Material Dispersion Research Articles

Tribological performance of carbon nanospheres as lubricant additives: insights from molecular dynamics simulation and experimental analysis

Abstract To investigate the lubrication mechanism of carbon nanospheres and compare their tribological performance with carbon powder, this study presented a comprehensive analysis of their potential as lubricant additives through both experimental testing and molecular dynamics simulations. Carbon nanospheres were synthesized using the hydrothermal method. Extensive comparisons were conducted between carbon powder and carbon nanospheres, focusing on material characterization, dispersion stability, antifriction performance, and antiwear capability. Findings revealed that carbon nanospheres outperformed carbon powder as lubricant additives in PAO 10 owing to their smaller particle size and spherical shape. Specifically, at a concentration of 1wt%, a load of 50 N, a disk speed of 10 rpm, and a temperature of 25 °C, the addition of carbon nanospheres reduced the friction coefficient by 34% and wear volume by 35%. The improved tribological performance was linked to the ability of carbon nanospheres to fill the pits, improving the interface smoothness. Molecular dynamics simulation of carbon nanospheres effectively reflected substrate roughness in the bulk region and further confirmed that this filling effects increased the lubricant's load-bearing capacity, which contributed to the reduction of friction and wear. This study provided significant insights into the development of innovative high-performance lubricant additives for oil-based lubrication in metal friction pairs.

Leveraging Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Monitoring the Formation of Methanol Adducts of AR-LDD Antagonist BMS-986409 in Spray-Dried Dispersion Materials

Leveraging Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Monitoring the Formation of Methanol Adducts of AR-LDD Antagonist BMS-986409 in Spray-Dried Dispersion Materials

High-harmonic generation from subwavelength silicon films

Abstract Recent years have witnessed significant developments in the study of nonlinear properties of various materials at the nanoscale. Often, experimental results on harmonic generation are reported without the benefit of suitable theoretical models that allow assessment of conversion efficiencies compared to the material’s intrinsic properties. Here, we report experimental observations of even and odd harmonics up to the 7th, generated from a suspended subwavelength silicon film resonant in the UV range at 210 nm, the current limit of our detection system, using peak power densities of order 3 TW/cm2. We also highlight the time-varying properties of the dielectric function of silicon, which exhibits large changes under intense illumination. We explain the experimental data with a time domain, hydrodynamic-Maxwell approach broadly applicable to most optical materials. Our approach accounts simultaneously for surface and magnetic nonlinearities that generate even optical harmonics, as well as linear and nonlinear material dispersions beyond the third order to account for odd optical harmonics, plasma formation, and a phase locking mechanism that makes the generation of high harmonics possible deep into the UV range, where semiconductors like silicon start operating in a metallic regime.

Biocompatible 2D Material Inks Enabled by Supramolecular Chemistry: From Synthesis to Applications.

ConspectusThe emergence of two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), has sparked significant interest due to their unique physicochemical, optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. Furthermore, their atomically thin nature enables mechanical flexibility, high sensitivity, and simple integration onto flexible substrates, such as paper and plastic.The surface chemistry of a nanomaterial determines many of its properties, such as its chemical and catalytic activity. The electronic properties can also be modified by surface chemistry through changes in charge transfer or by the presence of surface states. Surface defects and functional groups can act as trap sites for excitons, hence affecting the optical properties. Furthermore, surface chemistry determines the stability and dispersibility of nanomaterials in colloidal dispersions as well as their biocompatibility and toxicity. In addition, the surface chemistry dictates how nanomaterials interact with biological systems, influencing cellular uptake, immune response, and biodistribution, to name a few examples. It is, therefore, crucial to be able to produce 2D materials with tunable surface chemistry to match target applications.Because of their dimensionality, 2D materials can be easily functionalized with noncovalent and covalent approaches. This review delves into the role of supramolecular chemistry, which is based on noncovalent interactions, in achieving stable and highly concentrated water-based dispersions of 2D materials with specific surface chemistry.In particular, we provide an overview of the recent progress made by our group in the field of solution-processed 2D materials produced by liquid-phase exfoliation with pyrene derivatives used as supramolecular receptors. We highlight the relationship between the structure of the pyrene derivative stabilizer and the concentration, stability, and lateral size and thickness distributions of the produced nanosheets. Subsequently, we give a short overview of the applications enabled by the supramolecular approach in printed electronics, sensing, bioelectronics, and in the biomedical field. We show that the careful design of the pyrene derivative enables us to achieve excellent stability of the material in the cellular medium, which is essential to accurately assess biological effects. We also highlight seminal case studies on the use of cationic graphene in the therapeutics of lysosomal storage disorders, and on the use of TMD nanosheets for trained immunity and as immune-compatible nanoplatforms, traceable at the single-cell and tissue (suborgan) levels.This Account aims to provide a comprehensive guide for readers on the potential of the supramolecular approach for the design of 2D material dispersions with tailored surface chemistry. This approach is expected to be extremely attractive for many applications, from tissue engineering to energy storage devices, so we hope that this Account will drive further efforts and advancements in this field by ultimately leading to the integration of solution-processed 2D materials made by supramolecular chemistry into practical applications.

