Dispersion Stability In Water Research Articles

Phosphatase-mimicking Zr@PDA nanozyme with excellent dispersion stability for the detection of fructose 1,6-diphosphate

Zr4+-doped polydopamine (Zr@PDA) nanozyme with phosphatase-like activity was synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal method for the first time. Compared with previous representative phosphatase-mimicking nanozymes (i.e., CeO2 NPs, ZrO2 NPs and UiO-66), Zr@PDA not only exhibited higher dispersion stability in water, but also higher catalytical efficiency. Kcat/Km of Zr@PDA is 35 and 12 times that of UiO-66 and ZrO2 NPs, respectively, which would endow the Zr@PDA-based analytical methods with high sensitivity. As a demonstration, a novel colorimetric method based on Zr@PDA nanozyme was developed for sensitive detection of the drug fructose 1,6-diphosphate. The linear range is 1–15 μM with a detection limit as low as 0.38 μM.

Ultra-small gold nanoparticles embedded cyclodextrin metal-organic framework composite membrane to achieve antibacterial and humidity-responsive functions

Cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (CD-MOF) is an edible and porous material that can serve as a template for synthesizing small-sized metal nanoparticles. However, its highly hydrophilic nature has limited its wider application. Herein, ultra-small gold nanoparticles (U-AuNPs) were loaded into CD-MOF to produce a composite material Au@CD-MOF. The CD-MOF was utilized as a template to control the size of the AuNPs. The synthesized Au@CD-MOF was easily dispersible in aqueous medium and its released U-AuNPs exhibited effective water dispersion stability within 120 days. Additionally, compared to gold nanoparticles prepared using traditional methods (T-AuNPs), the U-AuNPs exhibited superior antibacterial properties. Furthermore, hydrophilic Au@CD-MOF was incorporated into a hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix (Au@CD-MOF/PDMS) to achieve a humidity-responsive antibacterial function. The composite membrane exhibited remarkable responsiveness to humidity, showing almost no release of U-AuNPs at 0 % humidity. However, it exhibited approximately 89 % release within 1 h, and complete release of U-AuNPs was observed within 4 h under 100 % humidity. These findings highlight the successful preparation of a humidity-responsive antibacterial composite membrane, which has great potential applications in various scenarios, particularly in the field of antibacterial food packaging.

Synergistic Effects of High-Intensity Ultrasound Combined with L-Lysine for the Treatment of Porcine Myofibrillar Protein Regarding Solubility and Flavour Adsorption Capacity.

This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of high-intensity ultrasound (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min) in combination with L-lysine (15 mM) on improving the solubility and flavour adsorption capacity of myofibrillar proteins (MPs) in low-ion-strength media. The results revealed that the ultrasound treatment for 20 min or the addition of L-lysine (15 mM) significantly improved protein solubility (p < 0.05), with L-lysine (15 mM) showing a more pronounced effect (p < 0.05). The combination of ultrasound treatment and L-lysine further increased solubility, and the MPs treated with ultrasound at 20 min exhibited the best dispersion stability in water, which corresponded to the lowest turbidity, highest absolute zeta potential value, and thermal stability (p < 0.05). Based on the reactive and total sulfhydryl contents, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis, the ultrasound treatment combined with L-lysine (15 mM) promoted the unfolding and depolymerization of MPs, resulting in a larger exposure of SH groups on the surface, aromatic amino acids in a polar environment, and a transition of protein conformation from α-helix to β-turn. Moreover, the combined treatment also increased the hydrophobic bonding sites, hydrogen-bonding sites, and electrostatic effects, thereby enhancing the adsorption capacity of MPs to bind kenone compounds. The findings from this study provide a theoretical basis for the production and flavour improvement of low-salt MP beverages and the utilisation of meat protein.

