Dispersion Behavior Research Articles

Cellulose-enhanced MoS2 bifunctional hydrogel for efficient methylene blue degradation, human body sensing, and recyclability.

In this study, the dispersion behavior of MoS₂ in ionic liquids (ILs) with varying alkyl chain lengths was the primary focus of investigation, followed by the design of a novel PAM/SMA/CMC/PDA@MoS2 hydrogel. By optimizing the concentrations of CMC and PDA@MoS2, a bifunctional hydrogel with both sensing and catalytic functions was successfully developed. Mechanical tests revealed that the PAM/SMA/CMC0.06/0.09PDA@MoS2 hydrogel exhibited exceptional mechanical properties, with stress (505.24 kPa), strain (2333.34 %), elastic modulus (20.17 kPa), and toughness (3990.97 kJ/m3). Furthermore, the hydrogel demonstrated superior sensing performance, characterized by high sensitivity (GF = 7.67) and a rapid response time (148 ms) across a wide strain range. These properties enable precise monitoring of physiological movements, coupled with long-term cyclic stability, positioning it as a versatile material for sensors and electrodes. Subsequently, in situ stabilized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were used as a template for the catalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) using discarded human motion monitoring hydrogels. The degradation followed first-order kinetics (k = 0.54 min-1 at 25 °C) with 85 % efficiency sustained over 10 cycles, demonstrating significant stability and recyclability. This strategy integrates sensor recycling with Ag NPs based dye degradation, addressing environmental concerns and highlighting its potential in sustainable applications.

A female sterilization method for use in field-based behavioral studies of the invasive Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis).

Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky), a wood borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) native to China, has been unintentionally and repeatedly introduced to North American and European landscapes as a stow-away in the wood packing material commonly used in international trade. Asian longhorned beetle causes extensive damage and mortality in multiple deciduous tree species and in response, countries in both North America and Europe have adopted policies of eradication. Models that integrate patterns of Asian longhorned beetle dispersal with records of infested trees are critical in optimizing survey and eradication efforts and tracking eradication progress. While these tools continue to be developed, they have been limited by the availability of experimental dispersal data. Existing data is restricted to observations made in the beetle's native range in China or based on inference of dispersal in invaded landscapes. Direct observation of beetle dispersal behavior in invaded landscapes could provide critical behavioral information, but the experimental release of gravid females has been incompatible with eradication program efforts. To fill this knowledge gap, there is a need to identify field-portable methods of effectively sterilizing mated females that do not alter ovipositional behavior. Here, we present a protocol for cauterizing a beetle's ovipositor to prevent successful oviposition. Results of lab trials demonstrate the efficacy of ovipositor cauterization in inhibiting successful oviposition without altering the egg-laying behavior of gravid Asian longhorned beetle females. This method enables research to inform models of beetle dispersal and infestation risk without adding to actual or perceived risk of exacerbating infestations in an eradication program.

Mechanism and Characterization of Bicomponent-Filler-Reinforced Natural Rubber Latex Composites: Experiment and Molecular Dynamics (MD).

The incorporation of reinforcing fillers into natural rubber latex (NR) to achieve superior elasticity and mechanical properties has been widely applied across various fields. However, the tendency of reinforcing fillers to agglomerate within NR limits their potential applications. In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-silica (SiO2)/NR composites were prepared using a solution blending method, aiming to enhance the performance of NR composites through the synergistic effects of dual-component fillers. The mechanical properties, dispersion behavior, and Payne effect of three types of composites-SiO2/NR (SNR), MWCNT/NR (MNR), and MWCNT-SiO2/NR (MSNR)-were investigated. In addition, the mean square displacement (MSD), fractional free volume (FFV), and binding energy of the three composites were simulated using molecular dynamics (MD) models. The results showed that the addition of a two-component filler increased the tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus of NR composites by 56.4%, 72.41%, and 34.44%, respectively. The Payne effect of MSNR was reduced by 4.5% compared to MNR and SNR. In addition, the MD simulation results showed that the MSD and FFV of MSNR were reduced by 21% and 17.44%, respectively, and the binding energy was increased by 69 times, which was in agreement with the experimental results. The underlying mechanisms between the dual-component fillers were elucidated through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), a rubber process analyzer (RPA), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study provides an effective reference for broadening the application fields of NR.

