Dispersion Of Layers Research Articles

Stretchable and self-healable hydrogel artificial skin.

Hydrogels have emerged as promising materials for the construction of skin-like mechanical sensors. The common design of hydrogel-based artificial skin requires a dielectric sandwiched between two hydrogel layers for capacitive sensing. However, such a planar configuration limits the sensitivity, stretchability and self-healing properties. Here, we report the design of single-layer composite hydrogels with bulk capacitive junctions as mechanical sensors. We engineer dielectric peptide-coated graphene (PCG) to serve as homogenously dispersed electric double layers in hydrogels. Any mechanical motions that alter the microscopic distributions of PCG in the hydrogels can significantly change the overall capacitance. We use peptide self-assembly to render strong yet dynamic interfacial interactions between the hydrogel network and graphene. The resulting hydrogels can be stretched up to 77 times their original length and self-heal in a few minutes. The devices can effectively sense strain and pressure in both air and aqueous environments, providing tremendous opportunities for next-generation iontronics.

Microstructure and Properties of Electroless Ni-P/Si3N4 Nanocomposite Coatings Deposited on the AW-7075 Aluminum Alloy.

The article presents the results of mechanical and tribological tests of Ni-P/Si3N4 nanocomposite coatings deposited on the AW-7075 aluminum alloy using the chemical reduction method. The influence of the chemical composition on the Vickers microhardness determined by the DSI method was examined. The nanocomposite layers were made of Si3N4 silicon nitride in a polydisperse powder with a particle size ranging from 20 to 25 nm. The influence of the content of the dispersion layer material on the adhesion to the substrate was analyzed. The abrasive wear was tested and determined in the reciprocating motion using the “ball-on-flat” method. The surface topography was examined by the contact method with the use of a profilometer. Based on the obtained test results, it was found that the Ni-P/Si3N4 layers produced in the bath with the Si3N4 nanoparticle content in the amount of 2 g/dm3 are more resistant to wear and show greater adhesion than the Ni-P/Si3N4 layers deposited in the bath with 5 g/dm3 of the dispersion phase. NiP/Si3N4 layers provide protection against abrasive wear under various loads and environmental conditions.

Selection and Ranking of Fog Computing-Based IoT for Monitoring of Health Using the Analytic Network Approach

Numerous raised areas are established in the field of fog computing (FC), applied for various purposes, and are evaluated for running analytics on various devices including devices of internet of things and many others in a disseminated way. FC progresses the prototype of cloud computing to network edge leading various possibilities and services. FC improves processing, decision, and intervention to take place through devices of IoT and communicate essential details. The idea of FC in healthcare based on frameworks of IoT is exploited by determining dispersed delegate layer of comprehension between the cloud and sensor hubs. The clouds suggested systems improved to overcome several challenges in ubiquitous frameworks of medical services such as energy efficiency, portability, adaptableness, and quality issues by accommodating right to take care of definite weights of the distant medical services group and sensor networks. The proposed research work has considered the analytic network process (ANP) for selection and ranking of FC-based IoT for health monitoring systems. The approach works in situation when complexity arises for health monitoring. Results of the study show the success of the research for facilitating healthcare.

Sensors based on tin dioxide thin films for the detection of pre-explosive hydrogen concentrations

In this work, novel semiconductor sensors were developed for detecting high pre-explosive concentrations of H2 (0.1–2.5 vol%) with high selectivity and stability. The sensors were based on thin (∼100 nm) nanocrystalline SnO2 films produced by magnetron sputtering of dispersed Pt and Pd layers deposited on the surface and addition of 13–14 at% Pt in the bulk. Studies on their nanostructure, composition, electrical properties, and gas-sensitive characteristics were carried out. X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopies revealed that in the process of stabilizing annealing in Pt/Pd/SnO2:Sb,Pt film platinum introduced into the bulk segregates on the surface of the SnO2 microcrystals in the form of Pt° metal clusters and dispersed Pt2+ ions. The dispersed Pt2+ ions form bonds with lattice oxygen and contribute to the overlap of conduction channels. In the sensor subjected to annealing at Tan1 =723 K and Tan2=873 K, the optimal situation is realized when under the action of low (n < 0.1 vol%) H2 concentrations, the condition 2d0 = dM is satisfied and G1/G0 = 9–12. In the range of 0.1–2.5 vol% H2, narrowing of the space-charge region favors the formation of a conducting layer, and at 2d0 ≤ dM there is a sharp increase in the values of the responses to G1/G0 = 220–250 at 2.5 vol%.