Chelating ligand-bridged IO-Gd nanoparticles with enhanced contrast performance for dual-mode MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that has been widely applied in the clinical diagnosis of diseases across various fields. Currently, there is a dearth of high-performance dual-mode contrast agents that provide precise diagnostic information for complex diseases. In this study, iron oxide-gadolinium nanoparticles (IO-Gd NPs) bridged by hydrophilic ligand ethylenediamine tetramethylenephosphonic acid (EDTMP) are designed inspired by Solomon-Bloembergen–Morgan (SBM) theory, where T1 and T2 relaxivity increase with a reduction in Gd content. In particular, the NPs with minimum Gd content exhibit excellent dual-mode contrast performance (r1 = 94.42 mM−1 s−1, r2 = 343.62 mM−1 s−1). The underlying mechanism is that the bridged EDTMP coordinate limits Gd tumbling and forces Gd3+ to expose itself to the surface of the NPs. This provides more opportunities for water molecules to coordinate with Gd3+ and significantly enhances proton relaxivity. Moreover, the hydrophilicity of the ligand enhances the water dispersion stability of the NPs and increases the exchange rate of water protons near the NPs, further enhancing the dual-mode contrast effect. Finally, the biocompatibility and in vitro/vivo imaging performances of the IO@EDTMP-Gd NPs are systematically evaluated, and the results demonstrate their potential as dual-mode contrast agents. This study provides a new strategy for developing dual-mode MRI contrast agents that can further improve the accuracy of MRI in the diagnosis of complex diseases.

A strong-surface-polarity separator enables dendrite-free lithium metal anodes via coordinated garnet electrolyte

Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) are considered to be the holy grail materials for the new generation of energy storage batteries due to the extremely high theoretical specific capacity and low redox potential. However, the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites induces serious safety concerns. Herein, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) coordinated Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) (LLZTO@PAN) is used as a functional layer to endow the strong surface polarity to the polypropylene (PP) separator by introducing a large number of polar groups, which not only improves its wettability to the electrolyte, but also increases the lithium ion migration number (tLi+) by immobilizing anions. Moreover, the coordinated LLZTO with improved water dispersion stability makes it possible to replace oily slurry with aqueous slurry, and avoids the coagulation of binder in oily slurry caused by the interaction between LLZTO and organic systems, significantly improving the uniformity of the functional layer. Those effects synergistically optimizes lithium ions (Li+) transfer kinetics on the surface of LMAs, resulting in the obvious suppression of lithium (Li) dendrites. As a consequence, Li symmetrical cells can cycle stably for 2000 h at 2 mA cm−2, and the Li|LiFePO4 (LFP) cell exhibits superior cycling stability at 2C with a capacity retention of 80.7 % after 1000 cycles. This work provides an effective strategy for the well-match of existing commercial separators with LMAs, and expects to advance the practical application of lithium metal batteries (LMBs).

Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Modified Apatite Ore as a New Acid-Soluble Weighting Agent for Drilling Fluids

Summary Drilling in oil and gas reservoir formations requires the solid weighting agent used in drilling fluids to have good acid solubility to facilitate plugging removal in subsequent operations. Limestone is the most commonly used acid-soluble weighting agent, but its low density and significant thickening effect lead to a low weighting limit. To achieve control of drilling fluid density, rheology, sag stability, and acid solubility, the feasibility of using apatite (AP) ore as an acid-soluble weighting agent for drilling fluids has been discussed after it was modified by the nitrogen-containing organic polybasic phosphonic acid sodium salt. The basic characteristics of AP and modified AP (MAP) were analyzed. After that, the rheological, filtration, and sag stability properties of MAP-weighted water-based drilling fluids with densities of 1.2 g/cm3 and 1.6 g/cm3 were evaluated, and acid solubility, filter-cake permeability, core permeability damage, and plugging removal tests by acid solutions were performed to evaluate the formation protection effect. The results show that the density of AP is 2.98 g/cm3, and the main component is hydroxyapatite. Its negative electricity and hydrophilicity were enhanced after surface modification, so its dispersion stability in water was enhanced, thereby improving the rheology, filtration, and sag stability properties of the MAP-weighted drilling fluid. The solubility of MAP in 10% HCl solution reached 90.13%, and the core contamination experiments show that after being soaked in HCl solution, the return permeability of contaminated cores reached higher than 90%, indicating that the MAP invading the core can be efficiently dissolved and removed in the acidic working fluids used in the subsequent completion and stimulation operations, thus effectively protecting the reservoir formation. The properties of MAP are superior to those of limestone, and it can be used as a new acid-soluble weighting agent for drilling fluids, considering both drilling fluid performance regulation and reservoir formation protection.