Revealing the Solution Conformation and Hydration Structure of Type I Tropocollagen Using X-ray Scattering and Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

Hydration plays a crucial role in regulating the dispersion behavior of biomolecules in water, particularly in how pH-sensitive hydration water network forms around proteins. This study explores the conformation and hydration structure of Type-I tropocollagen using small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results reveal that tropocollagen exhibits a significant softening conformation in solution, transitioning from its rod-like structure in tissues to a worm-like conformation, characterized by a reduced radius of gyration of 50 nm and a persistent length of 34 nm. The SWAXS-supported MD calculations further establish a hydration water network characterized by a 2.8 Å free-water exclusion zone where water molecules are largely hydrogen-bonded to the densely distributed polar groups on the tropocollagen surfaces. These first-layer water molecules are bridged by outer water molecules extending up to 4 Å from the protein surfaces, forming a major hydration shell that encapsulates the protein.

To stay or to go: resource diversity alters the dispersal behavior of sympatric cryptic marine nematodes.

Animals can use specific environmental cues to make informed decisions about whether and where to disperse. Patch conditions are known to affect the dispersal behavior of animals, but empirical studies investigating the impact of resource diversity on the dispersal of closely related species are largely lacking. In this study, we investigated how food diversity affects the dispersal behavior of three co-occurring cryptic species of the marine bacterivorous nematode complex Litoditis marina (Pm I, Pm III and Pm IV). Using microcosms composed of a local patch (inoculation plate), a connection tube, and a distant patch (dispersal plate), we examined nematode dispersal patterns with bacteria serving as the food source. Food treatments included low-, medium-, and high-diversity bacterial mixtures of 5, 10, and 15 bacterial strains, respectively. Additionally, a single-strain food resource Escherichia coli was used as a control treatment. Both local and distant patches had either identical food treatments ('homogeneous patches') or E. coli in the local patches and more diverse food (low-, medium-, or high-diversity food) in distant patches ('heterogeneous patches'). Our results show that the dispersal behavior of the cryptic species varies depending on food diversity, indicating that L. marina acquire information about their environment when making dispersal decisions. All three cryptic species tend to disperse faster toward food patches that increase fitness. Pm I and Pm IV exhibited faster dispersal toward patches with a more diverse food source, while Pm III showed similar dispersal rates toward E. coli, medium-diversity, and high-diversity food. This indicates that resource diversity can alter the dispersal behavior of cryptic species and may be an important mechanism to achieve species coexistence in the field.

Impact of stabilizers on particle size and dispersion behavior in biorelevant media in solid nanocrystal formulations.

Nanocrystalline formulations typically contain stabilizing additives to minimize the risk of particle growth or agglomeration. This risk is particularly relevant when the nanosuspension is converted into a solid drug product as the original state of the nanosuspension should be restored upon redispersion of the drug product in vivo. In this work, the behavior of different nonionic and anionic surfactants in solid nanocrystalline formulations and their effects on redispersibility under biorelevant conditions were investigated. For this purpose, nanocrystalline formulations of basic (itraconazole, ritonavir), acidic (naproxen), and neutral (fenofibrate) API containing nonionic polymers acting as steric stabilizers combined either with anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, deoxycholate sodium, docusate sodium) or non-ionic surfactants (polysorbate 80, vitamin E-TPGS) were manufactured by nano-milling. These formulations were turned into a solid drug product by lyophilization and their redispersibility was tested by dispersing them in biorelevant media with different pH values and by characterizing their particle size distribution (PSD) and surface charge. In the absence of an anionic surfactant, it was difficult to achieve particle sizes below 500 nm. However, formulations stabilized anionically were at risk of agglomeration in gastric media. For basic API, the agglomeration was reversible for formulations containing sodium deoxycholate after increasing the pH from acidic to neutral levels, but it was found to be irreversible for those containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and docusate sodium. In summary, the type of anionic stabilizer and its interplay with the physicochemical properties of the API (basic, acidic, or neutral) should be considered in the development of solid nanocrystal formulations.

Exploring factors influencing the spatial distribution and seasonal changes of BPA, TBBPA, and 20 analogs in China's marginal seas.

