Dispharynx Nasuta Research Articles

Prevalence and distribution of gastro-intestinal helminthes in local chickens in Al-Diwaniya region

The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminthes infections in 100 adult local chickens from different places of Al-Diwaniya region. Ninety seven from the examined chickens (97%) were infected with one or more of gastro-intestinal helminthes; a total of eleven specie )5 species of cestode and 6 species of nematode) were detected, The species and their prevalences were: Raillietina echinobothrida (81.44%), Hymenolepis cantainana (65.97%), R. tetragona (59.79%), R.cesticillus (12.37%), Choanotaenia infundibulum (13.47%), Ascaridia galli (31.95%) , Heterakis gallinarum (24.74%),Epomidiostumum sp (12.37%),Dispharynx nasuta(5.15%) Tetrameres Americana. (5.15 %) and finally Amidostumum anseris (2.06%). No trematodes were found in present study. Mixed infections accounted for 87.63% as compared to 12.37% of single infections.Association between chicken sex infection with cestodes and nematodes was not significant (87.23%;34.04%in males and 88.67%. ;37.73% in females respectively .There was statistically significant differences(P<0.05) in the prevalence rates of cestodes (88%)and nematodes(36%). Most the parasites were found in the small intestine than the large intestine .Only Amidostumum anseris, Epomidiostumum sp. and Heterakis gallinarum were recovered from gizzard and caecum respectivelly. Amidostumum anseris and Epomidiostumum sp. were recorded for the first time in the chickens as intermediate host .This study is the first in the region.

Prevalence Patterns for Enteric Parasites of Chickens Managed in Open Environments of the Western United States.

Growing demand for poultry meat and eggs labeled as organic, cage free, or pasture raised has increased the number of producers that manage chickens outdoors. In these open environments, there are likely diverse enteric parasites sustained by fecal-oral transmission or passage through intermediate invertebrate hosts (e.g., worms and insects) that chickens consume. Enteric parasites can reduce chicken health and productivity, but there are few published data describing the identities or prevalence of these parasites on farms that use open environments in the United States. We surveyed 27 poultry farms with open environments that were situated across a wide geographic range, including California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. These farms did not use anticoccidial drugs, coccidia vaccines, or parasiticides. Flock size, enclosure area, flock density, flock rotation frequency, and average flock age were highly correlated for all the farms in this study. We analyzed how enclosure size and flock rotations per year (which represented two axes of variation in management) correlated with prevalence of five observed parasite taxa at the farm level. Across all flocks, we detected by fecal flotation Eimeria spp. (95% flocks), Ascaridia galli (69%), Heterakis gallinarum (52%), Capillaria spp. (39%), Strongyloides avium (13%), tapeworm species (29%), Cryptosporidium spp. (3%), and Dispharynx nasuta (1%). Eighty-five percent of samples were coinfected with two or more parasite taxa. Sixty-seven percent of farms raised only layer chicken breeds, 4% raised only broiler breeds, and 30% raised both layer and broiler breeds. The average age of the broiler flocks was 11.0 wk (±1.1 SE), and flocks were moved 54.7 (±17.9) times annually to new locations in pastures (hereafter, "rotation"). Layer flocks averaged 84.9 (±7.67) wk of age and were moved less often on farms being rotated 20.0 (±6.05) times per year. Generalized linear mixed models indicated that for every 1 m2 increase in enclosure size, the odds of detecting Eimeria spp. increased by 0.03%. Furthermore, for every additional rotation per year, the odds of detecting A. galli decreased by 1.3%. For every additional rotation per year, the odds of detecting tapeworm species increased by 2.2%. We found no evidence that flock spatial management affected prevalence of the other parasites observed on the farms. Farming practices and parasite responses in these systems are highly varied, which makes it difficult to identify potential management interventions for reducing these infections.

