Probe Displacement Research Articles

Probing the stability of thin-shell space structures under bending

The stability of lightweight space structures composed of longitudinal thin-shell elements connected transversely by thin rods is investigated, extending recent work on the stability of cylindrical and spherical shells. The role of localization in the buckling of these structures is investigated and early transitions into the post-buckling regime are unveiled using a probe that locally displaces the structure. Multiple probe locations are studied and the probe force versus probe displacement curves are analyzed and plotted to assess the structure’s stability. The probing method enables the computation of the energy input needed to transition early into a post-buckling state, which is central to determining the critical buckling mechanism for the structure. A stability landscape is finally plotted for the critical buckling mechanism. It gives insight into the post-buckling stability of the structure and the existence of localized post-buckling states in the close vicinity of the fundamental equilibrium path.

RT-LAMP assay combining multi-fluorescent probes for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection and variant differentiation

Simple and accurate testing tools for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA detection are essential for the prevention of the spread of the virus and timely governmental actions. Herein, we present a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the simultaneous detection of ORF1ab and N gene fragments of SARS-CoV-2 in one pot. Using two primer sets and two molecular beacon (MB) probes respectively labelled with different fluorophore, positive results were obtained with a limit of detection of 20 and 2 copies/μL for ORF1ab and N gene fragments, respectively. Moreover, the RT-LAMP based assay was applied to detect single-site differences in S genes using two one-step displacement (OSD) probes targeting wild-type and mutant (P681R mutation was chosen as model) genes. Through that, the wild type strain and P681R mutant variant were well distinguished from each other, and a preliminary observation was also made on other mutations at this site such as P681H. The proposed method has high sensitivity for quantification and high specificity for mutation differentiation. In addition, it does not require accurate sophisticated thermal cycler instrumentation and can be used in clinical settings in resource-limited regions.

Dorsal horn neuronal sparing predicts the development of at-level mechanical allodynia following cervical spinal cord injury in mice

Spinal cord injury (SCI) frequently results in immediate and sustained neurological dysfunction, including intractable neuropathic pain in approximately 60–80% of individuals. SCI induces immediate mechanical damage to spinal cord tissue followed by a period of secondary injury in which tissue damage is further propagated, contributing to the development of anatomically unique lesions. Variability in lesion size and location influences the degree of motor and sensory dysfunction incurred by an individual. We predicted that variability in lesion parameters may also explain why some, but not all, experimental animals develop mechanical sensitivity after SCI. To characterize the relationship of lesion anatomy to mechanical allodynia, we utilized a mouse cervical hemicontusion model of SCI that has been shown to lead to the development and persistence of mechanical allodynia in the ipsilateral forelimb after injury. At four weeks post-SCI, the numbers and locations of surviving neurons were quantified along with total lesion volume and nociceptive fiber sprouting. We found that the subset of animals exhibiting mechanical allodynia had significantly increased neuronal sparing in the ipsilateral dorsal horn around the lesion epicenter compared to animals that did not exhibit mechanical allodynia. Additionally, we failed to observe significant differences between groups in nociceptive fiber density in the dorsal horn around the lesion epicenter. Notably, we found that impactor probe displacement upon administration of the SCI surgery was significantly lower in sensitive animals compared with not-sensitive animals. Together, our data indicate that lesion severity negatively correlates with the manifestation of at-level mechanical hypersensitivity and suggests that sparing of dorsal horn neurons may be required for the development of neuropathic pain.

Coupling error model for the contact probe of a three-dimensional screw thread-measuring machine

Coupling error is an important factor that affects the measurement accuracy of the contact scanning probe of a three-dimensional thread-measuring machine. To address this issue, this paper proposes a coupling error model for contact scanning probes. First, the mechanical structure of the contact scanning probe was introduced, and the main source of its coupling error was analyzed. Second, material mechanics was used to conduct a geometry–force analysis on the guiding mechanism of the probe, thereby establishing a coupling error model. Finally, the experiments were carried out to verify the accuracy of the coupling error model. From the experimental verification, the movement of the measuring head by 10 μm increased the deviation of the probe displacement by 2 μm, indicating the probe deflection. Moreover, the calculated probe deflection angle was consistent with the theoretical value, validating the proposed coupling error model. This method provides an important theoretical basis for the decoupling of measuring probe, thereby improving the accuracy of the probe guiding mechanism.

