Displacement Analysis Research Articles

(Re)membering Home(lands): Generative Analysis of Human Displacement in Children's Literature

AbstractChildren's literature is a powerful pedagogical tool within culturally sustaining literacy classrooms. Drawing from generative metanarrative theory of human displacement, culturally sustaining pedagogies, and critical refugee studies, this research investigates how representations of home(lands) in 30 acclaimed picturebooks about children who experienced displacement could affirm critically informed history and cultivate cultural sustenance. We analyze the narrative structures of time space (chronotope) within and across these stories, as well as the substance therein, identifying troubling generic patterns. We propose strategies for remembering home(lands) through acts of collective imagining.

Application and Effect Evaluation of Elastic Foundation Beam Method in Deformation Analysis of Underground Passage Underneath Excavated Tunnel

Tunneling under existing underground buildings has become a common issue in densely populated urban areas. The current elastic analysis for ground displacement from new tunnel construction focuses on circular tunnels. However, theoretical analysis for non-circular chamber excavations is lacking. This paper aims to develop an elastic analysis for ground deformation from non-circular chamber excavations using the ‘equivalent radius’ theory, Verruijt’s formula, and Park’s model. It adjusts the ellipticization parameter δ and uniform radial displacement ε in Verruijt’s formula. Additionally, equivalent stiffness values for diverse existing hollow structures are considered using various approaches. A comparison of the theoretical results from field measurements and simulations shows the modified equations predict ground deformation well. Finally, parametric analysis explores the impacts of non-circular cavern excavations on existing structures under different factors.

Numerical study of cellular beams under different types of loading

The integration of cellular metal beams in high-rise buildings allows for optimized space utilization for technical equipment, while also reducing floor height and, consequently, the overall weight of the superstructure. However, while these openings provide design flexibility, they can also decrease structural stability by causing deformations in the web posts, especially under concentrated loads. This study focuses on evaluating the strength and stability of open-section beams under various load conditions, using numerical simulations and three-point bending tests. Specific reinforcement solutions were developed to counter instability phenomena and enhance mechanical performance. The results indicate that the finite element model used in simulations provides accurate and consistent predictions with experimental data, validating its utility for in-depth analysis of displacements and failure modes. Notably, the addition of stiffeners proved effective in reducing displacements and enhancing beam stability. This work, still in its exploratory phase, aims to develop a theoretical formula to estimate the contribution of supports to elastic stiffness, paving the way for advances in the use of reinforced metal beams in high-rise construction.

Performance Characteristics of Newly Developed Real-Time Wave Measurement Buoy Using the Variometric Approach

Accurate measurement of ocean wave parameters is critical for applications including ocean modeling, coastal engineering, and disaster management. This article introduces a novel global navigation satellite system (GNSS) drifting buoy for surface wave measurements that addresses the challenges of performing real-time, high-precision measurements and realizing cost-effective large-scale deployment. Unlike traditional approaches, this buoy uses the kinematic extension of the variometric approach for displacement analysis stand-alone engine (Kin-VADASE) velocity measurement method, thus eliminating the need for additional high-precision measurement units and an expensive complement of satellite orbital products. Through testing in the South China Sea and Laoshan Bay, the results showed good consistency in significant wave height and main wave direction between the novel buoy and a Datawell DWR-G4, even under mild wind and wave conditions. However, wave mean period disparities were observed partially because of sampling frequency differences. To validate this idea, we used Joint North Sea Wave Project (Jonswap) spectral waves as input signals, the bias characteristics of the mean periods of the spectral calculations were compared under conditions of identical input signals and gradient-distributed wind speeds. Results showed an average difference of 0.28 s between the sampling frequencies of 1.28 Hz and 5 Hz. The consequence that high-frequency signals have considerable effects on the mean wave period calculations indicates the necessity of the buoy’s high-frequency operation mode. This GNSS drifting buoy offers a cost-effective, globally deployable solution for ocean wave measurement. Its potential for large-scale networked ocean wave observation makes it a valuable oceanic research and monitoring instrument.