Sustainable cellulose nanocrystal based hydrophobic coatings with excellent self-cleaning and high thermal stability for multi-scenario applications

Paper-based packaging is widely applied for reducing the application of nonbiodegradable fossil-based polymers because of the growing environmental problems. However, paper significantly weakened its mechanical strength in a humid environment because of its hygroscopic nature, and traditional nonbiodegradable polymer coated hydrophobic paper caused microplastics after being discarded. This work developed sustainable cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) based hydrophobic coatings (DPCs) with self-cleaning properties via self-polymerization of dopamine (DA) and subsequent grafting dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS). The as-produced DPC-3 coating had the highest water contact angle (WCA) of 127.1 ± 1.5° with high water dispersion stability among the other samples because introducing DTMS could significantly transform the hydrophilicity of PDA@CNC to hydrophobicity. Compared to pure CNCs, DPC-3 exhibited excellent thermal stability, and its maximum decomposition temperature (Tmax) improved by 32.5 °C. The obtained DPC-3 powder could be well mixed with chemical solutions and applied to the various substrate surfaces to form hydrophobic and self-cleaning coatings for versatile and promising multi-scenario applications in the waterproofing of paper-based express boxes, fabrics, and paper, as well as self-cleaning of glass. Such improved hydrophobic and high-performance DPCs coatings showed promising choices to reduce the use of nonbiodegradable polymer coating.

Maximizing the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor electrodes from plastic waste

The management of the increasing volume of plastic waste has become a key challenge for society. A promising strategy now consists in the transformation of plastic waste into high-value materials that can be utilized in energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors. In this study, we demonstrate a two-step procedure, involving pyrolysis, followed by chemical activation that will convert common plastic waste into activated carbons (ACs). This technique makes ACs suitable for supercapacitor electrode materials. Further, the electrochemical performance of ACs is outstanding in terms of capacitance, energy density, and cycling stability. Besides the well-established parameters, including a specific surface area and micropore volume, we found that other critical factors such as polymer glass transition temperature, polymer-activating agent miscibility, activating agent (K2CO3):AC ratio, and AC water dispersion stability also play a crucial role in determining the supercapacitors performance. Controlling these parameters, we obtained ACs as supercapacitor electrodes from a range of plastic waste materials with a competitive electrochemical performance. Specifically, the ACs exhibited a specific capacitance of 220 F g−1 (at a current density of 1 A g−1), energy and power densities of 61.1 Wh kg−1 and 36.9 kW kg−1, respectively, and excellent cycling stability (95 % retention after 30,000 cycles). Our findings provide a pathway towards transforming plastic waste into valuable electrode materials for supercapacitors.

Ti3C2Tx MXene@STPP novel waterborne long-term anti-corrosion coating with "3 + 1" multiple high-performance active-passive protection barrier mechanisms