A CuNi Alloy-Carbon Layer Core-Shell Catalyst for Highly Efficient Conversion of Aqueous Formaldehyde to Hydrogen at Room Temperature.

A copper (Cu) material is catalytically active for formaldehyde (HCHO) dehydrogenation to produce H2, but the unsatisfactory efficiency and easy corrosion hinder its practical application. Alloying with other metals and coating a carbon layer outside are recognized as effective strategies to improve the catalytic activity and the long-term durability of nonprecious metal catalysts. Here, highly dispersed CuNi alloy-carbon layer core-shell nanoparticles (CuNi@C) have been developed as a robust catalyst for efficient H2 generation from HCHO aqueous solution at room temperature. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the CuNi@C catalyst exhibits a H2 evolution rate of 110.98 mmol·h-1·g-1, which is 1.5 and 4.9 times higher than those of Cu@C and Ni@C, respectively, which ranks top among the reported nonprecious metal catalysts for catalytic HCHO reforming at room temperature to date. Furthermore, CuNi@C also displays excellent stability toward the catalytic HCHO reforming into H2 in tap water owing to the well-constructed carbon sheath protecting CuNi nanocrystals from oxidation in an alkaline medium. Combined with density functional theory calculations, the superior catalytic efficiency of CuNi@C for H2 generation results from the synergistic contribution between the massive active species from HCHO decomposition on the Cu sites and the remarkable H2 evolution activity on Ni sites. The improved performance of CuNi@C highlights the enormous potential of advancing noble-metal-free nanoalloys as cost-effective and recyclable catalysts for energy recovery from industrial HCHO wastewater.

Influential mechanism of water occurrence states of waste-activated sludge: specifically focusing on the roles of EPS micro-spatial distribution and cation-dominated interfacial properties

The highly hydrated colloidal structure of waste-activated sludge (WAS) is the main obstacle of enhanced dewatering for sludge volume minimization. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) maintain the colloidal stability of bio-flocs in a three-dimensional matrix due to bindings with bivalent cations (i.e., Ca2+ and Mg2+) and hydrophobic interactions. However, few studies specifically focused on the quantitative relationships among spatial distribution of EPS, microstructure of bio-flocs and fractions of bound water (e.g. vicinal water and interstitial water). Thus, there may be still some debates on whether and what extent of the lysis or flocculation of sludge flocs is optimal for the dewaterability improvement. This study applied the gradient addition of cation exchange resin (CER) to remove EPS-complexed cations and loosen the spatial distribution of EPS. Consequently, how the spatial extension of EPS layers with relief of complex cations influenced the particle size distribution, fractal dimension, interfacial free energy and water occurrence states of WAS was systematically investigated. The quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) was also applied to analyze the water-EPS interactions with and without the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+. All the results confirmed that the dispersed EPS adhering layers led to the higher fractal dimension (Df) but the lower space filling degree of bio-flocs. Also, the 4-fold reduction in the polar/acid-based interfacial free energy could be induced by the removal of cations from EPS matrix, which indicated the significant increase in hydrophobicity. Predictably, the fractions of vicinal water and interstitial water were dominated by the polar/acid-based interfacial free energy and pore structure of microbial aggregates, respectively, which were confirmed by the strong Pearson correlation (Rp>0.80, p-value<0.04). These findings are expected to provide the improved mechanistic insights into the relationship between water occurrence states and colloidal structure of WAS, and can serve as the basis for the optimal combination of various sludge conditioning approaches towards regulating aggregation states of bio-flocs.

Enhancement of impact properties of CFRP by inserting the non-hydrophobized cellulose nanofiber dispersion layer using an aqueous solution of epoxy resin

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are environmental-friendly nanofiller with high strength and lightweight. To improve the impact properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs), the application of CNF is expected. However, hydrophobic treatment was unavoidable due to its hydrophilicity. In this study, by adopting an aqueous solution of epoxy resin, the CFRP with CNF dispersion layer was fabricated. From the instrumented Charpy test, it was revealed that the waveform of impact force has two peaks, and the second peak was enlarged by the CNF dispersion layer. As a result, Charpy impact value of the CFRP was increased up to 6%. Highlights A novel method to enhance the impact properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) by using cellulose nanofiber (CNF) was developed. By dispersing CNFs in an aqueous epoxy solution, hydrophobic treatment was eliminated. Inserting the CNF dispersion layer increased the Charpy impact value of CFRP up to 6%.