Numerical Analysis and Validation of Horizontal and Vertical Displacements of a Floating Body for Different Wave Periods

This study concentrates on numerically evaluating the behavior of a floating body with a box format. Although research on floating objects has been conducted, the numerical modeling of Wave Energy Converter (WEC) devices, considering the effects of fluctuations, remains underexplored. Therefore, this research intends to facilitate the analysis of floating devices. First, the experimental data served as a benchmark for evaluating the motion paths of the floating box’s centroid. Second, the effects of various wave periods and heights on the floating body’s movement were analyzed. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase model was applied to simulate the interactions between phases. The computational model involved solving governing equations of mass conservation, volumetric fraction transport, and momentum, employing the Finite Volume Method (FVM). The validation demonstrated that the Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) for the x/h ratio was 3.3% for a wave height of 0.04 m and 4.4% for a wave height of 0.1 m. Moreover, the NRMSE for the z-coordinate to the depth of water (z/h) was higher, at 5% for a wave height of 0.04 m and 5.8% for a wave height of 0.1 m. The overall NRMSE remained within acceptable ranges, indicating the reliability of the numerical solutions. Additionally, the analysis of horizontal and vertical velocities at different wave periods and heights showed that for H = 0.04 m, the wave periods had a minimal impact on the amplitude, but the oscillation frequency varied. At H = 0.1 m, both velocities exhibited significantly larger amplitudes, especially for T = 1.2 s and T = 2.0 s, indicating stronger motion with higher wave heights.

Lithological control and structural inheritance on faults growth in multilayer foreland sequences

Foreland sectors and foredeep-forebulge systems are affected, as the orogenic wedge migrates, by successive stages of stress states and tectonic deformation, resulting in the development of complex fault networks, even if characterized by limited deformation. The role played by structural inheritance and changes in stress field through time, in influencing the successive re-activations of fault segments, is still a topic to be thoroughly investigated. In this work, thanks to an extensive database made available by courtesy of Energean, we were able to investigate a foreland sector at the margin of the southern Apennines. By means of thickness analysis of the Neogene foredeep sequence and of displacement analysis along the fault network, we documented a shift from forebulge-related extension, in Early Pliocene, to a new tectonic phase, since Middle Pliocene, related to a strike slip stress field, possibly related to the activity of the Tremiti Fault Zone. We also characterized the geometry and connectivity of the cover-restricted faults, developing above propagating normal faults and observed a clear correlation between fault propagation tendency and lithological/mechanical layering within the cover units.

Identifying features of the stressed-strained state of a non-rigid roadbed along ascents and descents on highways

The object of this study is the asphalt-concrete layers of non-rigid roadbed on ascents and descents of highways before bridges. Asphalt-concrete layers of highways on approaches to bridges are one of the most important elements for providing the strength and durability of the entire structure of non-rigid roadbed. On the ascents and descents of approaches to bridges, where the speed of vehicles changes most often, the roadbed is exposed to more intense damage than in other areas. Practical experience shows that one of the most common root causes of the types of destruction of asphalt-concrete layers is disruption of their integrity in the form of cracks, which creates dangerous situations for road users due to premature and more intensive destruction of all road surfaces. This paper investigates features of the stressed-strained state of asphalt-concrete layers of roadbed on ascents and descents in the areas connecting bridges and overpasses with the embankment. A spatial finite-element model has been considered, which makes it possible to describe the stressed-strained state of each element in the road surface structure induced by the effect of traffic load on it. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of deformations, displacements, and stresses in asphalt-concrete layers of the structure of roadbed was carried out. Circumstances that can affect the premature formation of cracks and lead to a decrease in the durability of roadbed structures have been identified. This study makes it possible to identify and eliminate potential dangers that arise during the operation of roadbed. The results could be implemented in the design of roadbed in areas with difficult traffic in the area of ascent and descent, in particular before the bridge. Knowledge of features of the stressed-strained state of roadbed would contribute to the preservation of road infrastructure, could make it possible to improve the comfort and convenience when moving goods and passengers

Fractional Flow Analysis of Foam Displacement in Tight Porous Media with Quasi-Static Pore Network Modeling and Core-Flooding Experiments