As emerging pollutants, bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its analogs have become widespread in the coastal environment of China. To investigate the occurrence of these novel contaminants in Chinese marginal sea, 176 seawater and 88 sediment samples were collected from the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. In seawater and sediment, the detection rates of TBBPA are 83.9 % and 100 %, BPA and 20 analogs were within 1.7 %-93.7 % and 1.1 %-100 %, respectively. In seawater, the concentrations of TBBPA and analogs were significantly higher in winter than in summer. But in sediment, there were no significant seasonal differences. The distribution of targets in 28 sampling points of the Yellow River and Yangtze River showed that industrial point source emissions have a greater impact on concentration. Fugacity analysis showed that BPA tends to diffuse from seawater to sediment while the TBBPA did the opposite. The maximum hazard quotients (HQ) of TBBPA and its analogs for three aquatic organisms indicated that they have high ecological risks, especially for complex organisms. Five suspected metabolites were identified by non-targeted screening. This study provides novel insights into the pollution status, dispersal behavior, and ecological risk of TBBPA and its analogs in the marine environment.

Assessing the Impacts of Drug Loading and Polymer Type on Dissolution Behavior and Diffusive Flux of GDC-6893 Amorphous Solid Dispersions

Assessing the Impacts of Drug Loading and Polymer Type on Dissolution Behavior and Diffusive Flux of GDC-6893 Amorphous Solid Dispersions

An environmentally friendly, rainfall-resistant suspension prepared based on halloysite nanotubes for the delivery of hydrophobic pesticides

The application of nanomaterials in pesticide system shows many advantages such as enhanced dispersion stability, high foliar affinity, improved insecticidal effect, and reduced environmental risks. In the study, a simple wet grinding method was used to decrease the particles size of the pesticides chlorobenzuron and indoxacarb (CI) in presence of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). The irregularly shaped suspension pesticide system (CI@HNTs) in size of ∼ 2 μ m is obtained via HNTs and xanthan gum (XG) encapsulation of the hydrophobic pesticides. Attributed to the small size and interfacial interactions of HNTs, CI@HNTs have excellent stability, dispersion and slow release behavior. CI@HNTs exhibit enhanced foliar wettability, spreading and topological effect on plant leaves compare to commercial suspension concentrate (SC) product and CI (without HNTs), which results in high resistance to rainfall washout. In the crop model treated by fall armyworm, the mortality rate is 53.3 % in CI group, while the mortality is 75.0 % in CI@HNTs-8 which is 1.41 times that of CI. In addition, the safety of CI@HNTs is systematically evaluated, and the results show that the toxicity of CI@HNTs to the wheat and the aquatic organism zebrafish is lower than that of the SC. This study develops an economical, efficient and environmentally friendly pesticide system based on natural clay nanotubes, which shows promising applications in sustainable agricultural production.

Direct quantification of the plasmon dephasing time in ensembles of gold nanorods through two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy.

In this study, we used two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to examine the early femtosecond dynamics of suspensions of colloidal gold nanorods with different aspect ratios. In all samples, the signal distribution in the 2D maps at this timescale shows a distinctive dispersive behavior, which can be explained by the interference between the exciting field and the field produced on the nanoparticle's surface by the collective motion of electrons when the plasmon is excited. Studying this interference effect, which is active only until the plasmon has been dephased, allows for a direct estimation of the dephasing time of the plasmon of an ensemble of colloidal particles. Our findings provide insight into the fundamental behavior of plasmonic states and highlight the potential of two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy in uncovering ultrafast and coherent optical phenomena at the nanoscale.

Gravity Model Approach to Model Epidemic with Human Dispersal Behaviors

Gravity Model Approach to Model Epidemic with Human Dispersal Behaviors

Density-dependent distributions of hosts and parasitoids resulting from density-independent dispersal rules: implications for host–parasitoid interactions and population dynamics