Dispharynx nasuta (Nematoda: Acuarioidea: Acuariidae) infestation in exotic red-rumped parrots (Psephotus haematonotus) in captivity in the State of Michoacan, Mexico

Dispharynx nasuta is a widespread nematode parasite located in the proventriculus. This parasite may cause mortality in free-living birds or in captivity. However, reports of this parasite in psittacines are scarce. In a private aviary, in Zamora, Michoacan, Mexico six red-rumped parrots (Psephotus haematonotus) died in one month, from mid-August to mid-September 2016, and one more specimen died during the examination. Prior to death, the birds presented depression, ruffled feathers, crop atony, and regurgitation. Upon necropsy, ulcers in the proventriculus, and hemorrhagic content associated with the presence of round worms was observed. At histopathology examination, the parasites were identified as Spirurida nematodes, located in the proventricular and ventricular mucosa. Specimens were submitted to the parasitology laboratory of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Husbandry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), where the parasites were identified as D. nasuta. This is the first report of D. nasuta in P. haematonotus and the first report of D. nasuta in Mexico.

New Records of Nematodes in the Yellow-Billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus (Cuculiformes: Cuculidae) Based on a Migrant Specimen Found in Brazil

The yellow-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus, is a threatened passerine bird native to North America that migrates to overwinter in South America. Although migratory birds have drawn broad attention, given their assumed role in the long-distance dispersal of parasites, studies on the helminth fauna of this cuculid are scarce. In the present study, nematodes found in the gastrointestinal tract of a specimen of C. americanus found in Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, were characterized morphologically. Five species of gastrointestinal nematodes belonging to 4 families were identified: Synhimantus (Dispharynx) nasuta (Rudolphi, 1819) and Synhimantus (Dispharynx) resticulaCanavan, 1929 (Acuariidae), Microtetrameres sp. (Tetrameridae), and Cyrnea piayaeSandground, 1929 (Habronematidae) and Subulura halli Barreto, 1918 (Subuluridae). Except for Microtetrameres sp., all other nematodes are reported in this host for the first time. Although it is difficult to accurately determine the geographical origin of infections, it is important to note that Sy. (D.) resticula and Su. halli are reported for the first time in Brazil. Additionally, the absence of the former species infecting hosts where the widespread and generalist Sy. (D.) nasuta was found may indicate that Sy. (D.) resticula have either been overlooked in previous studies or that this nematode is rare indeed. Finally, the geographical distribution of Su. halli is greatly expanded and now includes the Americas. Aspects related to the dispersion of these parasites, both in migrating and native hosts, are briefly discussed.

Development of a multiplex PCR method for discriminating between Heterakis gallinarum, H. beramporia, and H. indica parasites of poultry

Heterakis gallinarum, H. beramporia, and H. indica are common nematodes in gallinaceous poultry in Asian countries, and the infections occasionally lead to declining health of the hosts. These three Heterakis spp. can be identified by the morphological characteristics of the male worms; however, the female worms and eggs cannot be identified because they have no reliable morphological characteristics for discrimination. In addition, H. gallinarum is a well-known vector of fetal protozoan Histomonas meleagridis, making the discrimination between these three Heterakis species important in basic and clinical veterinary parasitology. We analyzed nuclear ribosomal 18S-ITS1−5.8S-ITS2−28S DNA sequences of these three Heterakis species. The 18S, 5.8S, and 28S DNA sequences had very high homology between the species; however, the ITS1 and ITS2 sequence similarity was 68.5 %–93.2 %. H. gallinarum, H. beramporia, and H. indica were divided into separate clades in the ITS1 and ITS2-concatenated phylogenetic tree. Therefore, to develop a multiplex PCR method for discriminating between the three Heterakis species, we designed species-specific reverse primers within the ITS2 region as follows: H. gallinarum-specific HgI2-R, H. beramporia-specific HbI2-R5, and H. indica-specific HiI2-R. The multiplex PCR amplified 396-bp, 272-bp, and 482-bp fragments specific to H. gallinarum, H. beramporia, and H. indica DNA, respectively, and did not amplify the fragments using other chicken nematode DNAs such as Ascaridia galli, Oxyspirura mansoni, Dispharynx nasuta, and Cheilospirura hamulosa. These results suggest that the multiplex PCR would serve as a useful tool for identifying and diagnosing infections of H. gallinarum, H. beramporia, and H. indica in poultry.