Inelastic Neutron Scattering Spectrometer and Applications

Inelastic neutron scattering is a pivotal technique in materials science and physics research, revealing the microscopic dynamic properties of materials by observing the changes in energy and momentum of neutrons interacting with matter. This technique provides important information for quantitatively describing the phonon dispersion and magnetic excitations of materials. Inelastic neutron scattering spectrometers can be classified into triple-axis spectrometers and time-of-flight spectrometers based on the method of selecting monochromatic neutrons. The former has high signal-to-noise ratio, flexibility, and precise tracking capabilities for specific measurement points, while the latter significantly improves experimental efficiency through various measures. The application of inelastic neutron scattering spectrometers is quite extensive, playing an indispensable role in advancing frontier scientific research in the study of mechanisms in various materials such as magnetism, superconductivity, thermoelectrics, and catalysis. The high-energy inelastic spectrometer at the China Spallation Neutron Source is the first time-of-flight neutron inelastic spectrometer in China, achieving high resolution and multi-energy coexistence with its innovative Fermi chopper design. Additionally, the number of neutron beams available for experiments at this facility is at the forefront internationally.

Enhancing dispersion and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube-reinforced cement-based material using polymer emulsions

Enhancing dispersion and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube-reinforced cement-based material using polymer emulsions

NANOMODIFIED SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE BASED ON RECYCLED AGGREGATES

The effectiveness study results related to "soft" multi-stage crushing mode of concrete scrap are presented. During the research it was found that the processing of concrete scrap using this technology can significantly improve the characteristics of the secondary concrete aggregate, namely crushability, water absorption and voids. It is achieved by reducing the content of cement bound stones in the secondary crushed stone. Significant volumes of the dispersed material formed as a result of such processing can be used as a fine filler part at production technology of the self-compacting concrete. An optimum organic-mineral additive based on nanoparticle with a superplasticizer, which allows to obtain a homogeneous concrete mixture with additional stabilization properties was used for self-compacting concrete. The stability of the rheological characteristics of the modified cement systems will be insured if an optimum amount of organic-mineral additive is used. It was revealed that 28 days strength of a self-compacting concrete with concrete scrap crushing products content reaches more than 55,6 MPa, hardened under normal conditions and more than 75 MPa after one year under air-dry conditions.

In Ukrainian

Experimental methodology of the thermal vacuum process is that in order to obtain effective and economical production of nanomaterials, it is necessary to ensure a continuous flow of dispersed material inside the heating spiral element. This can done if the material enters the cavity of the heating element together with air. A two-phase system of gas-solid particles arises. The movement occurs in an ascending flow in a heated space with a constant decrease in pressure for 15 s. The results of the studies show that the velocity of material particles in the cavity of spiral heating element of the thermal vacuum unit depends on the thermal radiation of the heater walls, the energy of a local pulsed steam explosion with the appearance of a shock wave, which forms a significant number of nanodispersed and finely dispersed bodies. The greater the energy of the local explosion, the higher the velocity of the material particle, the greater the angle of incidence of the particle on the opposite wall of the heating element. Locally, the temperature of the external environment increases, the kinetic energy of material particles grows, and the flow of electrons, protons, and other charged particles accelerates significantly. A plasma clot is formed, a neutrino cloud is emitted. Nanoparticles take the form of nanotubes, fullerenes, thin films, crystals. It been established that the dispersed material in the thermal vacuum unit is successively affected by force, heat, deformation, ionization effects, which allows accelerating the process of obtaining nanodispersed materials. Each physical process in a thermal vacuum installation has its own space-time continuum and it is necessary to take into account only those characteristics that correspond to a specific interaction.