Clinical Experience of Use of Percutaneous Continuous Nervemonitoring in Robotic Bilateral Axillo-Breast Thyroid Surgery.

Introduction and ObjectiveThere is a need for a simplified technique for C-IONM in robotic surgery. The primary aim of this study was to describe our clinical experience with the use of percutaneous C-IONM in robotic bilateral axillary thyroid surgery.MethodsThis study prospectively enrolled 304 consecutive patients who underwent robotic thyroidectomy via the bilateral axillo-breast approach and standardized C-IONM via percutaneous probe stimulation.Results323 RLNs were analyzed. C-IONM with percutaneous probes was feasible in all cases. During this study, we did not record any cases of probe displacement, and no additional robotic maneuvers were required. The average stimulation intensity was 2 mA. There were no adverse local or systemic C-IONM side effects. The mean time required for probe positioning was 3 minutes. The EMG amplitude signal of 48 RLNs decreased significantly, < 50% from the original V1 signal. In these cases, the surgical procedure was modified.ConclusionThe proposed percutaneous C-IONM provides a simplification of the continuous monitoring procedure for robotics. The advantage of percutaneous C-IONM is that it does not require additional trocar space, repeated instrument changes, and unmodified cosmesis. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the application of percutaneous C-IONM in robotic thyroid surgery.

Применение индивидуального позиционера, спроектированного методом CAD, для световодного зонда при лазерной диагностике микроциркуляции пародонта

Objective: To perform laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) periodontal microcirculation assessment using custom-made, computer-aided-designed probe holders manufactured by stereolithography (SLA). Methods: 66 young people aged 21-23 years old with clinically healthy periodontium were examined. The first group consisted of subjects where a custom-made probe holder was fabricated using a silicone impression mould technique. The second group consisted of subjects where a custom-made computer-aided-design probe holder made of a photopolymer by SLA was used. The basic microcirculation parameters were analysed to evaluate periodontal microcirculation by the LDF method: the PM – average perfusion value in periodontal tissues; δ – the average square deviation of the amplitude of blood flow fluctuations from the arithmetic mean value, Kv – coefficient of variation (%). Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the software package Statistica 13.0 (StatSoft Inc, USA). Results: Statistical analysis results indicated that the functional characteristics of the periodontal microcirculation using various custom-made fibre optic probe holders used in capillary blood flow monitoring had significant differences p&lt;0.05. The value of the median PM when using a silicone holder in group I was 1.6 times lower than when using a photopolymer holder in group II. The median value of the σ index when using a silicone holder in group I was 2.3 times higher than when using a photopolymer holder in group II. The median value of the Kv when using a silicone holder in group I was 2.5 times higher than when using a photopolymer holder in group II. Conclusion: A photopolymer probe holder, unlike a silicone one, provides a constant fixed distance between the periodontal tissues and the LDF probe, prevents movement or probe displacement, and makes it possible to avoid pressure on the gingival tissue, ensuring high accuracy of laser diagnostics Keywords: Functional diagnostics, LDF, microcirculation, periodontium, CAD, stereolithography.

Rate and Equilibrium Constants for Bupivacaine’s Binding to Isolated Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein: An In vitro study.

Binding of local anesthetics to plasma proteins has been presented as an important determinant of their bioavailability. Local anesthetics with a high potential for systemic toxicity, e.g. bupivacaine (BUP), are bound strongly by alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), more weakly by serum albumin, but drug dissociation may be rapid, thus limiting the importance of protein binding. The purpose of this study was to determine the binding kinetics of BUP to AAG. Bupivacaine binding to AAG was monitored by its displacement of the fluorescent probe 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (ANS). The increased fluorescence of ANS (λ excit/em = 380/480 nm) upon binding to AAG was used to determine the equilibrium and kinetic characteristics of this reaction. By studying how BUP altered the binding kinetics of ANS to AAG it was possible to calculate the BUPs equilibrium and kinetic rate constants for AAG binding. ANS fluorescence increased ca. 50-fold when bound to AAG. Increasing [BUP] with a constant [AAG] + [ANS] returned ANS fluorescence to its unbound status, due to complete displacement of ANS from AAG; bupivacaine’s competitive equilibrium constant, Ki , equals 1-2 μM (pH 7.4, 23oC). Pre-equilibrating AAG with BUP before the rapid (0.008s) addition of excess ANS slowed the binding of ANS to a rate limited by BUP’s dissociation: koff = 12.0 ± 0.5 s-1, corresponding to a half-time ~0.06 seconds. Therefore, although much of the total serum BUP at toxic levels (2-4 µg/mL) will be bound by plasma proteins, dissociation from the tightest binding protein shows that drug is rapidly freed during organ perfusion, allowing newly unbound drug to permeate into the perfused tissues. The very rapid dissociation of BUP from AAG means that equilibrium binding is a very poor index of bio-availability and systemic toxicity of that local anesthetic.