Gastrointestinal parasitic infection in the hazel grouse Tetrastes bonasia in France

The hazel grouse Tetrastes bonasia is a Galliformes species of major conservation interest and threatened throughout Europe. However, little information is currently available on its sanitary status both in the Alps and worldwide. Considering that gastrointestinal parasites are one of the factors negatively impacting on Galliformes population dynamics, the objective of this study is to fill the gaps of knowledge on the parasite-fauna of the Alpine hazel grouse. Twenty-nine hazel grouse were collected in the French Alps during the period 1987–2019 (no samples collected during 1997–1999). All birds were searched for gastrointestinal parasites utilizing conventional parasitological techniques. Prevalence, intensity of infection and abundance (mean number of parasites) were calculated for each parasite species. In addition, parasite richness was evaluated. Forty-one percent (CI95%: 23.4–59.3) of birds harboured parasites, belonging to seven parasite species. Capillaria caudinflata was the most common with a prevalence of 27.6% (CI95%: 11.3–43.8), whereas Eimeria spp. was found with a prevalence of 10.3% (CI95%: 0–21.4). For both parasites, the majority of the infected animals show low parasite load. A low prevalence (3.4% – CI95%: 0–10.1) was detected for Capillaria anatis, Heterakis gallinarum, Raillietina sp., Dispharynx nasuta and Trematodes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. anatis and D. nasuta in the hazel grouse, and in general one of the few article providing information on hazel grouse parasite community. Overall, the parasite richness was very low, with 75% of the infected birds carrying one parasite species, 17% two species and only one bird (8%) with three species. This study increases the scarce literature available on the hazel grouse parasites. The epidemiological descriptors reported are particularly useful to compare the parasite-fauna of the hazel grouse across locations and time periods.

Assessment of the helminth fauna in northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) occurring within South Texas.

Populations of northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus; hereafter bobwhite) have been declining across their geographic range in North America, prompting consideration of the role parasites may play. We conducted this study to learn about the helminth fauna in South Texas, a region that supports a sustainable bobwhite population. Helminths were examined from 356 bobwhites collected during the 2014-2015 (n = 124) and 2015-2016 (n = 232) hunting seasons, when increasing trends in precipitation were observed in comparison with the previous two years. Ten helminth species were found, consisting of 14,127 individuals. Of these, all are heteroxenous parasites and three are pathogenic (Dispharynx nasuta, Tetrameres pattersoni and Oxyspirura petrowi). Aulonocephalus pennula numerically dominated the component community (81% prevalence, 99% of the total helminths found), whereas each of the remaining species occurred rarely (≤9% prevalence) and contributed few individuals (≤0.4%) to the helminth community. Prevalence and abundance of A. pennula were not influenced by host age, sex or body mass, but abundance was higher during the 2014-2015 than the 2015-2016 hunting season. Our findings indicate that the helminth community in bobwhites from South Texas can vary during long-term, highly variable precipitation conditions and these communities are more similar to those found in the Rolling Plains of Texas than those found in the eastern part of the bobwhite's geographic range in the US.

Development of conventional multiplex PCR method for discrimination between Dispharynx nasuta and Cheilospirura hamulosa (Nematoda: Acuariidae) parasitizing poultry.

The poultry infections caused by Dispharynx nasuta and Cheilospirura hamulosa nematodes are difficult to be diagnosed by fecal examination because of their egg similarity. In this study, we analyzed DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S region of D. nasuta and C. hamulosa and developed conventional multiplex PCR method using species-specific primers for discriminating between the two species. The method amplified 455-bp and 319-bp fragments specific to D. nasuta and C. hamulosa, respectively, and did not produce them against the other chicken nematode species, Ascaridia galli, Oxyspirura mansoni, Heterakis gallinarum, Heterakis beramporia, and Heterakis indica, suggesting that the multiplex PCR is sensitive and available for species diagnosis.