Although environmentally friendly waterborne epoxy (WEP) coatings have the advantage of low volatile organic compounds (VOCs), their barrier performance is rather inferior to achieve long-term corrosion protection. Herein, we grafted the coupling agents KH560 and KH550 onto the etched Ti3C2Tx and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), respectively. On the one hand, Ti-O-Si covalent bonds can be formed to improve the water dispersion stability, and on the other hand, as a bridging agent, the functionalized modification yielded the interface-enhanced Ti3C2Tx@STPP filler. The Ti3C2Tx@STPP/WEP composite coating exhibits a high impedance value of 7.981 × 1010 Ω·cm2 after 120 days of saltwater immersion, which is at least two orders of magnitude higher than that of the pure WEP coating. Likewise, the chelating-passivation advantage of STPP with metal cations is fully exploited. The precipitation-oxidation self-healing corrosion inhibition mechanism was proposed and demonstrated by Tafel, EIS, XPS, and Raman experiments. The remarkable long-term corrosion protection performance can be concluded as (1) interface-enhanced two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx with extraordinary physical barrier to prolong the corrosion path; (2) due to high barrier properties, the further electrochemical reactions of steel surfaces can be effectively inhibited under low utilization of water and oxygen, and the Fe(OH)3 and Fe(OH)2 are converted into non-conductive Fe3O4 and/or Fe2O3 films after water loss, (3) and active protection by the chelation of STPP with iron ions to form iron tripolyphosphate passivation films, and (4) passive defense by the coating and resin itself. Therefore, a novel "3 + 1" high-performance protective coating, which integrates interface enhancement, physical barrier, and active-passive protection, is successfully prepared to achieve long-term corrosion protection of the coating.

Production of Lignin-containing nanocellulose by FeCl3-catalyzed ternary deep eutectic solvent pretreatment system: Structural characteristics and emulsification capabilities

Pretreatment method is one of the key factors to improve the quality of nanocellulose (NC) production. As a green novel solvent, ternary deep eutectic solvent (TDES) plays an important role in production of lignin-containing nanocellulose (LNC), however, higher reaction temperature would limit its industrial application. Herein, a novel strategy of FeCl3-catalyzed TDES (F-TDES) pretreatment combined microfluidization was proposed to produce LNC from poplar (PopulusL.) at lower temperature (80 °C). The TDES was composed of choline chloride, lactic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid in a molar ratio of 2:10:1. When the optimum dose of FeCl3 in per gram TDES system was 0.15 mmol (i.e. about 3.9% based on the weight of F-TDES), ribbon-like LNCs about 28.68 nm wide and 3.46 nm thick were obtained, which were smaller than that of lignin-free nanocellulose attained from the same preparation conditions. The LNC, lignin content 18.93%, displayed good dispersion stability in water and higher cellulose I crystallinity (57.8%) and thermal stability (Tmax=376 °C). Especially, the LNC exhibited more excellent emulsification performance and emulsion stability than NC, which was closely associated with its good amphiphilicity. Within the studied LNC concentration (0.1–0.4%) and oil/water mass ratio (20:80–50:50), increasing LNC concentration and/or oil/water mass ratio was beneficial for the stability of Pickering emulsions. The findings not only provide a milder route for producing LNC from lignocellulose, but also prove LNC would have promising prospects in emulsion systems.

Stabilization of Iron (0) in plasma treated semi porous polylactic acid based particles for in situ groundwater remediation

This study aims at incorporating reactive zero valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles into water dispersible, biodegradable polymeric particles acting as a slow release reservoir of ZVI for targeting groundwater contaminants in situ. In order to accomplish the goal, three simple steps were adopted such as: 1) electrojetting of PLA (polylactic acid) with FeCl3 (∼17 wt%) to yield ∼700 nm sized monodisperse spherical particles (PLA_FeCl3) 2) surface modification of PLA_FeCl3 particles using oxygen plasma to enhance surface hydrophilicity and porosity (∼ 75%) 3) reduction of plasma treated PLA_FeCl3 particles in presence of NaBH4 to produce ZVI (size: 20–50 nm) entrapped PLA particles (PLA_ZVI) with high encapsulation efficiency of iron (∼85%). The plasma treated semi-porous PLA_ZVI particles exhibited slow and sustain release of iron (∼90% in ∼100 hrs) that were further employed to completely decontaminate both methyl orange (hydrophilic dye) and trichloroethylene (hydrophobic waste). Interestingly, the plasma treated particles were recyclable up to fourth batch, whereas the non-plasma treated one hardly show any recyclability due to burst release of surface entrapped iron from the latter. Moreover, the plasma treated hydrophilic particles provided stable dispersion (96 hrs) and prolonged reactivity (∼10 days in sand column) in water as opposed to non-plasma treated particles displaying 1 min dispersion stability in water. As a result, the plasma treated particles displayed smooth transportability through sand column (>80%) with negligible attachment efficiency (α = 1.1) onto sand particles. These attributes make them a potential alternative to bare ZVI (transportability <20%) for targeting hazardous pollutants by injecting them in groundwater.