Fractional flow analysis is an efficient tool to evaluate the gas-trapping performance of foam in porous media. The pore-scale simulation study and the core-scale experimental work have been bridged via the fractional flow analysis to distinguish the characteristics of foam displacement inside the tight porous media with varying absolute permeability, injection rate, and foam quality. In this work, the combined investigation suggests that conventional foam-enhancing strategies, pursuing higher foam quality and stronger foam regime, are inefficient and restricted in tight reservoirs that the critical Sw corresponding to the limiting capillary pressure has increased around 37~43%, which indicates severely weakened gas-trapping capacity as permeability reduces one order of magnitude. The moderate mobility adjustment and corresponding optimized fluid injectivity exerting from the “weak foam” flow presents a staged decline feature of decreasing water fractional flow, which implies the existence of the delayed gas-trapping phenomenon when water saturation reduces to 0.5~0.6. The finding has supported the engineering ideal of promoting low-tension gas (LTG) drive processes as a potential solution to assist field gas injection applications suffering from gas channeling. Also, the validation with core-flooding experimental results has revealed several defects of the current pore network model of foam displacement in tight porous media, including exaggerated gas trapping and overestimated confining water saturation. This study has innovatively demonstrated the feasibility and potential of optimizing the foam performance of gas trapping and mobility control in tight reservoirs, which provides a clue that may eventually boost the efficiency of the gas injection process in enhanced oil recovery or CO2 sequestration projects.

Analysing Flexural Response in RC Beams: A Closed-Form Solution Designer Perspective from Detailed to Simplified Modelling

This paper presents a detailed analytical approach for the bending analysis of reinforced concrete beams, integrating both structural mechanics principles and Eurocode 2 provisions. The general analytical expressions derived for the curvature were applied for the transverse displacement analysis of a simply supported reinforced concrete beam under four-point loading, focusing on key limit states: the initiation of cracking, the yielding of tensile reinforcement and the compressive failure of concrete. The displacement’s results were validated through experimental testing, showing a high degree of accuracy in the elastic and crack propagation phases. Deviations in the yielding phase were attributed to the conservative material assumptions within the Eurocode 2 framework, though the analytical model remained reliable overall. To streamline the computational process for more complex structures, a simplified model utilising a non-linear rotational spring was further developed. This model effectively captures the influence of cracking with significantly reduced computational effort, making it suitable for serviceability limit state analyses in complex loading scenarios, such as seismic impacts. The results demonstrate that combining detailed analytical methods with this simplified model provides an efficient and practical solution for the analysis of reinforced concrete beams, balancing precision with computational efficiency.

Understanding human-obstacle interaction dynamics on staircases: Implications for emergency evacuation and fire safety in high-rise buildings

Interactions between system components, including human-obstacle, human-building, human-robot, and human-human, significantly impact public safety, system efficiency, and functionality. A deeper understanding of these systems is essential to enhance their resilience and effectiveness. Despite the significance of these interactions, empirical research is limited, particularly regarding behavioral mechanisms when interacting with obstacles on stairways. Our study examines the evacuation behavior of 90 evacuees on the staircase of a high-rise building under different temporary obstacle conditions to understand how key factors affect decision-making and motion behavior during stairway descent. The experiments considered obstacle shapes as control variables and analyzed evacuation time, inner and outer stair route choices, regional speed fluctuations, velocity-relative displacement, evacuation efficiency, and biomechanical analysis of occupants’ comfort. Results show that larger obstacle shapes, increased evacuation urgency time, and closer proximity to the wall lead to a higher proportion of the splitting to merging state before and after obstacle interaction. A strong inner stair route preference emerges in no-obstacle conditions, with significant mean speed differences in downward movements when encountering temporary obstacle. Three phases of average speed variations are observed: deceleration, acceleration, and continued deceleration for the outer route; and deceleration followed by uniform speed for the inner route. A method was developed to calculate regional speed fluctuation using average speeds from trajectories. Comfort analysis revealed that temporary obstacle on building stairways significantly impact safe evacuation. Overall, these findings enhance the understanding of crowd dynamics in high-rise building emergency evacuations, with implications for model development, architectural design, building operations, emergency preparedness, behavioral cognition, and fire safety.

Investigation of landslide triggers on Mount Oku, Cameroon, using Newmark displacement and cluster analysis