Gastrointestinal parasitic infestation in the Rock ptarmigan Lagopus muta in the French Alps and French Pyrenees based on long-term sampling (1987-2018).

Data presented in this work represents the first record of parasites from the Alpine and Pyrenean Lagopus muta subspecies, providing valuable information to consider for conservation management. From 1987 to 2018, 207 Rock ptarmigans were collected in the framework of a long-term sanitary monitoring in France. Eight parasites were found in the Alpine Rock ptarmigan, and one in the Pyrenean subspecies. Only two parasites occurred with high prevalence in the Alpine Rock ptarmigan: Capillaria caudinflata (38.9%) and Eimeria sp. (34.7%). Prevalence of the other parasites (Ascaridia compar, Cestodes, Amphimerus sp. and Trichostrongylus tenuis) was lower than 20%. Dispharynx nasuta was found with a prevalence of 52.9% in the Pyrenean Rock ptarmigan. Overall, we found a spatially aggregated distribution of parasites in the northern French Alps, probably due to both favourable climatic conditions for parasite cycle and high host density. Statistical analyses indicated a positive effect of altitude and latitude on C. caudinflata occurrence whereas risk factors for Eimeria sp. were the distance from urban areas and land cover. In addition, the majority of the infested birds came from areas close to ski-pistes, where human disturbance increases the susceptibility to diseases, causing stress to wildlife.

Parasites of the Shiny Cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis, and the Austral Blackbird, Curaeus curaeus, (Passeriformes: Icteridae) in Chile.

Comparative studies of parasites in sympatric bird species have been generally scarce. Parasitic infection/transmission can be spread in a number of ways that suggests possible direct and indirect, horizontal transmission between avian hosts. In order to determine whether two sympatric icterids from Central and Southern Chile share their parasite fauna (ecto- and endoparasites), we examined parasites of 27 Shiny Cowbirds, Molothrus bonariensis, and 28 Austral Blackbirds, Curaeus curaeus, including individuals captured in the wild and carcasses. We found that Shiny Cowbirds were infected with the chewing lice Brueelia bonariensis, Philopterus sp. 1, the feather mites Amerodectes molothrus, Proctophyllodes spp. (species 1 and 2), and the helminths Mediorhynchus papillosus, Plagiorhynchus sp., Dispharynx nasuta and Tetrameres paucispina, while Austral Blackbirds had the chewing lice Myrsidea sp., Philopterus sp. 2, the feather mites Proctophyllodes sp. 3, Amerodectes sp., and three helminths: Anonchotaenia sp., Capillaria sp. and M. papillosus. The flea Dasypsyllus (Neornipsyllus) cteniopus was found only on the Austral Blackbird. The only parasite species shared by both icterids was the acanthocephalan M. papillosus, possibly due to their feeding on the same intermediate insect hosts. With the exception of B. bonariensis and Philopterus sp. 1 found on the Shiny Cowbird, all species reported in this study represent new parasite-host associations and new records of parasite diversity in Chile.

Free-ranging avifauna as a source of generalist parasites for captive birds in zoological settings: An overview of parasite records and potential for cross-transmission.