Gas-liquid phase-detection and liquid film thickness measurement on a sprayed surface with a two-fluid jet using a fiber-optic probe and laser displacement sensor

The two-fluid jet method, which impacted droplets accelerated by a high-speed air stream, is widely used in cleaning the semiconductor manufacturing process. A wafer must always be covered with a liquid film during the cleaning process because local drying may cause some defects. However, the liquid film thickness formed by the high-speed airflow and droplets and whether a liquid film exists on the impingement surface have not been investigated. In this study, we tried to measure the liquid film thickness using an optical fiber probe and a laser displacement meter. We discuss the return light signal from the optical fiber probe installed on the surface irradiating the two-fluid jet.

Evaluation of the use of nasal bridle in clinical practice

Introduction: the nasal bridle (NB) is one of the strategies to avoid the displacement of tubes for enteral nutrition (EN) used during a nutritional intervention. Objectives: to review the efficacy and safety of NB placement in a patient population requiring EN by tube feeding. To analyze their clinical characteristics and identify complications related to this procedure. Methods: a retrospective observational study in usual clinical practice including patients admitted to a second-level hospital with EN catheters who required the use of a commercial NB-CORGRIP NG/NI TFEEDING TUBE RETENTION SYSTEM. Results: 51 patients with a mean age of 73 years (37-96) were analyzed; 64.7 % were men. Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD) was the fundamental indication for placement of an EN tube (54.9 %) followed by refusal to ingest (17.6 %), and orotracheal intubation (7.8 %), among others. NB was withdrawn in 7.8 % of cases due to change in digestive access (gastrostomy), in 21.6 % because of transition to the oral route, and in 9.8 % due to ignorance on how to use it. We found significant differences between accidental removal and self-withdrawal of probes before and after BN placement (2.59 ± 1.512 vs 0.24 ± 0.596; p < 0.05). No related complications were recorded except for only one case of skin ulcer. Conclusions: NB is a safe and effective retention system for the prevention of probe displacement and withdrawal in patients with a wide variety of pathologies. Training health professionals is essential for proper use.

Fluorogenic “on-off” nanosensor based on dual-quenching effect for imaging intracellular metabolite of various microalgae

Sensing intracellular compounds such as ATP in living microalgal cells is of great importance in diverse fields. To achieve this, nanosensing platform composed of graphene oxide (GO) and ATP aptamer (APT) was applied to diverse microalgal cells (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella vulgaris, Anabaena flos-aquae, and Ochromonas danica). The nanosized GO was characterized with atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The nanosensing platform (GO-APT) was prepared by attaching fluorophore-labeled APT to GO. GO-APT was applicable to only cell wall-deficient species (O. danica and mutant strains of C. reinhardtii) and the existence of flagella did not affect the uptake of the GO-APT by the cells. These results indicate that the cell wall is the primary barrier of GO-APT internalization for sensing application. To reduce the background fluorescence signal elicited by nonspecific displacement of the fluorophore-labeled probe, APT was modified as molecular beacon (MB) type (APTMB). Owing to the double quenching effect (by GO and quencher-labeled complementary sequence), the background signal significantly reduced. Cytotoxicity of GO-APTMB on the microalgal species was also tested. The application of GO-APTMB had no effect on the growth of microalgae. Given that diverse aptamer sequences had been screened, the sensing platform is not limited for detecting ATP only, but also can be applied to other metabolite imaging by simply changing the aptamer sequences. Our research will contribute to broadening the application of GO and aptamer beacon complex for intracellular metabolite imaging and detecting.

