Displaced Persons Research Articles

Problems of resource provision of Ukraine enterprises in the hotel sector in a state of war

Introduction. During the war in Ukraine, the hotel industry underwent significant changes. Due to restrictions and danger, the flow of tourists decreased, which affected the income of hotels. However, many institutions began to provide their premises for temporary accommodation of displaced persons and volunteers. This made it possible to maintain activities and save jobs. The use of resources in the hospitality industry during wartime is critical. Ensuring quality service in conditions of limited opportunities requires optimal allocation of funds, supplies and human resources. Control over resources helps enterprises not only to survive, but also to find new ways of development, in particular through innovative solutions, social projects and support of economic growth. The purpose of the paper is to determine the problems of resource provision of enterprises of the hotel sector of Ukraine in a state of war. Results. The war situation in Ukraine had a great impact on the hotel industry and forced businesses to adapt to new conditions. Hotels have become not only a place for temporary accommodation, but also a refuge for refugees, and restaurants have the ability to provide work flow and phone charges for customers. The difficulties in providing resources such as material, financial, human and other have become particularly relevant. Hotels and restaurants respond to these challenges by taking into account the protection of employees and guests, attracting financial and material support and adapting to limited conditions. Secured resources became a key part of the survival and further development of the hotel industry during the war. Conclusion. The specificity of resourcing the hotel industry requires the maximum level of security for consumers, and also becomes a problem for business owners who are faced with attacks on infrastructure and lack of materials due to a complex logistics process or financial situation. Problems with material, financial, human, informational, technical, natural and property support have become extremely urgent, so the provision of some resources in wartime conditions have become priorities for hotels and restaurants. Understanding resource management principles such as autonomy, continuity, compliance, adaptability, planning, focus, and resource conservation helps businesses respond to the challenges of war effectively and in time. An important component of success in these conditions is not only the preservation of operational activity, but also the ability to adapt to new conditions and provide anything needed, including personnel, in wartime conditions.

Progressive worsening of posttraumatic stress symptoms in Syrian and Iraqi refugees associated with cumulative and victimization trauma: A longitudinal study.

War and forced migration expose refugees to trauma and ongoing stress, often contributing to long-term psychological consequences. Typically, trauma exposure is assessed cumulatively; yet, trauma type may better predict psychological outcomes. This study examined the differential impact of cumulative trauma and trauma subtypes (victimization, death threat, accidental/injury) on postmigration trajectories of posttraumatic stress and anxiety in refugees. Seventy-seven Syrian (88.3%) and Iraqi (9.1%) adult refugees self-reported prior trauma exposure and psychological symptoms at time of arrival in the United States and 2 years post. Linear mixed-effects modeling was performed to assess for associations between trauma variables and symptom trajectories. Models using cumulative trauma as a predictor were compared to models including the three trauma subtype variables as predictors, using pseudo-R² values to compare variance explained between the two methods of trauma measurement. Linear mixed-effects modeling indicated that prior exposure to victimization predicted progressively worsening posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms over time postmigration (b = .97, SE = .45, t = 2.14, p = .036). Cumulative trauma also predicted increasing PTSD symptoms (b = .124, SE = .06, t = 2.09, p = .041), but explained less variance than victimization (9% vs. 18.1%). Direct effects of cumulative trauma (p = .009) and victimization (p = .002) on anxiety severity emerged; however, anxiety symptoms did not change over time depending on prior trauma exposure. Accidents/injuries and death threats did not predict PTSD or anxiety. These findings can be leveraged toward focused identification of those at highest risk for progressive illness postmigration, thus providing empirical guidance for allocation of interventions and resources for refugees. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Ukrainian Forced Migrants in Edinburgh: How the Homes for Ukraine Scheme Worked