Captive birds in zoological settings often harbor parasites, but little information is available about the potential for free-ranging avifauna to act as a source of infection. This review summarizes the gastrointestinal parasites found in zoo birds globally and in seven common free-ranging avian species [mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Eurasian blackbird (Turdus merula), common starling (Sturnus vulgaris), Eurasian jackdaw (Corvus monedula), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), European robin (Erithacus rubecula), and rock dove (Columba livia)] to identify the overlap and discuss the potential for cross-species transmission. Over 70 references were assessed, and papers spanned over 90 years from 1925 to 2019. A total of 60 studies from 1987 to 2019 met the eligibility criteria. All examined free-ranging avifauna harbored parasite species that were also reported in zoo birds, except for the European jackdaw. Parasites reported in captive and free-ranging birds include nematodes (Capillaria caudinflata, Dispharynx nasuta, Ornithostrongylus quadriradiatus, Strongyloides avium, Syngamus trachea, and Tetrameres fissispina), cestodes (Dicranotaenia coronula, Diorchis stefanskii, Fimbriaria fasciolaris, and Raillietina cesticillus, Sobolevicanthus gracilis), trematode (Echinostoma revolutum), and protozoa (Cryptosporidium baileyi). Although no study effectively proved cross-transmission either experimentally or by genetic analysis, these parasites demonstrate low host specificity and a high potential for parasite sharing. There is potential for parasite sharing whenever determinants such as host specificity, life cycle, and husbandry are favorable. More research should be carried out to describe parasites in both captive and free-ranging birds in zoological settings and the likelihood of cross-infection. Such information would contribute to evidence-based control measures, enhancing effective husbandry and preventive medicine protocols.

HELMINTHS OF THE ATTWATER'S PRAIRIE-CHICKEN TYMPANUCHUS CUPIDO ATTWATERI IN TEXAS

The Attwater's prairie-chicken (ATPC) Tympanuchus cupido attwateri is facing rapid extinction. Given their long-standing protected status, little information pertaining to the parasites and diseases of this species is available. In an effort to aid in management strategies, we conducted a helminth survey on ATPC that had been released from captivity between 1999 and 2010 in the Texas City Prairie Preserve, Galveston County, Texas. Birds examined were in various stages of decomposition, ranging from little signs of decomposition to advanced stages. Two hundred fifty nematodes representing three species were identified from 16 ATPC. Dispharynx nasuta was the most prevalent helminth species and occurred in 38% of hosts examined. Heterakis gallinarum occurred in 19% of hosts examined and Capillaria contorta infected 31% of hosts examined. Juvenile ATPC are typically treated with anthelmintics (Ivermectin and Panacur) before release in the wild. Although they spent variable (but limited) time in the environment postrelease, nematode prevalence was high.

Helminth community and host dynamics in northern bobwhites from the Rolling Plains Ecoregion, U.S.A.

One hundred and sixty-one northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus; hereafter 'bobwhite') were examined from the Rolling Plains ecoregion of Texas and western Oklahoma from 2011 to 2013. Complete necropsies yielded 13 species, of which two are new host (Gongylonema phasianella) and region (Eucoleus contortus) records and three (Dispharynx nasuta, Tetrameres pattersoni and Oxyspirura petrowi) are known to cause morbidity and mortality. Of the species found, Aulonocephalus pennula commonly occurred, Oxyspirura petrowi was intermediate in prevalence, and the remaining species were rare. Species richness was similar compared to studies from the southeastern U.S., but higher than studies from the same region. In addition, 12 of the 13 species were heteroxenous helminths, supporting the theory that heteroxenous helminths in semi-arid regions are more successful than monoxenous helminths. Prevalence and abundance of A. pennula and O. petrowi were higher in adult bobwhites than in juveniles. Abundance of A. pennula and O. petrowi was higher at southern locations compared to northern locations in the study area. Our study is the first to provide a current assessment of the bobwhite helminth community across the Rolling Plains ecoregion of the U.S.

Gastrointestinal and external parasitism in the Magellanic Horned Owl Bubo magellanicus (Strigiformes: Strigidae) in Chile.

To describe the parasitic community of the Magellanic Horned Owl, Bubo magellanicus (Aves, Strigiformes), 19 carcasses from central Chile were analyzed. Ectoparasites were collected through plumage inspection, while endoparasites were collected through traditional techniques of parasitological necropsy. Sixteen owls were infected with at least one species of ectoparasite (84.21%) or endoparasite (31.58%). Eleven of 19 birds (57.89%) harbored feather mites of the three species Pandalura cirrata (42.11%), Glaucalges attenuatus (47.37%), and Kramerella sp. (10.53%), whereas 16 individuals (84.21%) harbored the chewing louse Strigiphilus chilensis. Only six birds (31.58%) were infected with helminths; the nematodes Capillaria tenuissima (26.32%) and Dispharynx nasuta (5.26%); the acanthocephalan Centrorhynchus spinosus (5.26%); and the trematode Neodiplostomum sp. (5.26%). Apart from S . chilensis, all parasites comprised new records for B . magellanicus.