BackgroundThe distribution of hosts and parasitoids across patches is a key factor determining the dynamics of host-parasitoid populations. To connect behavioral rules with population dynamics, it is essential to comprehend how individual-level dispersal behavior influences the distribution of individuals. Typically, a simple deterministic model has been used to describe this connection. This study explicitly derived the relationship between individual-level dispersal behavior and the distribution of individuals across patches, contrasting it with the conventional deterministic model.MethodsA stochastic individual-based model was developed from a widely used deterministic host–parasitoid population model. Individual-level dispersal rules were simulated in the stochastic model without assuming the resulting distributions. The models assume that the dispersal of hosts and parasitoids is independent of conspecific density. The deterministic model can be seen as an approximation of the stochastic model, describing the outcomes of stochastic processes as their expected patterns. In addition to describing the relationship between dispersal behavior and distribution across patches, its consequences for population dynamics were also examined.ResultsThe stochastic model revealed that the distribution of individuals among patches varies with the number of dispersing conspecifics, whereas the deterministic model assumes independence from conspecific density, indicating that the deterministic model fails to capture the outcomes of stochastic dispersal. The resulting density-dependent distributions of hosts and parasitoids lead to other density-dependent interactions between them, such as density-dependent parasitism risk for hosts and density-dependent searching efficiency for parasitoids, ultimately affecting population dynamics. For instance, while aggregation of parasitoids is stabilizing in the deterministic model, it can be both stabilizing and destabilizing in the stochastic model.ConclusionsThe stochastic model revealed that density-dependent distributions of hosts and parasitoids emerge when individuals disperse in a density-independent manner, significantly impacting existing host-parasitoid theory, which assumes density-independent distributions. To address this, the implications of emerging density dependencies for well-known results, such as the pseudointerference of parasitoids and the CV2 > 1 rule, were discussed. Explicitly considering individual-level dispersal behavior is essential for understanding host–parasitoid interactions and population dynamics.

Lack of Vertical Transmission of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus by Spissistilus festinus and Sex-Associated Differences in Horizontal Transmission.

Grapevine red blotch is an emerging disease that threatens vineyard productions in North America. Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV, species Grablovirus vitis, genus Grablovirus, family Geminiviridae), the causal agent of red blotch disease, is transmitted by Spissistilus festinus (Hemiptera: Membracidae) in a circulative, non-propagative mode. To gain new insight into GRBV-S. festinus interactions, we delved into vertical transmission and documented a lack of transovarial transmission. In addition, we investigated S. festinus sex differences in the horizontal transmission of GRBV by creating small arenas with 30 detached trifoliates of common snap bean, an experimental host of GRBV, and a preferred feeding host of S. festinus. Tracking the movement of viruliferous males, females, or a combination of the two sexes over two weeks in replicated experiments demonstrated that male S. festinus dispersed more than females with specimens of both sexes predominantly grouping together on trifoliates spatially surrounding the trifoliate onto which they were released. These behaviors resulted in a greater rate of GRBV transmission by S. festinus males (17%, 20 of 120) than females (4%, 5 of 120) or mixed-sex cohorts (9%, 17 of 180). In arenas with aviruliferous S. festinus and one (single) or four (hotspot) GRBV-infected trifoliates out of 30 total trifoliates, a higher GRBV transmission rate by males was confirmed in both single infection (50%, 30 of 60) and hotspot infection (83%, 50 of 60) arenas than by females in single infection (35%, 21 of 60) and hotspot infection (67%, 40 of 60) arenas. These findings highlighted sex-associated differences in the transmission of GRBV by S. festinus and a positive correlation between the initial virus prevalence and the rate of transmission. Finally, the secondary spread of GRBV resulted primarily from S. festinus dispersal by walking or jumping. Together, these unique GRBV transmission features support the need to characterize dispersal behaviors of S. festinus in vineyard ecosystems.

Characterizing broad-band seismic dispersion and attenuation in carbonates with fractures and cavities: a numerical approach