Implementation of active probe rheology simulation technique for determining the viscoelastic moduli of soft matter

Although bead microrheology experiments are routinely used to characterize the viscoelasticity of complex matter, their simulation analog—probe rheology molecular simulations—has been scarcely used since the system characteristics required for its robust implementation are not established in the literature. We address this issue by analyzing an active probe rheology simulation setup consisting of a probe particle that is subjected to an external oscillatory force and a harmonic trapping force. We identify a set of eight conditions of the system properties that must be satisfied for the successful implementation of the probe rheology technique in molecular simulations. Among these criteria, the two most important are as follows: (1) The spring force constant for the trapping force should be sufficiently large such that the peak in the Fourier transform of the probe displacement occurs at the same frequency as that of the applied force. (2) System parameters should be chosen such that the magnitude of the external force used to drive the probe motion should be comparable to the magnitude of the hydrodynamic friction force experienced by the probe particle in the viscoelastic medium. Furthermore, a scaling relation that can be used to determine the frequency at which inertial effects set in for a given probe size is also established. The validity of our procedure is demonstrated by applying it to determine the viscoelastic properties of a weakly entangled polymer melt system.

Tunable graphdiyne for DNA surface adsorption: affinities, displacement, and applications for fluorescence sensing.

Graphdiyne (GDY) adsorbed DNA probes have been used as a fluorescent sensing platform, but topics including DNA adsorption affinities, DNA probe displacement, and fluorescence quenching ability were rarely researched. Herein, the adsorption affinity of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) on a tremella-like GDY was tuned by modulating the surface chemistry of GDY. The fluorescence quenching ability of GDY with different oxidation degrees was compared. The nonspecific displacement of DNA probes on GDY was studied. Under the same concentrations, GDY with low oxidation degree exhibited stronger adsorption affinity and higher adsorption capacity to both ssDNA and dsDNA than highly oxidized GDY. DNA adsorbed on low-oxidized GDY was more resistant to displacement by other DNAs. Protein showed strong interaction with different GDY and could displace DNA probes on GDY. Based on these findings, an ideal GDY with proper oxidation degree, exhibiting high surface affinity for ssDNA and low affinity for dsDNA, was used as scavenger of redundant ssDNA fluorescent probe in an enzyme-assisted amplification system for sensitive ochratoxin (OTA) detection. This study has enhanced our fundamental understanding of DNA adsorption by GDY. It also provided a rational way to apply GDY for fluorescence sensing in a complicated system.

Irreversible Electroporation for the Treatment of Small Renal Masses: 5-Year Outcomes.

Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal ablative technology that applies high-voltage short-pulse electrical current to create cellular membrane nanopores and ultimately results in apoptosis. This is thought to overcome thermal limitations of other ablative technologies. We report 5-year oncologic outcomes of percutaneous IRE for small renal masses. Patients and Methods: A single-institution retrospective review of cT1a renal masses treated with IRE from April 2013 to December 2019 was performed. Those with <1 month follow-up were excluded. IRE was performed with the NanoKnife© System (Angiodynamics, Latham, NY). Renal mass biopsy was obtained before or during ablation in most circumstances; biopsy was excluded in some patients because of concern for IRE probe displacement. Postablation guideline-based surveillance imaging was performed. Initial treatment failure was defined as persistent tumor enhancement on first post-treatment imaging. Survival analysis was performed through the Kaplan-Meier method for effectively treated tumors (SPSS; IBM, Armonk, NY). Results: IRE was used to treat 48 tumors in 47 patients. Twenty-two per 48 tumors (45.8%) were biopsy-confirmed renal cell carcinoma (RCC). No complications ≥ Clavien Grade III occurred and 36 patients (76.6%) were discharged the same day. Initial treatment success rate was 91.7% (n = 44/48); three treatment failures were managed with salvage radiofrequency ablation and one with robotic partial nephrectomy. Median follow-up was 50.4 months (interquartile range 29.0-65.5). The 5-year local recurrence-free survival was 81.4% in biopsy-confirmed RCC patients and 81.0% in all patients. Five-year metastasis-free survival was 93.3% and 97.1%, respectively, and 5-year overall survival was 92.3% and 90.6%, respectively. Five-year cancer-specific survival was 100% for both biopsy-confirmed RCC and all patient groups. Conclusions: IRE has low morbidity, but suboptimal intermediate-term oncologic outcomes compared with conventional thermal ablation techniques for small low-complexity tumors. Use of IRE should be restricted to select cases.