Occurrence of helminth parasites in the gastrointestinal tract of wild birds from Wildlife Rehabilitation and Investigation Centre of Ria Formosa in southern Portugal.

This study was carried out in southern Portugal to determine the prevalence of parasitic helminths infecting wild birds. Between September and December of 2013, adult parasites were collected from the gastrointestinal tract of 22 bird specimens (belonging to 12 species) that died in Wildlife Rehabilitation and Investigation Centre of the Ria Formosa. Identified gastrointestinal parasites include the nematodes (Contracaecum sp., Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Desportesius invaginatus, Dispharynx nasuta, Porrocaecum angusticolle and Synhimantus laticeps) and cestodes (Diplophallus sp., Neyraia intricata and Tetrabothrius sp.). The overall level of infection was 54.5% (12/22) and the most frequent helminths present were nematodes (40.9% - 9/22), followed by cestodes (13.6% - 3/22). Helminthic richness was similar in all birds (one species or genera per bird) and the helminth species, except Dispharynx nasuta, exhibited a clear relationship with host diet. Five helminth species (Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Desportesius invaginatus, Dispharynx nasuta, Porrocaecum angusticolle and Neyraia intricata) and two genera (Contracaecum sp. and Diplophallus sp.) were reported for the first time in Portugal and the presence of P. angusticolle in Bonelli's eagle was recorded for the first time across all researched literature.

Helminth Infections Across a Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) Annual Cycle in Fisher County, Texas

Abstract. Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) populations in Texas have been declining during the past several decades. Declines have been attributed to habitat loss, but other causes and potential contributing factors (e.g., parasites, disease) have been posited. Little is known about helminth parasites in bobwhites from Texas. Previous studies often used bobwhites collected during the hunting season, which only samples individuals that survive after the summer breeding season. Our objectives were to (1) assess the prevalence, intensity, and abundance of helminths in bobwhites from Fisher County, Texas, during an annual cycle; (2) identify which species are known to be pathogenic; and (3) determine whether infections are related to host age, sex, and season of collection. We collected 142 bobwhites during February–March 2010 (n = 37), August 2010 (n = 51), and December 2010–January 2011 (n = 54). We found 7 helminth species, of which 3 (Oxyspirura petrowi, Tetrameres pattersoni, and Dispharynx nasuta...

Helminth parasite diversity discloses age and sex differences in the foraging behaviour of southern lapwings (Vanellus chilensis)

AbstractParasites with heteroxen cycles are important sources of information on the trophic relations of hosts. This is particularly instructive for species whose age‐based or sex‐based differences are hardly detected by behavioural observations. Here, we describe the helminth community of the omnivorous southern lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) and evaluate whether it is affected by the host's sex, age and body size. The species is sexually monomorphic in body length, but males are slightly heavier than females. We analysed 112 individuals collected in Curitiba, Brazil, in March 2010. All hosts were parasitized. The helminth community was composed of 10 species (the digeneans Leucochloridium parcum and Athesmia sp., the cestode Infula macrophallus, the acantocephalans Plagiorhynchus sp., Centrorhynchus sp., Mediorhynchus sp., and an unidentified Gigantorhynchida, and the nematodes Heterakis psophiae, Dispharynx nasuta and an unidentified Capillariidae), seven of which were novel reports for this host species. Prevalence ranged from <1% to 99%. Whereas I. macrophallus was the most prevalent species, D. nasuta showed the highest mean intensity and abundance of infection. The former was found in most hosts as single male–female pairs, suggesting the occurrence of intrasexual competition. The infracommunities of juvenile birds showed a higher parasite species richness than those of adult males and females, suggesting the exploitation of a wider array of prey. However, the three classes harboured seven parasite species. Differences in parasite diversity (lower in juveniles, intermediate in adult males and higher in adult females) reflect the evenness in the distribution of parasite specimens among taxa in each age–sex class and are compatible with differences in their foraging strategy. Finally, we conclude based on the cycles of the heteroxen species that southern lapwings preyed upon molluscs, coleopterans, woodlice and earthworms.