BackgroundThe landslide inventory of the western flank of Mount Oku, Cameroon, includes spreads or complex landslides, indicating sudden soil weakening, possibly due to seismic activity or heavy rainfall causing groundwater rise. These landslides were likely triggered between 2009 and 2018 based on the dates of the aerial imagery. Identifying triggers for past landslides remains a major unresolved issue in landslide science. However, understanding these triggers is crucial for accurately assessing future landslide hazards.MethodologyIn this paper, we investigate the possibility of earthquakes to precondition landslide development or reactivation during climatic events. By assuming a magnitude 5.2 earthquake, an epicenter of 10 km from this area, and different wetness conditions, the factor of safety (FS) and Newmark displacement (ND) models were calculated for shallow and deep-seated landslides with sliding depths of 3 and 7.5 m. Afterward, the relationship between FS, assumed ND, and observed landslides was analyzed in a cluster analysis, to derive patterns of climatically and seismically triggered landslides.ResultsThe comparison of FS maps and FS values of the observed landslides revealed that especially for landslides at 7.5 m depth, most sites that are stable during dry conditions become instable under saturated conditions, indicating a climatic trigger. At 3 m depth, however, some landslide sites that are still marginally stable under saturated conditions, display relatively high ND values for the investigated hypothetical earthquake, indicating a possible seismic influence. In the cluster analysis, we clustered the observed landslides according to their distances to rivers and topographic ridges and obtained three clusters. Landslides from cluster 3 with 31% of the landslides display medium to high ND for the assumed earthquake, and were found near ridges and farther away from rivers, suggesting seismic triggering. Cluster 2, with 12% of landslides closer to rivers, suggested climatic origins. Thus, while climate is a critical landslide contributing factor, seismic events may also contribute, either by predisposing to landslides or by reactivating them alongside climatic factors. These results enable the establishment of more precise and effective landslide mitigating measures considering mostly rainfall but also earthquakes as possible triggers.

The role of underground archaeological remains on the seismic response of a historic tower

The Italian territory features plenty of historic masonry buildings, many of which have undergone reconstruction, often atop ancient ruins. The presence of archaeological remains in the shallow layers of the ground is always disregarded in the seismic assessment of masonry buildings. To address this gap, the paper delves into the influence of underground masonry ruins on the seismic response of a bell tower built above a historic soil deposit. A comprehensive 3D finite-element model encompassing the tower, foundation, soil, and underground remains was developed. A parametric analysis was conducted, involving modifications to the geometry, mechanical properties, and location of the buried ruins. From the parametric study it emerged that the buried walls could alter the seismic signal at the base of the structure. The most critical scenario occurs when the buried archaeological ruins have a grid spacing comparable to the characteristic size of the foundation, especially in soft soils. Analysis of displacements, accelerations, and spectral accelerations at different elevations along the tower height revealed that the presence of archaeological ruins could modify the seismic response of the structure built above them.

InSAR Analysis of Partially Coherent Targets in a Subsidence Deformation: A Case Study of Maceió

Since the 1970s, extensive halite extraction in Maceió, Brazil, has resulted in significant geological risks, including ground collapses, sinkholes, and infrastructure damage. These risks became particularly evident in 2018, following an earthquake, which prompted the cessation of mining activities in 2019. This study investigates subsidence deformation resulting from these mining operations, focusing on the collapse of Mine 18 on 10 December 2023. We utilized the Quasi-Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (QPS-InSAR) technique to analyze a dataset of 145 Sentinel-1A images acquired between June 2019 and April 2024. Our approach enabled the analysis of cumulative displacement, the loss of amplitude stability, the evolution of amplitude time series, and the amplitude change matrix of targets near Mine 18. The study introduces an innovative QPS-InSAR approach that integrates phase and amplitude information using amplitude time series to assess the lifecycle of radar scattering targets throughout the monitoring period. This method allows for effective change detection following sudden events, enabling the identification of affected areas. Our findings indicate a maximum cumulative displacement of −1750 mm, with significant amplitude changes detected between late November and early December 2023, coinciding with the mine collapse. This research provides a comprehensive assessment of deformation trends and ground stability in the affected mining areas, providing valuable insights for future monitoring and risk mitigation efforts.

Evaluation of Static Displacement Based on Ambient Vibration for Bridge Safety Management.

The evaluation of bridge safety is closely related to structural stiffness, with dynamic characteristics and displacement being key indicators. Displacement is a significant factor as it is a physical phenomenon that bridge users can directly perceive. However, accurately measuring displacement generally necessitates the installation of displacement meters within the bridge substructure and conducting load tests that require traffic closure, which can be cumbersome. This paper proposes a novel method that uses wireless accelerometers to measure ambient vibration data from bridges, extracts mode shapes and natural frequencies through the time domain decomposition (TDD) technique, and estimates static displacement under specific loads using the flexibility matrix. A field test on a 442.0 m cable-stayed bridge was conducted to verify the proposed method. The estimated displacement was compared with the actual displacement measured by a laser displacement sensor, resulting in an error rate of 3.58%. Additionally, an analysis of the accuracy of displacement estimation based on the number of measurement points indicated that securing at least seven measurement points keeps the error rate within 5%. This study could be effective for evaluating the safety of bridges in environments where load testing is difficult or for bridges that require periodic dynamic characteristics and displacement analysis due to repetitive vibrations, and it is expected to be applicable to various types of bridge structures.

