reaction (80%). The osteosarcomas of the jaws are predominantly osteoblastic with a swollen, reddish, and ulcerated clinical appearance. Imaging exams reveal mixed lesions with sunray periosteal reaction. Key words:Oral Pathology, Radiology, Osteosarcoma, Imaging diagnosis.