Finding of Two Species from the Tribe Synhimantea (Nematoda, Acuariidae) in the Kyiv Zoological Park

Abstract Finding of Two Species from the Tribe Synhimantea (Nematoda, Acuariidae) in the Kyiv Zoological Park. Syrota, Ya. Yu., Kharchenko, V. O., Lyaskivskiy, V. N., Kobylinsky, V. V., Vasylkivska, I. B. - The article presents the description of Desportesius sagitattus (Rudolphi, 1809) and Dispharynx nasuta (Rudolphi, 1819) based on original studies of the material collected in the Kyiv Zoo. De. sagitattus was found in Ukraine for the first time. Di. nasuta, found in Grus grus Linnaeus, 1758, is uncommon parasite of this host species. Larvae of Di. nasuta from the intermediate hosts, woodlice Oniscidea spp., are also described.

Gastrointestinal Helminths Are Highly Prevalent in Scavenging Chickens of Selected Districts of Eastern Shewa Zone, Ethiopia

A cross-sectional survey on gastrointestinal helminths was conducted on 124 chickens raised under traditional management system in two selected districts namely Ada'a and Adamitulu of Eastern Shewa zone, Ethiopia. Of these chickens, 111 (89.5%) were found to harbor one of the five different helminth parasites and 13 (10.48%) were free of helminths parasites. The study also found that 103 (83.0%) and 72 (58.0%) of the examined chickens were invariably infected by diverse species of cestodes and nematodes species, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the prevalence between cestodes and nematodes of helminths parasites within the same district. The major cestode species recovered form chickens were Raillietina echinobothrida 79 (63.7%), Raillietina tetragona 70 (56.5%), Raillietina cesticillus 50 (40.3%) and Choanotaenia infundibulum 17 (13.7%), Davainea proglottina 10 (8.1%), Hymenolepis contaniana 22 (17.7%) and Hymenolepis carioca 7 (17.7%). The major nematode species encountered were Heterakis gallinarum 47 (37.9%), Ascaridia galli 40 (32.0%), Gongylonema ingluvicola 32 (25.8%), Dispharynx nasuta 5 (4.0%), Heterakis isolonche 11 (8.9%), Allodapa suctoria 9 (7.3%), Capillaria anatis 4 (3.2%) and Heterakis dispar 8 (6.5%). The study also tried to see the prevalence of these parasites in relation with age and sex however, it has no significant difference (p > 0.05) with those risk factors. On the other hand district significantly affect the prevalence of some parasites (p < 0.05). This study strongly suggested that helminthosis is a very serious problem of backyard chickens in eastern Shewa zone of Oromia and appropriate control strategies need to be devised.

Dispharynx nasuta (Nematoda: Acuariidae) Infection Causing Proventricular Lesions and Death in Three Captive Rosellas (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae)

Two adult male Crimson rosellas (Platycercus elegans) and an adult female eastern rosella (Platycercus eximius) were found dead in their cages in a private aviary in March 2009, April 2010, and February 2010, respectively, without premonitory signs. Their postmortem examination showed pectoral muscle atrophy and a distended proventriculus. The proventricular mucosal surface was covered with a gelatinous, whitish material, where a large number of nematode parasites identified as Dispharynx nasuta were present. A histologic examination revealed a hyperplastic mucosa, spirurid nematodes in the mucosal layer and inflammatory mononuclear cells in the lamina propria. This is the first report of a D. nasuta infection associated with proliferative proventriculitis and subsequent death in psittacine birds.