Waves interacting with a partially immersed obstacle in the Boussinesq regime

This paper is devoted to the derivation and mathematical analysis of a wave-structure interaction problem which can be reduced to a transmission problem for a Boussinesq system. Initial boundary value problems and transmission problems in dimension d= 1 for $2\times2$ hyperbolic systems are well understood. However, for many applications, and especially for the description of surface water waves, dispersive perturbations of hyperbolic systems must be considered. We consider here a configuration where the motion of the waves is governed by a Boussinesq system (a dispersive perturbation of the hyperbolic nonlinear shallow water equations), and in the presence of a fixed partially immersed obstacle. We shall insist on the differences and similarities with respect to the standard hyperbolic case, and focus our attention on a new phenomenon, namely, the apparition of a dispersive boundary layer. In order to obtain existence and uniform bounds on the solutions over the relevant time scale, a control of this dispersive boundary layer and of the oscillations in time it generates is necessary. This analysis leads to a new notion of compatibility condition that is shown to coincide with the standard hyperbolic compatibility conditions when the dispersive parameter is set to zero. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that these phenomena (likely to play a central role in the analysis of initial boundary value problems for dispersive perturbations of hyperbolic systems) are exhibited.

Stability of particle dispersion and heterogeneous interfacial layers in polymer nanocomposites

In a groundbreaking study, Akcora group has shown that poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, nanocomposites with dynamically asymmetric, heterogeneous interfaces present a unique and reversible thermal-stiffening behavior above the glass transition temperature of the adsorbed polymer (Senses, E. et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces2015, 7, 14682–14689.). However, chemically heterogeneous interfaces can be fragile under severe shear fields that are common in continuous polymer processes. The current study is inspired by the work done in Akcora group on thermally-stiffening polymer nanocomposites and is aimed at understanding the effect of continuous processing operations such as extrusion on the structure and properties of thermally-stiffening nanocomposites. The effect of processing on nanocomposites of PEO and colloidal silica, SiO2, were investigated via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small and wide angle X-ray scattering, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and rheometry. Three types of silica nanoparticles were employed in the current study (while keeping the average silica nanoparticle size and concentration constant: 40–50 nm diameter and 30% by weight): bare silica, silica adsorbed with polycarbonate (PC), and silica adsorbed with poly(2–vinyl pyridine), P2VP. The adsorption of PC and P2VP onto silica creates a dynamically asymmetric, heterogeneous interface that is quite different compared to homogeneous interfaces where either nanoparticle surfaces are chemically modified with small chemical groups or with long grafted chains. The results indicated that upon extrusion, the average size of secondary agglomerates either remained unchanged or decreased slightly but the amount of agglomeration increased leading to deterioration of silica nanoparticle dispersion and viscoelastic properties (at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the adsorbed polymer). Among the three systems studied, P2VP-adsorbed silica containing samples showed the largest degradation of viscoelastic properties upon extrusion, which was attributed to the desorption and disentanglement within the heterogeneous interface or to agglomeration leading to breaking of the percolated structure formed by nanoparticles and polymer bridges.

Effect of soot on thermal radiation shielding performance of water mist

Water droplets and soot serve as important scattering media during fire suppression. From this standpoint, the present study sought to develop a method to determine the effect of soot smoke on the thermal radiation shielding performance of water mist. The radiative properties of single-diesel and propane soot particles and water droplets covered by soot were evaluated using the Mie scattering theory. The radiative transfer in the composite layer of mist and soot smoke was calculated. The analysis determined that the diameter of the primary or secondary soot particles affected the spectral reflectance of the water droplets, and the soot smoke layer and degree of soot dispersion affected the radiative transfer. The composite mist layer absorbed less thermal radiation than the uniformly dispersed mist and soot layer because smaller particles have a larger specific surface area, and can therefore adsorb more of the dispersed soot particles. Overall, the results could serve as a basis for the development of efficient mist barrier devices to prevent fire spread.