In vivo volumetric analysis of retinal vascular hemodynamics in mice with spatio-temporal optical coherence tomography.

Microcirculation and neurovascular coupling are important parameters to study in neurological and neuro-ophthalmic conditions. As the retina shares many similarities with the cerebral cortex and is optically accessible, a special focus is directed to assessing the chorioretinal structure, microvasculature, and hemodynamics of mice, a vital animal model for vision and neuroscience research. We aim to introduce an optical imaging tool enabling in vivo volumetric mouse retinal monitoring of vascular hemodynamics with high temporal resolution. We translated the spatio-temporal optical coherence tomography (STOC-T) technique into the field of small animal imaging by designing a new optical system that could compensate for the mouse eye refractive error. We also developed post-processing algorithms, notably for the assessment of (i) localized hemodynamics from the analysis of pulse wave-induced Doppler artifact modulation and (ii) retinal tissue displacement from phase-sensitive measurements. We acquired high-quality, in vivo volumetric mouse retina images at a rate of 113Hz over a lateral field of view of . We presented high-resolution en face images of the retinal and choroidal structure and microvasculature from various layers, after digital aberration correction. We were able to measure the pulse wave velocity in capillaries of the outer plexiform layer with a mean speed of 0.35mm/s and identified venous and arterial pulsation frequency and phase delay. We quantified the modulation amplitudes of tissue displacement near major vessels (with peaks of 150nm), potentially carrying information about the biomechanical properties of the retinal layers involved. Last, we identified the delays between retinal displacements due to the passing of venous and arterial pulse waves. The developed STOC-T system provides insights into the hemodynamics of the mouse retina and choroid that could be beneficial in the study of neurovascular coupling and vasculature and flow speed anomalies in neurological and neuro-ophthalmic conditions.

Comparative Analysis of Displacements and Stress Produced by Square and Rectangular Bracket Slot With Incremental Torque: A Finite Element Analysis Study.

This study aimed to perform a comparative analysis of stresses and displacements with incremental torque on the maxillary incisors and surrounding cortical bone using conventional metal brackets with rectangular slots and passive self-ligating brackets with square slots using finite element analysis (FEA). An in vitro FEA study was conducted, in which a three-dimensional (3D) model of the maxilla was built using ANSYS softwareversion 18 (ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA). The conventional McLaughlin, Bennet, and Trevisi (MBT) bracket (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA) of 0.022 × 0.028-inch slot with a 0.019 × 0.025-inch rectangular stainless steel (SS) archwire (model 1) was compared with the Pitts 21™ self-ligating bracket system (OC Orthodontics, McMinnville, OR) of 0.021 x 0.21-inch slot with a 0.020 × 0.020-inch square SS archwire (model 2) at incremental torques of 5°, 10°, 15°, and 20°. The von Mises stress was evaluated at the maxillary incisors and surrounding cortical bone. The torque moment, tipping angle, and displacement of the maxillary incisors were also measured and compared between the bracket systems. The highest torque expression of 13.8 N-mm was observed in model 2, compared to a torque expression of 10.68 N-mm in model 1. The torque expression increased in both models from 0°to 20°. There was a play of 6.2°at 20°torquein model 2, whereas it was 9.32°​​​​​​​play in model 1. The torque expressions were better for the lateral incisors than for the central incisors. Increased incremental torque was associated with increased proclination of the incisors, and this movement was more pronounced for the central incisor and model 1. Furthermore, it was revealed that the stresses on the cortical bone and teeth were higher in model 2 than in model 1. It was concluded that the Pitts 21™ passive self-ligating system produced better torque expression and less play with square SS archwire compared to conventional brackets with rectangular SS archwire.