The article presents an in-deep analysis of the implementation the Homes for Ukraine Scheme (HFUS) for Ukrainian forced migrants fleeing the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022. It is noteworthy that the HFUS does not provide for official refugee status in the UK but allows Ukrainians to seek asylum. The HFUS is unique, as it involves, in particular, the settlement of Ukrainian refugees in the same housing with their sponsors, which should contribute to the adaptation and assimilation of new residents in Scotland. Our interviews with Ukrainians and sponsors who hosted Ukrainians aimed to analyse the challenges faced by both groups involved in HFUS. The study aimed to explore the challenges faced by Ukrainians adapting to new conditions in Scotland, their self-identification in a new environment, and their future plans. The primary difficulties identified for Ukrainians in Scotland included limited English language proficiency, challenges in securing employment in their field, navigating unfamiliar systems, and instability hindering long-term planning. Conversely, Scots highlighted challenges related to the lack of clarity in the HFUS, in communication with local councils, and in understanding the consequences of using the scheme. Based on analysis of interviews and other open sources, the authors identified certain aspects that they believe should be considered in Scotland's migrant integration policy, in particular, the effectiveness of the HFUS and the work of state and volunteer organisations that assist Ukrainians and other forced migrants. Additionally, the authors suggest that the gathered data could inform policies for repatriating Ukrainian citizens once the conflict concludes.

Social Trauma vs Adverse Childhood Experiences of Ukrainian Children of Forced Migrants

The purpose of the article is to study the key problems that Ukrainian children of forced migrants face and experience events of this nature, which are classified as social trauma. The authors reflect on studies focused on migrant children and emphasize taking into account the conditions under which this migration took place, namely: forced spontaneous migration as a result of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine. Considering the scale of forced migration of Ukrainians both in terms of number and prevalence, the increase in the number of social problems caused by migration is an important factor in social transformations in Ukraine and EU countries. The authors emphasize the fact that migrant children go through a unique experience that affects their childhood, provoking the emergence of the “social cryptomnesia” phenomenon and requiring the mobilization of adaptive resources. Aspects of children's application of old social practices in new (sometimes existential) socio-cultural conditions are highlighted separately, which complicates the process of adaptation, integration and acculturation. The authors analyse the traumatic impact on socialization of such negative phenomena as stigmatization, cultural shock, and ethnic dissociation. The research results presented in the article confirm the high level of traumatic experiences of children of forced migrants who survived shelling, life in shelters, occupation, filtration camps, poverty, hunger, etc. It is important to study adaptation resources that help children adapt to new living conditions.

Płciowość i seksualność w kolumbijskim konflikcie zbrojnym: od ucisku patriarchatu po feministyczne ruchy wyzwoleńcze

This article explores the impact of the Colombian armed conflict on gender and sexuality, focusing on the resistance of women who were victims of sexual violence. The conflict, which lasted from 1954 to 2016, had nearly nine million victims. Most were victims of forced displacement. And it also led to various forms of violence, including sexual violence, with women and LGBT people being particularly vulnerable. This article highlights the centrality of gender and sexuality in the conflict and the impact of militarization on the gendered social landscape in Colombia. It examines how women who were victims of sexual violence became important social leaders, utilizing their experience to resist the war and transform cultural norms around gender and violence. Through collective action, these women challenged traditional gender roles and power dynamics. The article emphasizes the importance of recognizing and amplifying the voices of women who have experienced violence in conflict settings and highlights the Colombian armed conflict as a case study of the intersectionality of gender, violence, and resistance.

‘Europe was a dream for me. This dream came true but remains unfulfilled at the same time’: Navigating life aspirations among forced migrants in Austria and Italy

Abstract In this article, we analyse the interplay between forced migrants’ retrospective expectations and their current experiences in the host country, and how this interaction informs their aspirations in relation to their potential life trajectories. By zooming in on the Austrian and Italian cases derived from qualitative data, this article investigates forced migrants’ retrospective perspectives on the ‘good life’ in (imagined) Europe and their experienced-informed perspectives of the host country context—reception policies—after migration by tracing individuals’ self-reported perceptions of life aspirations over the course of their migration journey. By applying the aspirations-capability framework, our analysis traces what ‘happens’ after people have submitted their asylum applications. In this way, this research sheds light on the process of adapting to a new context with gravely restricted capabilities and how this affects people’s life aspirations. By doing so, we demonstrate that aspirations are not only dynamic and flexible, but capabilities also change due to the structural confines of national asylum procedures. This study therefore brings an innovative perspective to study life aspirations and capabilities by showing the importance of reflecting not only aspirations but also the (in)capability of acting in the present which informs the process of revisiting original life aspirations for individuals seeking asylum. This process begins after the arrival, based on changes in their capabilities, specifically the national asylum structures that confine them.