SUMMARY Carbonates are highly heterogeneous and commonly develop large-scale fracture-cavity systems due to the strong diagenesis effect of dissolution, faulting and karstification. Understanding the seismic wave velocity and attenuation signatures is crucial for hydrocarbon exploration and recovery, carbon capture, geothermal exploitation and groundwater management using seismic methods. Nevertheless, due to the sample size limitation, traditional core-scale experiments and sonic logs fail to effectively unravel the essential factors controlling elastic and anelastic responses of those carbonates with large-scale heterogeneity. We developed a 2-D geology-constrained method for constructing digital rock models of carbonates with fracture-cavity systems, integrating outcrop data and statistical analyses. Using finite element simulations based on Biot's quasi-static equations of poroelastic consolidation, we examine the effects of cavity shape, size and number, as well as fracture number, length, width and angle, on wave dispersion and attenuation characteristics. Deep carbonate rocks with fracture-cavity systems exhibit wideband attenuation spanning over three orders of magnitude (from < 0.01 to >10 Hz), driven by coupled pore pressure relaxation mechanisms in the heterogeneous system. Horizontal attenuation was found to be roughly five times greater than vertical attenuation (as fractures are predominantly in a semi-vertical direction), highlighting significant attenuation anisotropy. While cavities have minimal effects on attenuation, fracture density and geometry—especially longer and narrower fractures—significantly influence wave dispersion and attenuation behaviour. These results underscore the importance of integrating both seismic velocity and attenuation data to enhance reservoir characterization reliability, and highlight the potential of using comprehensive broad-band seismic data and large-offset seismic data to improve geophysical interpretations of complex deep carbonate reservoirs.

Development of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrodes with Enhanced Dispersion and Electrochemical Properties for Blood Glucose Monitoring.

The evolution of high-performance electrode materials has significantly impacted the development of real-time monitoring biosensors, emphasizing the need for compatibility with biomaterials and robust electrochemical properties. This work focuses on creating electrode materials utilizing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), specifically examining their dispersion behavior and electrochemical characteristics. By using ultrasonic waves, we analyzed the dispersion of CNTs in various solvents, including N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), deionized water (DW), ethanol, and acetone. The findings revealed that SWCNTs achieved optimal dispersion without precipitation in DMF. Additionally, we observed that the electrical resistance decreased as the concentration of SWCNTs increased from 0.025 to 0.4 g/L, with significant conductivity enhancements noted between 0.2 g/L and 0.4 g/L in DMF. In constructing the biosensor platform, we employed 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester (PBSE) as a linker molecule, while glucose oxidase (Gox) served as the binding substrate. The interaction between Gox and glucose led to a notable decrease in the biosensor's resistance values as glucose concentrations ranged from 0.001 to 0.1 M. These results provide foundational insights into the development of SWCNT-based electrode materials and suggest a promising pathway toward the next generation of efficient and reliable biosensors.

Nonlinear spectral dispersion in resonant Auger scattering from SF6 for studying nuclear potentials and dynamics

In this study, we integrate experimental observations and theoretical models to elucidate the complex phenomena observed in the resonant S K-edge Auger scattering spectra of the SF6 molecule. A two-dimensional spectral map, constructed of incident photon energy and kinetic energy of the emitted Auger electron, is shown to be a versatile tool for understanding a character of the core-excited potential energy surface and change of the molecular geometry. Our findings reveal how the distinct dispersion behavior of multiple spectral lines enables mapping of ultrafast dynamics within the short-lived core-excited states. Our results confirm the presence of nuclear dynamics in the S1s−16a1g1 and S1s−16t1u1 core-excited states, while dynamics is absent in the S1s−17t1u1 state. Using a combination of analysis, simulations with Coulomb model potentials, and a simple analytical approximation, we qualitatively demonstrate how the varying characteristics of spectral dispersion—classified as Raman, non-Raman, and anti-Raman—mirror the relative gradients of the intermediate and final states in the resonant x-ray scattering process. This insight allows for the effective mapping of molecular potential energy curves, offering a prospective tool on the underlying mechanisms of resonant Auger scattering and its potential for probing molecular dynamics. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

A squirt-flow model in isotropic porous rocks containing wedge-shaped cracks and its interpretation for laboratory measurements

We present an analytic model of wedge-shaped crack connected with stiff pore space for wave dispersion and attenuation in isotropic porous rocks using the wave-induced fluid flow (WIFF) mechanism. This model addresses squirt flow, a significant factor influencing wave propagation behavior across seismic, sonic, and even ultrasonic frequencies. Our model bridges the gap between existing models, demonstrating consistency with Gassmann’s model at low frequencies and Mavko-Jizba’s model at high frequencies. Employing a hybrid-dimensional approach, we derive a simple formula for the modified fluid modulus to enable calculation of elastic moduli for saturated rocks. The model predicts dispersion and attenuation behaviors at low, intermediate and high frequencies, and accounts for differences in liquid- and gas-saturated rocks. Comparisons with existing disk-shaped models and laboratory measurements showcase the potential advantage of wedge-shaped model for describing seismic dispersion. Validation is achieved through good agreement with published measurements of four rock samples. This model can readily integrate with classic WIFF theories, like Biot’s poroelasticity, extending its applicability across a broader frequency range.