Advanced chitin-based composite hydrogels enabled by quercetin-mediated assembly for multifunctional applications.

Natural building blocks like chitins for self-assembling into complex materials have garnered significant interest owing to the inherent and diverse functionalities. However, challenges persist in the assembly of chitin-based composites, primarily stemming from chitin's poor solubility and compatibility. Herein, a quercetin-mediated multiple crosslinking strategy was developed to enhance compatibility by quercetin-mediated interfacial interactions between chitin and inorganic materials, achieving a series of chitin-based composite hydrogels with high performances. The quercetin-mediated strategy could effectively modulate the non-covalent interactions within hydrogel, which served as the sacrificial bonds to dissipate large energy, leading to the high toughness of chitin-based composite hydrogels (0.70-1.02 MJ·m-3). Furthermore, through utilizing quercetin-assisted non-covalent interactions, effective dispersion of inorganic materials (e.g., molybdenum disulfide, carbon nanotube and calcium carbonate) within hydrogels was achieved, resulting in composite hydrogels with diverse functionalities. Our quercetin-mediated strategy conceptualized in this work paves the way for the development of a diverse array of chitin-based composite hydrogels which incorporate various functional inorganic materials.

水稻籽粒堆积特性离散元法模拟研究

Accurately determining the angle of repose for irregular and dispersed agricultural grain materials requires a simulation model that effectively represents the actual grain shapes and utilizes numerical methods to analyze their stacking behavior. This study focuses on "Yongyou 15" rice grains, employing 3D raster scanning technology to obtain precise contour data. Through a reverse modeling process, a detailed 3D geometric model of the grains was developed, resulting in a discrete element model comprising 618 grains of varying diameters, created using granular polymer theory. Discrete element analysis software (EDEM) was integrated with MATLAB image processing to simulate the falling and stacking process of the rice grains within a stainless steel bottomless cylindrical tube. The contour of the grain heap was analyzed using linear fitting, followed by a micro-mechanical investigation of the grain heap structure. The analysis indicated that the pressure depression within the heap is caused by the oblique transmission of contact forces. The simulated angle of repose under experimental conditions was 31.29°±0.41°, differing by only 0.81% from the actual measured angle of 31.04°±0.21° obtained through physical stacking experiments. These results demonstrate that combining numerical simulations with image feature extraction is a reliable and efficient method for assessing the stacking properties of agricultural materials.

Study on optical fiber materials and loss-dispersion management optimization technique

Abstract Loss and dispersion are the major issues that need to be optimized for sustainable and effective optical communication. The lowest loss wavelength and best dispersion-managed wavelength are partially conjugated by dispersion shifted fiber (DSF), dispersion flattened fiber (DFF), and different modulation techniques. In search of further simple and effective alternatives to compensate for both the loss and dispersion of optical fiber, we have considered some commercially available optical fiber friendly materials like pure SiO2, B2O3, P2O5 and GeO2 doped SiO2 along with some popular fluoride glass combinations known as ZBLAN, HBL, ABCY, ZBLA, ZBG. Our study on material dispersion of some pure and doped materials has brought out some exciting results regarding the optimized loss-dispersion conjugation. It is observed that the systematic applications of the compositions can replace the existing DSF and DFF. At the same time, the efficiency of DSF and DFF can be increased by using these fiber materials as well. The technique can be used to boost the efficiency of existing loss-dispersion management systems by selectively replacing the materials of those systems. Our significant report on the fundamental properties of various fibers and their materials has a visionary direction toward loss-dispersion management.

Localized Vector Optical Nondiffracting Subcycle Pulses

Structured light is essential in various fields such as imaging, communications, computing, laser microprocessing, and ultrafast and nonlinear optics. The structuring of light can occur in terms of space, amplitude, phase, polarization, time, frequency, and duration. One of the intriguing properties that can be obtained is resistance to the diffractive spread and dispersive broadening of the pulsed beams. This happens when temporal properties such as frequency are coupled with spatial properties like angles of propagation of plane-wave components. In this case, pulsed light beams exhibit characteristics similar to optical bullets, resisting both diffraction and material dispersion. This study questions whether free-space optical bullets that possess nondiffracting and nondispersive properties are possible with subcycle durations. We report on the possibility to create nondiffracting and nondispersing localized subcycle pulsed beams and their complex polarization topologies when controlling the group velocity of these light structures.