Healthy lifestyle of Ukrainians during war: primary analysis of survey data

Purpose. In wartime, individual behavior significantly affects the health status of citizens, as the basic conditions of health are constantly under attack, and the usual way of life is under the destructive influence of various traumatic factors. Understanding the factors, conditions, and trends in promoting a healthy lifestyle (HLS) in wartime realities requires empirical research. The purpose of the article is to conduct a frequency analysis of the data from the survey “Healthy Lifestyle of Ukrainians during War” to incorporate them into the HLS promoting strategies. Methods. Data collection (end of 2023—beginning of 2024) was conducted through surveys (random and panel online samples) containing seven blocks and using Google Forms; 6042 cases were included in the analysis. Results. 1) Sociodemographic characteristics of the sample: men predominate (60%); average age – 38 years; education – mostly higher education (almost 50%) and variations of secondary (40%); professional occupation – most in the field of civil security (44,6%) and social and behavioral sciences (17,9%); geography – predominantly regions in Ukraine distant from the frontline (57,6%) and near-frontline areas (20%); family status – majority lives in families (62%), and alone – 13,2%; monthly income is predominantly low (60%) and average (31,3%); time of taking the survey due to massive missile attacks on Ukraine – mostly during attack-free days (77,5%). 2) Features of HLS: leading health preservation factors – lifestyle (99,8%) and social environment (95,5%); over 50% of respondents currently adhere to HLS; the greatest difficulties in maintaining HLS – during anxiety period, from February to May 2022 (47,7%); almost 40% of respondents understand HLS as both harmful habit cessation, existing beneficial habits adhering, and forming of new ones, while another 28,3% prioritize only harmful habits cessation; leading incentives for HLS adherence – signs of health deteriorating (38,3%), pursuit of personal goals (34.1%), awareness on the destructive impact of chronic stress (31,4%); leading barriers – lack of material resources (46,9%), unfavorable emotional state (26%), and adverse environmental conditions (24,8%); the most challenging aspects of HLS adherence – work-rest regimen (35,1%), rational nutrition (31,1%), physical activity (21,5%). 3) Leading health maintenance (care) practices: making plans, setting goals (80,4%); adhering to a regular work schedule (77%); independent search for information on overcoming psychological difficulties (68,8%); trustful communication with close surroundings (64,5%); attention to hygiene and appearance (61,4%); contributing money to volunteer fundraising (57,9%); keeping informed of news from close circles (56%) and moderate use of expert sources (49,8%); watching movies /series (53,3%) and taking walks (43,3%); prayer (37,4%); awareness on playback theatre (19,6%). 4) Digital well-being: manifested at a moderate level, digital engagement overall fosters positive communication and accompanies respondents’ pursuit of personal goals. 5) Attitudes toward uncertainty: women, those with experience of past failures, and those requiring social support are more sensitive to uncertain conditions. 6) Existential motivations: most realized ones – the ability to value moments of life, respect oneself, and orientation toward the future, yet anxiety, stress, and exhaustion are still the case. 7) Experience related to full-scale invasion: forced displacement (25%); psychological (33,4%), human (death, missing persons) (27,6%), material, financial (27%) losses; law enforcement activity (21,6%); changes in life priorities (71,2%), awareness on the ability to cope independently with life difficulties (58,5%). Conclusions. The results require further processing and will be used to develop HLS promotion strategies in various settings and population categories.