Novel concept of nano-additive design: PTFE@silica Janus nanoparticles for water lubrication

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been widely used as a lubrication additive for reducing friction and wear; however, the hydrophobic nature of PTFE restricts its application in eco-friendly water-based lubrication systems. In this study, for the first time, we designed novel PTFE@silica Janus nanoparticles (JNs) to meet the requirement for additives in water-based lubricants, which have excellent dispersion stability in water attributed to the unique amphiphilic structure. By introducing the lubrication of the aqueous dispersion of the JNs with a concentration of 0.5 wt%, the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear volume were reduced by 63.8% and 94.2%, respectively, comparing to those with the lubrication of pure water. Meanwhile, the JNs suspension also exhibits better lubrication and wear-resistance performances comparing to commercial silica and PTFE suspensions. The excellent tribological behaviors of PTFE@silica JNs as nano-additives could be attributed to the synergetic effect of the two components, where the PTFE provided lubrication through the formed tribofilms on the friction pairs, and the rigid silica further enhanced the wear-resistance performance. Most importantly, the unique structure of JNs makes it possible to use PTFE as an additive in water-lubrication systems. Our study shed light on the design and application of novel JNs nanomaterials as additives to meet the requirements of future industrial applications.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanospheres with Hydrophilic Shells for Efficient Molecular Recognition of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Aqueous Solution.

Heterocyclic aromatic amine molecularly imprinted polymer nanospheres with surface-bound dithioester groups (haa-MIP) were firstly synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) precipitation polymerization. Then, a series of core-shell structural heterocyclic aromatic amine molecularly imprinted polymer nanospheres with hydrophilic shells (MIP-HSs) were subsequently prepared by grafting the hydrophilic shells on the surface of haa-MIP via on-particle RAFT polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), itaconic acid (IA), and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA). The haa-MIP nanospheres showed high affinity and specific recognition toward harmine and its structural analogs in organic solution of acetonitrile, but lost the specific binding ability in aqueous solution. However, after the grafting of the hydrophilic shells on the haa-MIP particles, the surface hydrophilicity and water dispersion stability of the polymer particles of MIP-HSs greatly improved. The binding of harmine by MIP-HSs with hydrophilic shells in aqueous solutions is about two times higher than that of NIP-HSs, showing an efficient molecular recognition of heterocyclic aromatic amines in aqueous solution. The effect of hydrophilic shell structure on the molecular recognition property of MIP-HSs was further compared. MIP-PIA with carboxyl groups containing hydrophilic shells showed the highest selective molecular recognition ability to heterocyclic aromatic amines in aqueous solution.

Tuning Pre-Solution of an Amphiphilic Polymeric Dispersant with Low Acid-Value toward Colored-Ink Preparation