Analysis of total rotor runout components with multi-probe roundness measurement method

Several standards for vibration testing of rotating machinery define limits for relative shaft displacement during rotation. With requirements for relative shaft displacement, limits are given for combined electrical and mechanical runout, which is the eddy probe reading error and the error caused by geometry of the measured shaft. Some standards allow for compensation of the mechanical and electrical runout by vectorially subtracting them from the eddy current probe values.This paper presents a measurement procedure applying multi-probe error separation to accurately determine the roundness profile and center point motion of electric motor shafts. The roundness error and center point movement obtained from multi-probe measurement with tactile displacement probes are compared with eddy current sensor displacement measurements to separate the total displacement measured with an eddy current probe into three components: center point motion, roundness error and electrical runout. Additionally, a transform for the measured eccentric component is presented to obtain an estimate for permanent rotor bow regardless of the rotor support arrangement during measurement.The relevant industrial vibration testing standards were reviewed. Several issues were found in the measurement methods required by the standards. The requirements of the standards and the used terminology are assessed critically and improvement proposals are presented.

After pruning, wind-induced bending moments and vibration decrease more on reduced than raised Senegal mahogany (Khaya senegalensis)

Pruning is commonly used to mitigate the risk of tree failure by selectively removing tree parts exposed to the wind, but there have been few studies examining changes in wind loads after pruning, especially for large, open-grown trees. In this study, the wind-induced vibration and bending moments of Senegal mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) were monitored before and after a series of pruning treatments: crowns were either raised or reduced at incremental severities between 0 and 20 %. Under ambient wind loads, axial trunk deformation was measured using two displacement probes installed orthogonally on each tree, and each displacement probe was calibrated using a static load test to convert the measured trunk deformation to a bending moment. During each pruning treatment, ambient wind conditions and trunk deformation were monitored simultaneously for extended periods of time. As pruning severity increased, Fourier spectra showed that raised trees continued to vibrate primarily at their fundamental mode, but reduced trees vibrated progressively less than raised trees. Similarly, the average 30-minute maximum bending moment, associated with a given 30-minute maximum wind speed, decreased more for reduced than raised trees. Consistent with existing studies of small trees, the results suggest that arborists should reduce trees to decrease wind loads and, concomitantly, the likelihood of tree failure. Still, excessive leaf loss may constrain the usefulness of increasingly severe pruning on reduced trees: average leaf area index decreased by half on trees reduced by 20 %. More work is needed to understand the long-term physiological and mechanical consequences of pruning treatments.

Tensile strength analysis of automatic periodic stimulation for continuous intraoperative neural monitoring in a piglet model

Continuous intraoperative neural monitoring (C-IONM) during thyroid surgery is a useful tool for preventing recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury. The present study aims to analyze the tensile strength tolerance of C-IONM electrodes on the vagal nerve (VN). A C-IONM wire was enclosed in a hand-held tensile testing system. The probe displacement on the VN was continuously monitored by positioning a second probe far-up/proximally in a piglet model, and an automatic periodic stimulation (APS) accessory was used. The 3-mm and 2-mm APS accessory has a mean tensile strength of 20.6 ± 10 N (range, 14.6–24.4 N) and 11.25 ± 8 N (range, 8.4–15.6 N), respectively (P = 0.002). There was no difference between bilateral VNs. The mean amplitude before and during electrode displacement was 1.835 ± 102 μV and 1.795 ± 169 μV, respectively (P = 0.45). The mean percentage of amplitude decrease on the electromyography (EMG) was 6.9 ± 2.5%, and the mean percentage of latency increase was 1.9 ± 1.5%. No significant amplitude reduction or loss of signal (LOS) was observed after > 50 probe dislocations. C-IONM probe dislocation does not cause any LOS or significant EMG alterations on the VN.