FEATURES OF TERRITORY MANAGEMENT DURING MARITAL STATE IN UKRAINE

The article discusses the current problems of territory management in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which has been going on for two years. A description of the real state of territorial communities is offered, their problems caused by the war are outlined. A cluster model of the distribution of territorial communities depending on the situation during the war is presented. Possible ways of solving the main problems arising in the management of territories during martial law are determined. The article emphasizes that Russia's war against Ukraine, which has been going on for two years, has become the sharpest and most dangerous test of Ukrainian society since independence. Virtually all state and public institutions and organizations, government and executive institutions underwent significant changes in form and content. This especially applies to territorial communities, which, despite their short existence, have actually become the centers of the reconstruction of Ukrainian civil society on the lines of martial law. Territorial communities shouldered the main burden of volunteer assistance to the Armed Forces of Ukraine and territorial defense, reception and accommodation of forced migrants, provision of humanitarian aid, educational, medical, legal, communal services, organization of business and employment, as well as mobilization work. The article notes that under the conditions of martial law, the forms and content of territory management activities, in particular municipal management bodies, have changed: military-civilian administrations have appeared in regions and former districts. During the two years of the war, the functions and boundaries of the administrative activities of local self-government bodies were agreed upon, taking into account the challenges that were caused by the full-scale aggression of Russia. The article notes that the burden of the war had the greatest impact on the stability and vitality of territorial communities. Despite the fact that today it is generally possible to positively evaluate the administrative-territorial reform that was carried out on the eve of the war, territorial communities are in unequal conditions of life, have different possibilities of functioning, and require management decisions that are adequate to the real situation. The article emphasizes that the primary task at the moment is to improve relations between the central government and local self-government bodies, taking into account the actual military, economic, demographic, social, political, and humanitarian situation. We are talking about a significant expansion of the powers of territorial communities in all spheres of social life. It is impossible to rule in wartime by peaceful methods. This is all the more important because the administrative and territorial reform depends on the results at the front.

Post-traumatic stress disorders and coping resources of internally displaced persons

The article analyses post-traumatic stress disorders and resources for coping with stress in internally displaced persons. The analysis of literature sources has led to an understanding of the consequences of experiencing forced migration as a state of high intensity stress, which with a high degree of probability entails the development of post-traumatic stress disorders. The author describes a psychosocial situation that is of particular interest due to the complex nature of the impact of stress on the personality of an internally displaced person: their life story often contains, along with the experience of being in a war zone, repeated traumatisation due to living in new places, which sometimes causes no less powerful distress (culture shock, acculturation stress, migrantophobia). When analysing migrants' resources for coping with stress, we should rely on the three-level approach to the structure of human personality, which is established in psychology. The success of migrants' adaptation is correlated with individual characteristics, including gender, ethnic minority, age, neuroticism and extraversion, therefore, the focus on the middle level is designated as cognitive-personal and operationalised through the construct of basic beliefs of the individual, which are generally defined as global, stable ideas of the individual about the world and about himself/herself that influence thinking, emotional states and behaviour; higher - described by the system of meaningful life orientations of a person, which characterises a person as a subject of life-creation, and is an integral systemic characteristic that reflects the actual attitude of a person to a situation, understood as meaningful life orientations of a person.

“Home” as a Theological Problem for Politics: Weil, Arendt, and the Common Desire for the Common

ABSTRACTThis article engages the global displacement crisis by rendering the concept of ‘home’ as a theological problem for politics, linking contemporary geopolitical conflict to broader issues of forced migration. For help, we engage Simone Weil's theopolitical critique of domination‐based political organising, Hannah Arendt's insights into the texture of political space and belonging, and Jodi Dean's concept of a ‘collective desire for collectivity’ to propose a lateral, connective politics of home that secures local communities while also fostering global connection. Our constructive theological proposal is that the power of love for home entails the embrace of neighbour (near and far) that moves beyond the usual options of liberal cosmopolitanism, communitarian localism, and the Realpolitik of geopolitical alliances. By reconsidering and intensifying the Christian concept of neighbour‐love and linking it to the common reality of displacement and the common longing for home, we take the first steps towards illuming and unveiling a political theology of home that is neither preferential nor naively inclusive.

Social acceptance and associated risks of geothermal energy development in East Africa: perspectives from geothermal energy developers

Abstract Social acceptance is a challenging aspect that affects the development of geothermal energy and such issues have been reported in many countries, such as Germany, Japan, Greece, and Kenya. In this study, we discuss the barriers to social acceptance and associated risks faced by geothermal energy developers in East Africa. We have conducted semi-structured interviews with international organizations (38.5%), public companies (38.5%), and private companies (23.1%). The interviews were qualitatively analysed using inductive content analysis. The key barriers identified by respondents were the lack of political, market, and community awareness; lack of local political support; lack of public funding; human resource shortages; involuntary resettlement; local cultural aspects; employment issues; and demographic change. The lack of awareness of geothermal energy affects public and private funding, and leads to negative risk perception by communities. Risks, such as air, soil, and water pollution, land acquisition, social exclusion, resource risks, and drilling and project costs, were considered important by our respondents. In this study, we emphasize the need for the following: raising awareness regarding geothermal energy; training professionals; implementing strong surface studies to reduce the risks associated with the exploration stage; and conducting environmental and social impact assessment reports to mitigate negative risks to local communities, while also ensuring their engagement and raising their awareness about the negative risks of geothermal energy.