Recently, a variety of amphiphilic block copolymers for water-based color inks as pigment dispersants have been developed. Although such dispersants require both high adsorption of pigments and dispersion-stability in water, the most crucial issue is the difficulty in controlling the affinity balance of the polymeric dispersants between the pigments and aqueous media. Therefore, it is important to increase the solubility of the hydrophobic polymers with low acid-value for ink design. Amphiphilic block copolymers containing styrene-based blocks as hydrophobic segments and methacrylic acid blocks as hydrophilic segments were prepared. The polymers with low acid-value could not dissolve in the alkaline solution directly. They could dissolve in methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK) at room temperature and diethylene glycol (DEG), with heating. Polymer aqueous solutions were successfully prepared using polymer solutions in DEG as the pre-solutions. Because they were also unable to dissolve directly even in an alkaline solution containing DEG, the existence of DEG is not important, but the process employing the pre-solution is important. The influence of pre-solution viscosity on solubility in water was evaluated. The result suggests that the high viscosity of the DEG solution would work to slowly disperse the polymers in the alkaline solution, efficiently converting polymers into an aqueous soluble state, owing to there being enough time for the neutralization of the carboxylic acids of the polymers. Note that in the pre-solution of a lower concentration, the aqueous solution did not become clear, and the larger particle sizes were detected. These results showed that the viscosity of the pre-solution is an essential factor in solubilization in water. Using this method, the polymeric dispersants with low hydrophilicity were well dissolved in water, up to a high concentration.

Controlling AIE and ACQ properties of conjugated carbazole-tetraphenylethene copolymers by ethynylene spacer

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) are controlled by ethynylene spacers between the carbazole and tetraphenylethene. AIE polymers are applied to polymer dots with good emission and water dispersion stability.

Preparation and properties of environmentally benign waterborne polyurethane composites from sodium-alginate-modified nano calcium carbonate

Well-dispersed inorganic nanoparticles in organic polymers are critical in the preparation of high-performance nanocomposites. This study prepared a series of waterborne polyurethane (WPU)/calcium carbonate nanocomposites using the solution blending method. Next, FT-IR, TG-DTG and XRD tests were carried out to confirm that the biopolymer sodium alginate (SA) was successfully encapsulated on the surface of the calcium carbonate nanoparticles, and that SA achieved satisfactory surface modification of the calcium carbonate nanoparticles. The Zeta and ultraviolet (UV) absorbance test results reveal that SA-modified nano calcium carbonate (MCC) had good dispersion stability in water. The effects of the MCC dosage on the composite mechanical properties, thermal stability, and cross-sectional morphology observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the water resistance of the nanocomposite were investigated. The results reveal that the incorporation of 3wt% of MCC in WPU had stable distribution, which led to a 54% increase in the tensile strength of the nanocomposite, while maintaining excellent elongation at break (2187%) and increasing the maximum decomposition temperature to 419.6 °C. Importantly, the improved water resistance facilitates the application of this environmentally benign composite material in humid environments.

Orange-Peel-Derived Nanobiochar for Targeted Cancer Therapy.

Cancer-targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) based on carbon nanostructures have shown great promise in cancer therapy due to their ability to selectively recognize specific receptors overexpressed in cancer cells. In this paper, we have explored a green route to synthesize nanobiochar (NBC) endowed with graphene structure from the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of orange peels and evaluated the suitability of this nanomaterial as a nanoplatform for cancer therapy. In order to compare the cancer-targeting ability of different widely used targeting ligands (TL), we have conjugated NBC with biotin, riboflavin, folic acid and hyaluronic acid and have tested, in vitro, their biocompatibility and uptake ability towards a human alveolar cancer cell line (A549 cells). The nanosystems which showed the best biological performances—namely, the biotin- and riboflavin- conjugated systems—have been loaded with the poorly water-soluble drug DHF (5,5-dimethyl-6a-phenyl-3-(trimethylsilyl)-6,6a-dihydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-2(5H)-one) and tested for their anticancer activity. The in vitro biological tests demonstrated the ability of both systems to internalize the drug in A549 cells. In particular, the biotin-functionalized NBC caused cell death percentages to more than double with respect to the drug alone. The reported results also highlight the positive effect of the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups, present on the NBC surface, to improve the water dispersion stability of the DDS and thus make the approach of using this nanomaterial as nanocarrier for poorly water-soluble drugs effective.

Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Modified Graphene Oxide as a Multifunctional Vector for Deltamethrin Delivery and pH-Responsive Controlled Release, Enhanced Leaf Affinity, and Improved Mosquito-Killing Activity.