Optimal structural and functional assemblies in additive manufacturing using the African buffalo-inspired part segregation algorithm

In multilevel or additive production, reduction of the total manufacturing duration is crucial. This may be achieved by harmonizing assembly and production time and by simultaneous collaboration with component manufacturers, thus incurring fewer delays. Here, a novel approach, the African buffalo-inspired part segregation algorithm, is proposed for optimal structural and functional assemblies in additive manufacturing. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming model is developed to assess the near-term optimum criteria area and dispersed materials in a computational manufacturing context. The number of support substances, total production period and total assembly costs are reduced in the time-reduction approach. A specific swarm intelligence-part-based segregation strategy is used to choose the appropriate number of element assemblages, and a part division strategy that complies with the criteria for transverse effect, dimensions and elevations is applied. The proposed approach is evaluated for structures with conventional and free-form borders using two real-size three-dimensional representations. The results indicate that this method may reduce overall production time compared to the time spent constructing one component, under all investigated circumstances.

Dissolution of abietic acid in water by the solid dispersion method using methylcellulose analogs

Abstract Solid dispersion materials of abietic acid (ABA) were prepared with methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) using a conventional solvent evaporation method. In these materials, ABA was incorporated in an amorphous form. During dissolution tests, ABA from ABA/MC and ABA/HPMC solid dispersion materials initially rapidly dissolved, followed by a decrease in the dissolution rate before eventually plateauing. The dissolution of ABA from ABA/CMC-Na solid dispersion materials was similar, although it increased slightly with an increased shaking time over a long period. ABA from ABA/MC solid dispersion materials exhibited a higher dissolution rate compared with ABA from both ABA/HPMC and ABA/CMC-Na solid dispersion materials. The amount of undissolved material from ABA/cellulose derivative solid dispersion materials was lower compared with ABA/cellulose nanofiber and ABA/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber solid dispersion materials. In addition, both ABA/MC and ABA/HPMC solid dispersion materials exhibited good growth-inhibitive effects against Trametes versicolor, a representative of white-rot fungus, compared with ABA/CMC-Na, ABA/cellulose nanofiber and ABA/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber solid dispersion materials. Consequently, MC proved to be the most effective water-soluble carrier for ABA in water among the cellulose derivatives tested.

Vibration reduction of rotor systems using magneto-rheological elastomeric supports

Support characteristics (stiffness and dissipation) are well understood to influence the dynamic behaviour of rotors. Supports play an essential role in deciding the stability and response of the rotors. Therefore, frequency-dependent support characteristics are beneficial in determining the rotor response as the frequency of excitation keeps changing. An elegant choice of making rotor supports is by using magneto-rheological elastomeric (MRE) materials. The magnetic field application results in a change in the stiffness and dissipation behaviour of MREs and consequently influences the dynamics of the rotor–shaft system. An attempt is made in this work to conceptualize the MRE as viscoelastic sectors put between the outer race of a bearing and the bearing housing to make the rotor support. A rigorous analytical formulation is done to obtain the stiffness and dissipation of the support so formed in terms of a viscoelastic model of the material under the effect of dispersed magnetic material, the geometry of the sectors, the intensity of the magnetic field, and the frequency of forcing function the supports are subject to. The supports show promising results by reducing the vibrations at resonance by suitably applying the magnetic field. Therefore, MRE materials may be proposed as adaptive supports to both structures and rotors to induce intended dynamic behaviour.

A Study of Wideband Dielectric Resonator Antennas Loaded With Special Dispersive Materials

A Study of Wideband Dielectric Resonator Antennas Loaded With Special Dispersive Materials