Conceptualising the art of belonging for young refugees and asylum-seekers: reflections from England and Sweden

ABSTRACT The concept of belonging has grown in prominence in research and policy relating to new arrivals from refugee and asylum-seeking backgrounds. Arguably, belonging is replacing integration and inclusion as the panacea to perceived problems associated with places and societies where new arrivals settle. Belonging is also prominent in the literature about formal and informal educational contexts. This paper problematises the concept of belonging. It draws on findings from a research project which explored how young, forced migrants, newly arrived in Europe, could be supported through engagement with arts and culture to achieve a sense of belonging in their new place. Interview data and observational fieldnotes illustrate how belonging and unbelonging are experienced through an informal education programme of arts and culture in two cities in Sweden and England. The paper sheds light on the complexity and ambiguity of belonging for the participants, arguing that ‘to belong’ is not an unequivocally positive experience for new arrivals. In an era of increasing migration, the paper calls for a new language for belonging which recognises this complexity and acknowledges that the process of belonging is reciprocal involving those who have newly arrived and those in situ in the communities in which newcomers settle.

FORCED MIGRATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE LABOUR MARKET

The purpose of this article is to study the process of forced migration and transformations in the labour market of Ukraine related to the displacement of the population during a full-scale war. The main objective is to analyse the dynamics of migration processes and identify the main priorities in choosing countries for migration. Methodology. The work involves secondary analysis of a wide range of data, including surveys conducted by Gradus Research, research by the Democratic Initiatives Foundation and the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, statistics from UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), analysis of data from the Civil Network OPORA and other sources. Practical implementation. The results of the study provide up-to-date information on the current state of migration processes in Ukraine. In addition, it considers the possibilities of socio-economic integration and adaptation of migrants in new conditions abroad. Value/Originality. The article presents up-to-date data on the number of migrants in recent years and their willingness to return to Ukraine, and identifies the main challenges faced by Ukrainian migrants. The author analyses the professions in which Ukrainians are most often employed abroad, which helps to understand the peculiarities and needs of the foreign labour market. Potential challenges arising from forced migration are discussed: language barrier, bureaucratic hurdles in document verification, and cultural differences. Additionally, the publication analyses the prospects for the development of migration processes in the future and possible ways to overcome potential challenges through political (e.g., the Draft Law "On Dual Citizenship" submitted by the President of Ukraine on January 22, 2024), economic and social measures.

Methodology for social life cycle impact assessment enhanced with gender aspects applied to electric vehicle Li-ion batteries

Abstract Purpose The objective of this study is to assess the potential social risks and benefits of EV Li-ion batteries by combining the S-LCA framework with gender aspects throughout all the life cycle phases of the battery. Methods The social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) methodology has been applied to determine social concerns about a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack design for electric vehicles (EVs) from cradle to grave. A questionnaire based on UNEP S-LCA guidelines and literature case studies of S-LCA on batteries and the energy industry has been prepared for each of the stakeholder categories and distributed among experts in the Li-ion battery sector (more than 21 industrial and academic experts representing the whole battery value chain). Furthermore, the social assessment also includes updated gender aspects to provide wider and more comprehensive social impacts to ensure a gender-neutral approach. Results and discussion The Li-ion battery presents a positive social impact in all the stakeholder categories evaluated, where the worker category has the best social performance driven by the highest score (scores range from 0 to 1, where 0 is the worst social performance and 1 is the best) in 13 indicators out of 23. Furthermore, local community, consumers, and society categories have a good social performance attributed to the absence of involuntary resettlement of individuals, the possibility of the product being reused for other purposes and technology accessible and affordable to developing countries, among others. Four out of seven indicators to evaluate the gender aspects and impacts have the highest score, demonstrating a commitment to fostering an inclusive and equitable work environment. The end-of-life phase presents a positive social performance with a score of 0.77 out of 1 attributed to the presence of infrastructure to dispose of product components other than landfill and incineration responsibly, the possibility of the product to be reused for other purposes and clear information provided to consumers on end-of-life options, among others. Conclusions The study presents generally good social impact and gender neutrality on the battery pack design. It gives an insight into the actual status of Li-ion battery social and gender impacts, and the results can be useful to policymakers to design and implement strategies for the welfare of various stakeholders.