Traditional deltamethrin (DM) formulations (e.g., emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, etc.) have significant disadvantages of poor water dispersion stability, burst release, weak leaf affinity, short duration, poor efficacy, and high environmental toxicity. A nanomaterial-based pesticide delivery system (PDS) has provided effective strategies for green preparation and synergism of pesticide formulations. In this article, we developed carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)-modified graphene oxide (GO) as a vector for DM and constructed a pH-responsive PDS for Culex pipiens pallens control. GO-CMCS possesses excellent pesticide loading performance for DM (loading rate 87.76%). After being loading on GO-CMCS, the GO-CMCS-DM has a significantly improved dispersion stability in water. The GO-CMCS-DM exhibits pH-responsive controlled release performance, which can sustain the release of DM into the medium, maintaining an effective long-term concentration. Additionally, the leaf adhesion of GO-CMCS-DM is better than that for free DM, which can improve the pesticide utilization. Therefore, GO-CMCS-DM has a prolonged persistent period and sustained activity against Culex pipiens pallens. Considering the industrialization potential of GO, we believe that GO will play an important role in the pest control and antiepidemic fields.

Characterization of nanomaterials synthesized from Spirulina platensis extract and their potential antifungal activity.

Nowadays, fungal infections increase, and the demand of novel antifungal agents is constantly rising. In the present study, silver, titanium dioxide, cobalt (II) hydroxide and cobalt (II,III) oxide nanomaterials have been synthesized from Spirulina platensis extract. The synthesis mechanism has been studied using GCMS and FTIR thus confirming the involvement of secondary metabolites, mainly amines. The obtained products have been analysed using XRD, SEM, TGA and zeta potential techniques. The findings revealed average crystallite size of 15.22 nm with 9.72 nm for oval-shaped silver nanoparticles increasing to 26.01 nm and 24.86 nm after calcination and 4.81 nm for spherical-shaped titanium dioxide nanoparticles which decreased to 4.62 nm after calcination. Nanoflake shape has been observed for cobalt hydroxide nanomaterials and for cobalt (II, III) oxide with crystallite size of 3.52 nm and 13.28 nm, respectively. Silver nanoparticles showed the best thermal and water dispersion stability of all the prepared structures. Once subjected to three different Candida species (C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei) silver nanoparticles and cobalt (II) hydroxide nanomaterials showed strong antifungal activity at 50 μg/mL with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. After light exposition, MIC values for nanomaterials decreased (to 12.5 μg/mL) for C. krusei and increased (100 μg/mL) for C. albicans and C. glabrata.

Enhanced and sustained pesticidal activity of a graphene-based pesticide delivery system against the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella.

Traditional abamectin (Abm) formulations have several shortcomings, such as low water solubility, burst release behavior, poor photostability, and short persistence periods, which decrease their pesticidal activity and the risks they pose to the environment. Nanomaterial-based pesticide delivery systems (PDSs) provide new strategies for the efficient and safe application of pesticides. Here, we developed Abm-loaded graphene oxide (Abm/GO) as a PDS for the sustained release of Abm, which shows enhanced control efficacy against Plutella xylostella. The hydrophobic Abm molecule was effectively loaded on GO nanocarrier by a physisorption method, which formed a uniform and stable Abm/GO nanoformulation. GO possesses high adsorption capacity and can effectively load Abm. The Abm/GO nanoformulation shows enhanced water dispersion stability and can remain stable during a 2-year storage period in contrast to the water-insoluble Abm. In addition, the Abm/GO nanoformulation exhibits sustained pesticide release behavior and possesses significantly improved anti-ultraviolet properties. Thus, the Abm/GO nanoformulation shows superior pesticidal activity compared with Abm. Abm/GO showed negligible toxicity to maize seedlings, and its GO nanocarrier can reduce the cytotoxicity of Abm to A549 cells. GO-based PDSs can effectively overcome the disadvantages of traditional pesticides, such as their insolubility, burst release behavior, instability, and short persistence period. GO shows much future promise in agriculture in light of its industrialization potential. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.