Thermal Vacuum Synthesis: Physical Processes in Nanomaterial Production

The thermovacuum process offers an efficient and cost-effective method for producing nanomaterials by ensuring the continuous flow of dispersed material inside a spiral heating element. This is achieved by introducing the material into the heating element's cavity along with air, forming a two-phase gas-solid particle system. The material moves upward through the heated space, where pressure gradually decreases. Experimental studies on materials like carbon, brown coal, and zirconium dioxide indicate specific conditions are necessary for the system's continuous operation. One key requirement is that the mass of solid particles should not exceed 1.0 to 1.2 grams per liter of air entering the heating element. This limit ensures that nanodispersed and finely dispersed particles can move freely, avoiding collisions and allowing faster-moving particles to overtake slower ones. These particles increase in velocity and temperature as they pass through the heating element, with changes in heat capacity and particle motion contributing to wave motion and pulsed heat loads. The velocity at which the material particles travel depends on the thermal radiation from the heater walls and the energy generated by local pulse steam explosions, which create shock waves. Higher explosion energy results in increased particle velocity, greater impact angles against the heater walls, and higher environmental temperatures. These conditions lead to accelerated electron, proton, and other charged particle flows, forming plasma clots and neutrino clouds. The nanoparticles take various forms, including nanotubes, fullerenes, thin films, and crystals, reaching velocities up to a thousand kilometers per second and heating temperatures of up to 17 million degrees during pulses. This process consistently subjects the material to force, heat, deformation, and ionization, expediting the creation of nanodispersed materials with enhanced physicochemical and mechanical properties. The thermovacuum process not only improves the efficiency of thermotechnological equipment but also reduces energy consumption, production time, and costs. The research findings support its use in the continuous and effective production of high-quality nanomaterials.

Study of Electrochemical Characteristics of Differently Produced Nickel-Rich Cathodes

Lithium-ion batteries stand as the forefront technology in energy storage. Significant endeavors have been dedicated to enhancing the energy density of lithium-ion batteries, primarily by incorporating high-capacity nickel-rich cathode active materials like NCM831205 or even higher nickel contents [1]. Nevertheless, an elevated nickel content result in reduced structural and thermal stabilities, increased reactivity with the electrolyte, and heightened vulnerability to environmental influences due to the formation of surface films [2–4]. To mitigate these effects, specialized processing conditions are necessary, such as treatment exclusively in a dry atmosphere or the incorporation of specific electrolyte additives [5,6]. However, the processing method and its diverse parameters play a critical role in battery performance. Particularly, the mixing process of the slurry holds pivotal importance in determining electrode quality, as it is during this phase that the intricate structures and internal networks of the electrode are established. These structures significantly influence the diffusion of lithium ions, thereby impacting cell performance profoundly. The mixing conditions, along with the selection of the mixing device and geometry, exert a substantial impact on material dispersion, aimed at reducing the size of carbon black (CB) agglomerates to smaller aggregates.For optimal quality in electrode production, an efficient dispersion step is crucial, often performed using a dissolver in a dry room environment to mitigate any impact from residual moisture and potential chemical reactions with the electrolyte. The efficacy of the dispersion process hinges significantly on the selected disk diameter and height concerning the liquid level. Since both geometric parameters influence the slurry's flow properties during dispersion, discerning their exact impact on the formation of the conductive network poses a challenge. Hence, this study employs variations in these parameters to produce diverse electrode structures. The dispersion index (DICB), as introduced by Weber et al., serves as a quantitative metric to assess the progress of dispersion [7].The electrodes produced undergo impedance measurements to assess contact and ionic resistances. For this evaluation, the model proposed by Landesfeind et al. and its associated circuitry are employed [8]. Moreover, 4-point measurements are conducted to ascertain the volume resistance or electrical conductivity within the electrode. Subsequently, the electrodes are subjected to measurements in a 3-electrode setup within the full cell configuration, with a capacity of 4 mAh, to analyze their performance and fast-charging capability. Moreover, the utilization of differential capacity plots enables the derivation of direct correlations between CB decomposition, the resultant structure, and the kinetic limitations induced by these structures. These assessments reveal three distinct ranges of electrode properties within the DICB. Notably, these ranges exhibit direct correlations with contact, ionic and volume resistances, as well as cell performance.The observed ranges indicate that insufficient CB decomposition results in low ionic resistance but also leads to elevated contact resistance. Additionally, the presence of excess binder, acting as inert material, contributes to kinetic limitations. Conversely, excessive DICB’s lead to a notable surge in ionic resistance and to the occupation of intercalation sites on the active material by unbound CB particles, thereby restricting the number of phase transitions of nickel and subsequently diminishing the capacity. For this reason, a defined range can be established within which the electrochemical properties of the electrode must lie in order to achieve maximum capacity and optimal fast-charging capability.