Fitting in? Physician practice style after forced relocation.

This study aims to examine how variation in physicians' treatment decisions for newborn deliveries responds to changes in the hospital-level norms for obstetric clinical decision-making. All hospital-based births in Florida from 2003 through 2017. Difference-in-differences approach is adopted that leverages obstetric unit closures as the source of identifying variation to exogenously shift obstetricians to a new, nearby hospital with different propensities to approach newborn deliveries less intensively. Births attributed to physicians continuously observed 2 years before the closure event and 2 years after the closure event (treatment group physicians) or for identical time periods around a randomly assigned placebo closure date (control group physicians). All of the physicians meeting our inclusion criteria shifted their births to a new hospital less than 20 miles from the hospital shuttering its obstetric unit. The new hospitals approached newborn births more conservatively, and treatment group physicians sharply became less aggressive in their newborn birth clinical management (e.g., use of C-section). The immediate 11-percentage point (33%) increase in delivering newborns without any procedure behavior change is statistically significant (p value <0.01) and persistent after the closure event; however, the physicians' payer and patient mix are unchanged. Obstetric physician behavior change appears highly malleable and sensitive to the practice patterns of other physicians delivering newborns at the same hospital. Incentives and policies that encourage more appropriate clinical care norms hospital-wide could sharply improve physician treatment decisions, with benefits for maternal and infant outcomes.

Problems of protecting children’s rights who are citizens of Ukraine enjoying temporary protection in EU countries

The full-scale war in Ukraine caused a mass migration of its population and led to the increase in private relations complicated by a foreign element, which are the subject matter of private international law. The Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof provided the opportunity for citizens of Ukraine to receive the status of temporary protection on the territory of the EU countries. Cases of children being taken away from their accompanying persons or from their families have become a new challenge for Ukrainian children and their parents, who moved from Ukraine to the territory of the EU and who are under the temporary protection status. Those cases occur due to differences in legislation in matters of guardianship and parental responsibility. The author of the article has studied and systematized cases, when social services of the host country are authorized to act urgently in the interests of a child and take a child away from the family. The article provides general characteristics of circumstances that are reasons for taking a decision on the application of emergency measures by social services of EU countries to children who are citizens of Ukraine enjoying temporary protection in EU countries. It is established that the removal of children from their parents, guardians or authorized persons to accompany the child occurs under different circumstances and each situation is individual, but having systematized the cases, the author has identified the following reasons: staying in the EU unaccompanied by adults and on the grounds of “parental negligence” or “improper performance of parental duties”. The author analyses the legal status of an unaccompanied child under the national legislation of Ukraine and foreign national legislation of some EU countries. The legal status of unaccompanied children under the Directive 2001/55/EC and the Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989 is investigated. It is substantiated that the practice of recognizing Ukrainian children enjoying the temporary protection status as unaccompanied children is based on the following grounds: а) deficiency (inconsistency, non-recognition) of documents authorizing a person who accompanies a child for taking care of a child; в) non-compliance (non-recognition) of documents on the right to guardianship, issued in Ukraine, with the requirements of the host country that granted temporary protection; с) independent stay of a child on the EU territory, who is a citizen of Ukraine and has reached the age of 16, left Ukraine independently and is on the EU territory without parents and accompanying persons.