Friction and electrical contact resistance in reciprocating nano-scale wear testing of metallic materials

Reciprocating contacts occur in a wide variety of practical wear situations including hip joints and electrical contacts. In developing tribological tests for candidate materials with improved durability in these contacts it is beneficial that the contact conditions (e.g. sliding speed) can be reproduced. Hence, a fully instrumented capability for rapid high-cycle linear reciprocating nano-scale wear tests has been developed. It is multi-sensing with high data acquisition measurements of probe displacement data, friction, cumulative frictional energy dissipation and electrical contact resistance. In comparison with other nanoindenters the design has the high level of lateral rigidity which provides sufficient stability to perform nano- or micro-scale wear tests for extended duration (e.g. several hours, up to 300 m sliding). In this study, reciprocating nano-wear tests with diamond probes have been performed on the biomedical alloys Ti6Al4V and 316L stainless steel, and with electrically conductive metallic probes on gold and silver alloys. The stainless steel exhibited a ductile response with low friction throughout the load range. At higher loads on Ti6Al4V, there was an abrupt transition to higher friction and fracture-dominated wear after ~20 cycles. Improved detection of the onset of wear and the subsequent failure mechanisms sliding against conductive probes was possible by a multi-sensing approach simultaneously monitoring friction and electrical contact resistance (ECR). Changes in ECR exhibited a complex correlation with changes to the measured friction. The reciprocating tests of noble metal-noble metal contacts (Au–Au and Ag–Ag) showed much longer endurance than gold vs. steel contacts although occasional isolated failures were observed. A new approach for the analysis of repetitive nano-scratch test data was also developed enabling improved data mining.

Design and simulation analysis of an integrated &lt;i&gt;xyz&lt;/i&gt; micro-actuator for controlling displacement of a scanning probe

Design and simulation analysis of an integrated &lt;i&gt;xyz&lt;/i&gt; micro-actuator for controlling displacement of a scanning probe

Spatial Characteristics of Superconductors and a 3D Hall Microscope for Their Analysis

Based on Hall probes, a scanning microscope with a survey area of 5 × 5 mm has been developed and used for high-spatial-resolution and sensitivity measurements of the topology of magnetic field B(X, Y, Z) on the surface of and around the YBa2Cu3O7 – x and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 + x samples without resorting to electrodynamics expressions. The differential technique with the fixation of the beginning and end of the probe displacement ensures the scanning accuracy of about 10 and 1 μm for scanning along the X, Y, and Z axes, respectively. The maximal displacement along the Z axis is 25 mm. For eliminating measuring errors, normalized distributions B(Z)/Bmax(0) are extrapolated to the ordinate axis shifted along the Z axis by the width of the gap between the sample surface and the Hall probe.

Elucidation of molecular interaction of bioactive flavonoid luteolin with human serum albumin and its glycated analogue using multi-spectroscopic and computational studies

Human serum albumin (HSA), an abundant protein in human plasma, which is associated with the transportation of numerous drugs, fatty acids to their targets and regulates the blood pH levels, is exposed to non-enzymatic glycation by reducing sugars. The existence of elevated levels of glucose during diabetes mellitus mediates the glycation of HSA which leads to structural and functional modification of the protein. The aim of our present study is to determine the effect of non-enzymatic glycation on the binding of a bioactive flavonoid luteolin to HSA using multi-spectroscopic and computational studies. The intrinsic fluorescence exhibited by the proteins (HSA and gHSA) were quenched by luteolin through static quenching mechanism. The binding constant for the interaction of HSA with luteolin was found higher as compared to that of gHSA-Luteolin at the experimental temperatures (290, 300 and 310 K). The ∆G values for the complexes formed between HSA/gHSA and luteolin were observed to be negative, indicating the spontaneity of the binding processes. Both enthalpy and entropy factors contribute to the binding of luteolin to HSA, whereas, enthalpy factors played a major role in the binding of luteolin to gHSA. A reduction in the α-helical content of HSA-Luteolin complex was observed, but no significant change was found for gHSA-Luteolin complex. Site probe displacement and related binding studies indicated that luteolin binds to both Subdomain IIA and IIIA of HSA and gHSA but with different affinities. Further molecular docking and MD simulation studies confirmed that luteolin preferably binds to the Subdomain IIA of HSA and IIIA of gHSA. These information, in turn, would give a better understanding of the functional changes occurred due to structural modification of HSA induced by glycation and may have some useful impact on the field of pharmaceutical sciences.