Improving the Energy Density of Lithium-Ion Batteries with a Dry-Processed Anode via the Synergistic Effects of the FEC-Derived SEI

Sustainable energy has been focused on by the whole world for the earth-friendly development toward the goal of net-zero. Vehicle electrification is one of the most efficient strategies. However, lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) which are the primary power source used in electric vehicles need to overcome the obstacles of current LiBs, especially their high cost and low energy density. Therefore, it is crucial to improve the energy of LIBs to make them a practical replacement for internal combustion engines. Commercial electrodes are typically fabricated via slurry casting process. This involves mixing the active material, conductive additives, and polymer binder in a solvent: water for the anode and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) for the cathode, to form a slurry. NMP as a solvent, which incurs carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and leads to increased manufacturing costs due to high-temperature drying and solvent recovery processes. Recently, dry-processed electrodes have attracted attention as next generation method due to its cost reduction, eco-friendliness, and ability to realize extremely high mass loading electrode. Thick electrode design approaches can substantially increase the active material loading by decreasing the inactive component ratio at the cell level, thereby leading to increased battery energy density as well as decreased cost. In the fabrication of thick electrode through wet process, solvent evaporation can cause binder migration due to unhomogeneous distribution of binder during the drying of high mass loading slurry. Additionally, Li-ion diffusivity and electrolyte permeability are compromised due to the clogging of the electrode surface caused by migrated binder. On the other hand, dry process does not need a solvent for manafaturing electorde, removes the drying process required for solvent evaporation, thus reducing carbon emissions and processing costs. Especially, the fabrication of thick electrodes via dry process ensures uniform dispersion of active materials. A simple change in the electrode manufacturing process effectively overcome the aforementioned challenges in the slurry process and could provide numerous advantages to the LIBs system. The typically employed binder in dry-process polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) which has sticky properties under high stress to form PTFE fibrils. The obtained fibrils can act as a net to support active materials and conductive additives. The dry process innovates the routes of electrode fabrication form the traditional "powder-slurry-film" route to the simple "powder-film" route. However, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of PTFE has a high affinity for electrons , electrochemically unstable when used as binder for anodes. During the initial lithiation process, PTFE undergoes defluorination, resulting in the formation of lithium fluoride and amorphous carbon. This irreversible decomposition causes lower the initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and diminishes the binding properties of PTFE, which significantly deteriorates long-term cycling performances. In this work, we examined fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) as an electrolyte additive to explore how an FEC-derived solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) influences the irreversibility of PTFE and the electrochemical stability of a dry-processed graphite. The FEC-derived SEI reduced the irreversible side reactions of the PTFE and improved the ICE. The SEI also preserved the structural robustness of the PTFE. The alleviated PTFE deterioration not only achieved high cycle stability and high-rate performance but also suppressed graphite volume changes during cycling. The FEC additive improved the ICE of full cells from 72.5% (without FEC) to 83.8% (with FEC) and improved capacity retention from 53.7% (without FEC) to 85.7% (with FEC) in the full cells after 100 cycles. Furthermore, the dry-processed anode under ultrahigh areal capacity (7.5 mAh cm−2) exhibited excellent cycling stability for up to 200 cycles in a full cell with LFP. This study presents a promising strategy to alleviate PTFE degradation, enabling the widespread application of PTFE binders for cost-effective and eco-friendly dry battery manufacturing.

Modeling and Assessing the Consequences of Oil Pipeline Leakage Using PHAST Software: A Case Study; Jarahi River in Southwest of Iran

Background: The aim of this study was to model and assess the consequences of an oil pipeline leakage using PHAST software: a case study involving the main 36" pipeline passing over the Jarahi River. This pipeline spans the distance between Ahvaz-Omidiyeh, covering 85 km from Ahvaz to Omidiyeh, specifically the Meshrage section, situated above the crossing bridge of Meshrage. The Jarahi River encompasses approximately one kilometer of the study area for this investigation. Methods: The failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) method was utilized to design various scenarios after identifying high risks using available documents. Subsequently, the PHAST software was employed to simulate the effects of pipeline leakage and determine its secure perimeter. Relevant information was inputted into the software, and the results were obtained in diagram form based on the selected scenarios. Conclusion: The study evaluated the consequences of pipeline leakage and the dispersion of materials into the environment across three categories: impacts of materials dispersed into the environment, explosion, and fire development. The secure perimeter for each of these scenarios was determined. Finally, risk reduction strategies for the investigation were presented.