Challenges in the Social and Psychological Adaptation of Ukrainian Forced Migrants (in the Context of Poland)

The dramatic changes that have taken place in Ukraine since the time of full-scale military operations have caused a fatal demographic, social and economic crisis, which has led to significant changes in people’s lifestyles, migration of a large number of Ukrainian citizens who have to adapt to the new living conditions and integrate into the receiving country. This definitely affected the social attitudes and mental states of both the forced (war) migrants and the receiving nations, who also have to adapt to coexistence with representatives of other culture. Among the main factors that hinder the social and psychological adaptation of forced migrants in the new settings are the following: language barrier, lack of communication within the Polish community, difficulties related to the legalization of stay, and working in a field unrelated to their specialization. The lack of constructive communication and interaction with local residents leads to the appearance of maladaptive feelings in forced migrants ‒ alienation, social isolation, uselessness and futility. Further development and self-realization of an individual in society depends on the result of social and psychological adaptation. A significant factor influencing one’s adjustment to a new reality is the position (active or passive) an individual adopts that is, the readiness to accept the existing situation and change one’s attitudes, behavior and way of life. This choice determines various personal strategies of adaptive behavior. Social integration of migrants is a two-way process characterized not only by adaptation (in social, economic, cultural and psychological aspects) of people to a new environment, but also by the reaction of hosting society to changes and its adaptation to migrants as well. Therefore, it is important to develop a strategy of behavior 42 | WEEReview 13 | 2024 and interaction on the basis of tolerance and mutual understanding that would satisfy both parties.

Проблеми адаптації внутрішньо переміщених осіб в умовах воєнного часу

Adaptation of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in wartime conditions is a complex problem that requires attention and a comprehensive approach from governments, civil society organizations and international humanitarian organizations. This abstract offers an overview of the main aspects of the problem of adaptation of IDPs during hostilities, namely socio-economic instability, psychological and psychosocial problems, access to education and medical care, and the need for social adaptation. The authors substantiated the relevance of the study of the concept "internally a displaced person" in the conditions of modern realities of Ukrainian society. The article explains the need to determine the status of so-called forced migrants – population category, new for the history of independent Ukraine. Analyzed two socio-cultural and resource. Analysis of these problems will help to develop effective strategies and support programs for IDPs in wartime conditions aimed at improving their well-being and integration into society. The article, based on available research, analyzes the psychological problems faced by Ukrainians who were forcibly displaced as a result of Russian aggression, and which hinder their viability. An integrative model of psychological support for persons who were forcibly displaced due to Russian aggression is proposed. This model is based on the possibilities of different psychological approaches, such as psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic and existential. Its goal is to mobilize the internal resources of the individual, achieve existential self-expression, as well as to master health-preserving psychotechniques and build resistance to the destructive influences of the surrounding environment.

Reproducing displaceability in the Greek asylum accommodation system and its margins

Since 2015–2016, in the context of the so-called ‘refugee crisis’, new asylum policies altered the landscape of accommodation, housing, displacement, and (il)legalisation in Greece. This paper aims to explore the impact that the reception system established in 2016 has on everyday accommodation and urban experiences of refugees as regards their relationships with space and social connections. In doing so, it brings to the forefront the concept of ‘displaceability’ as an ongoing, non-linear, and relational sociospatial process, interrelated with housing precarity and illegalisation, through which the connections between people and places are ruptured. The paper, first, focuses on how processes and experiences of displaceability emerge for those entitled to asylum accommodation in Greece. Secondly, it examines how displaceability also concerns displaced people found at the margins of accommodation after their asylum claim has been processed, including both the cases of recognised beneficiaries of international protection and refugees with a negative decision. Thirdly, it discusses aspects of the experiences of those outside the reception system and accommodation sites, such as people arriving in Athens through informal and unregistered mobilities. The paper is based on research conducted in metropolitan Athens, Greece, as part of the TRAFIG Horizon 2020 research project.

East Prussia 2.0: Persistent regions, rising nations

In this study, we examine the political effects of the breakup of East Prussia into what is today Poland, Russia, and Lithuania. We expect that East Prussian legacies of nationalist and conservative political preferences persist in the respective partitions of Poland, Russia, and Lithuania. We find that there is no pattern of persistence in the Polish partition of former East Prussia, whereas East Prussian persistence appears to be robust in the Lithuanian and Russian partitions. In the context of forced migration, comparative human capital between outgoing refugees (Germans) and incoming settlers (Soviets, Poles) predicts patterns of long-run political development. Hence, higher literacy rates of incoming settlers in the Russian partition (Kaliningrad) predict higher levels of support for conservative and nationalist political parties. The opposite is observed in the Polish partition. The persistence of East Prussian legacies in Eastern Europe relates to settler literacy.