Movements of Juvenile Hen Harriers (Circus cyaneus) Tracked by Satellite Telemetry in Spain

The Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus) is a medium-sized raptor with a broad distribution across the Palearctic. In Spain, Hen Harrier behaviour is diverse due to being at the southern limit of its distribution, and the margins of distributions tend to show greater variability in the strategies and behaviours of animals. This study focused on juvenile dispersal, using GPS/GSM data from seven individuals to define movement patterns, compare variables between sexes, and analyse differences between the first and second years of dispersal. To analyse the movements during each annual period, six variables were considered, namely the mean distance from nest location, maximum distance from nest location, mean daily distance travelled, total distance travelled, 95% weekly kernel, and 95% total kernel. In their first year after leaving the nest, the Hen Harriers began dispersal movements on 21 August ± 34.41 days, with highly variable distances and durations among individuals. They travelled an average total of 6774.66 ± 5360.46 km over the two first years, with some significant differences between sexes and periods in terms of movement patterns, particularly in the daily and total distances travelled. Overall, the maximum distance from nest location and the total distance travelled were greater in the first year of dispersal than in the second year, indicating, as expected, an improved understanding of their environment and more efficient movements. The juvenile dispersal behaviour of the Hen Harrier is highly variable and represents the most vulnerable season for survival as the birds navigate new and unexplored territories.

Dispersive and attenuation behavior of Love wave in a non-local highly heterogeneous media with imperfect contact condition

Abstract The primary aim of this study is to explore the impact of different physical parameters on the propagation of Love waves in non-local media. This study considers heterogeneous orthotropic viscoelastic properties within a layer and the variation of sandy medium properties with exponential depth, representing the half-space. Furthermore, the interface between the layer and the half-space is considered mechanically imperfect and perfect. The solutions of mechanical displacement of the layer and half-space are derived separately by solving the second-order hyperbolic type differential equation with the help of a variable-separable technique. A closed form of the dispersion relation is obtained using appropriate boundary conditions involving the medium's non-local elasticity and inhomogeneity parameters. Verification of the dispersion relation is shown by deriving some particular cases and comparing them with the classical dispersion relation of Love wave. The effects of physical parameters (like viscoelasticity, inhomogeneity, interfacial imperfection, sandy, non-locality, and \textcolor{blue}{thickness of the layer}) on the phase and attenuation phenomena of Love wave are investigated through numerical calculations and graphical representation. Furthermore, it is observed that the particle displacement in the layer decreases with depth, while in the half-space, the amplitude decreases oscillatory with depth, and the displacement gradually converges towards zero. A comparative graphical analysis of these parameters on the phase and attenuation characteristics of Love wave through the stratified Earth's structure with imperfect and perfect interfaces has been accomplished.

Dispersion and Tribological Behaviors of Modified Functionalized Surfaces of Single and Hybrid Nanoparticles in Water-Based Lubrication

This study investigated the dispersion and tribological effetcs of modifying surface functionalization on single (GO, Al2O3, MgO, SiC) and hybrid (SiC/MgO, Al2O3/MgO) nanoparticles in water-based lubricant (WBL) formulations. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and glycerol were utilized to further enhance dispersion and viscosity. The experimental findings revealed that incorporating modified nanoparticles surfaces in WBLs improved hydrophilicity and dispersion by introducing additional oxygen functional groups. This effectively reduced direct metal-to-metal contact, resulting in lower interface temperatures and enhanced tribological performance. Hybrid Al2O3/MgO nanoparticles exhibited a significant 76.69 percent enhancement in tribological performance in wear mechanisms, synergistically filling microcracks to improve lubricant film formation, bearing, and mending effects. Using a single nanoparticle was found to be insufficient for achieving enhanced tribological effects. All nanoparticles improved bearing effects, except for GO, which promoted a shearing effect. High-hardness nanoparticles such as SiC and Al2O3 demonstrated an additional polishing effect.