Dynamic response analysis of pipelines in gas distribution stations under seismic loads

Seismic loads in earthquake-prone regions significantly affect the structural integrity of pipelines at urban natural gas distribution stations, compromising safety. This study analyzes the dynamic response of pipelines in gas distribution stations under seismic loading and proposes effective measures to mitigate stress concentration. A numerical model of the pipeline in the gas distribution station, based on actual cases, was established. The material’s constitutive relationship was derived from tensile tests. The seismic response spectrum, obtained from ground motion data, was introduced to analyze the pipeline’s mechanical behavior. The dynamic response analysis identified critical stress concentration locations in the pipeline under operational conditions. Based on displacement analysis, the study recommended seismic measures. Results indicated that under seismic loading, higher stress values occurred primarily in pipeline sections with intricate flow pattern variations. The manifold connection was the most vulnerable point, with its average stress being 3.37 times that of the system’s average stress. The proposed seismic measures effectively reduced stress concentration at these critical points, mitigating the earthquake’s impact on the gas distribution station. This study establishes a theoretical framework for improving the seismic design and maintenance of natural gas distribution stations, enhancing their seismic resilience and operational safety.

Uncovering the impact of morphology of porous media and capillary number on immiscible oil recovery using computational fluid dynamics

Pore-scale simulation and analysis of oil displacement in digital rocks has shown great promise in tracking oil recovery in porous media. This paper examines three digital rocks with varying pore and throat radii but the same porosities, studying their behavior under immiscible oil recovery through waterflooding. Computational fluid dynamics was used to conduct numerical simulations to observe the impact of rock morphology on breakthrough times, residual oil saturations, and oil displacement patterns. The validity of the simulation mechanism is confirmed in both imbibition and drainage conditions through the pore doublet Chatzis' experiment. This study consisted of 33 separate simulations which varied in mobility ratios, interfacial tensions, and injection velocities. The findings suggest that smaller pore and throat radii result in higher oil recovery and water percolation and faster breakthrough times that facilitates the effects of viscous fingering. An increase in capillary number was found to have a significant impact on oil recovery in larger pores and throats.

CT data analysis of catheter morphology and displacement in peritoneal dialysis: an exploratory study.

Catheter displacement is a common complication of peritoneal dialysis. The aim of this study was to explore the correlation between catheter morphology and displacement by analyzing CT data, providing a scientific basis for optimizing catheter morphology within abdominal wall layers. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 94 patients. The parameters for analyzing catheter morphology were defined based on six key points identified from CT images. The covariates considered in the analysis included demographics, primary disease, body size, peritoneal dialysis method, and total weekly urea clearance index. During a mean follow-up period of 1056 ± 480 days, only the angle of the intramuscular part (IM angle) of the catheter significantly correlated with the time to first catheter displacement according to the multivariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.039, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.058, 0.01). When the cut-off value of IM angle was 39.4 , the area under receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve for predicting catheter displacement was 0.791 (95% CI 0.701-0.881, 0.01), with a sensitivity and specificity of 82.9% and 66.0%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the catheter survival rate was significantly higher in the group with an IM angle < 39.4 than in the group with an IM angle > 39.4 (log-rank =19.479, 0.01). None of the catheter morphology parameters were significantly correlated with technique survival in the multivariate analysis. There is a correlation between catheter morphology and catheter displacement. An IM angle > 39.4 is an independent risk factor for catheter displacement, while the position and angle of the subcutaneous part are not correlated with catheter displacement.

Contribution to the numerical modelling analysis of displacements caused by tunnel construction in discontinuous rock masses

This paper presents a comprehensive study of the stability conditions of a rock mass surrounding a tunnel, using numerical modelling analysis of displacements induced by the tunnel construction. The case study focuses on the Boukhadra iron ore mine in Algeria. This research employs empirical equations from literature based on geomechanical classifications to provide the most appropriate geotechnical input data for simulation. In addition to those equations, a novel correlation equation relating the rock mass ratio (RMR) and the rock quality index (Q) was developed. This equation gives a high regression coefficient, revealing a strong correlation (R2) of 0.878. It gives a better estimation of the rock mass characteristics: Young’s moduli (E), Poisson’s ratio (υ), cohesion (C), and friction angle (φ), compared to the existing literature-based correlation equations. The estimated parameters were used to pass from a discontinuous to a continuous equivalent medium, making the numerical modelling easier with the finite element method. Compared with intact rock and direct equations, the numerical simulation results based on the new equation fit well with the in-situ observations and provide a more reliable comprehension of rock mass behaviour. The new equation proposed in this paper provides a substantial evaluation of the rock mass parameters needed in the design process of underground structures once used with respect to their acceptable ranges.