Carbon-coated Na2Li2Ti6O14 sub-micro-wires as high-rate and ultra-long cycling anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

In this paper, Na2Li2Ti6O14 sub-micro-wires (NLTO-MWs) and Na2Li2Ti6O14@C sub-micro-wires (NLTO@C-MWs) as anode materials are synthesized through electrospinning and subsequent calcination methods. All samples have shown the nanowire morphology with the diameter size distribution ranging from 300 to 400 nm. The diameters of NLTO@C-MWs are about 350 nm with the carbon layer approximately 4 nm thickness on its surface. The electrochemical tests have shown that NLTO@C-MWs delivers an initial charge capacity of 110.1 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and capacity retention of 98.73% upon 400 cycles. Specifically, NLTO@C-MWs can still maintain high reversible capacity of 86.89 mA h g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 3000 cycles. The excellent performance can be ascribed to the uniformly dispersed carbon layer and unique three-dimensional sub-micro networks of the NLTO-MWs, which can provide a good transport framework to greatly improve the transfer rates of electrons and lithium-ions and effectively alleviate the volume fluctuation effect during charge-discharge process. The superior electrochemical performance demonstrates that the NLTO@C-MWs is one of the promising candidate anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Meanwhile, the carbon coating modification methodology may provide a novel strategy to promote the research of anode materials in lithium-ion batteries.

From Colloidal Dispersions of Zeolite Monolayers to Effective Solid Catalysts in Transformations of Bulky Organic Molecules: Role of Freeze-Drying and Dialysis.

We investigated the properties and catalytic activity of zeolites with MWW topology obtained by unprecedented liquid exfoliation of the MCM-56 zeolite into solutions of monolayers and isolation/reassembly of the dispersed layers by various methods, with optional purification by dialysis or ammonium exchange. The layers were recovered by flocculation with alcohol or ammonium nitrate and freeze-drying. Flocculation alone, even with ammonium nitrate, did not ensure removal of residual sodium cations resulting in catalysts with low activity. Dialysis of the solutions with dispersed monolayers proved to be efficient in removing sodium cations and preserving microporosity. The monolayers were also isolated as solids by freeze-drying. The highest BET area and pore volume obtained with the freeze-dried sample confirmed lyophilization efficiency in preserving layer structure. The applied test reaction, Friedel–Crafts alkylation of mesitylene, showed high benzyl alcohol conversion due to increased concentration of accessible acid centers caused by the presence of secondary mesoporosity. The applied treatments did not change the acid strength of the external acid sites, which are the most important ones for converting bulky organic molecules. Zeolite acidity was not degraded in the course of exfoliation into monolayers, showing the potential of such colloid dispersions for the formation of active catalysts.

Dielectric properties of polyvinylidene fluoride with highly dispersed silicate layers derived from montmorillonite

Dielectric properties of polyvinylidene fluoride with highly dispersed silicate layers derived from montmorillonite

Construction of ternary core-shell Fe3O4@BaTiO3/PVDF nanocomposites with enhanced permittivity and breakdown strength for energy storage

Introducing conductive nanoparticles into ferroelectric polymers gives rise to significant enhancement of permittivity (ε), making these composites practically promising for energy storage devices. However, the breakdown strength (EB) of such composites is reduced with few exceptions, which limits high-performance applications. Here we study the energy storage behavior of well-designed Fe3O4@BaTiO3 core-shell nanoparticle/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanocomposites in which conductive Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) are coated by ferroelectric BaTiO3 (BT), together with the PVDF matrix, forming the ternary nanocomposite films with high energy storage performance. Notably, the permittivity is enhanced by increasing the volume fraction of the Fe3O4@BT NPs, reaching 38 with 2 vol% Fe3O4@BT NPs and remaining low dielectric loss (~0.066). In particular, the nanocomposites exhibit moderate breakdown strength (~430 kV/mm), which is attributed to the “voltage dispersion layer” (the BaTiO3 shell) between the polymer matrix and Fe3O4 NPs. The finite element simulation substantiates the experimental results and further confirms the positive correlation of the breakdown strength and the permittivity of the “voltage dispersion layer”. With the synergistic effect of both breakdown strength and electric displacement, a remarkable energy density (16 J/cc, at 430 kV/mm) is obtained.

Carbon Nanostructures Derived through Hypergolic Reaction of Conductive Polymers with Fuming Nitric Acid at Ambient Conditions.

Hypergolic systems rely on organic fuel and a powerful oxidizer that spontaneously ignites upon contact without any external ignition source. Although their main utilization pertains to rocket fuels and propellants, it is only recently that hypergolics has been established from our group as a new general method for the synthesis of different morphologies of carbon nanostructures depending on the hypergolic pair (organic fuel-oxidizer). In search of new pairs, the hypergolic mixture described here contains polyaniline as the organic source of carbon and fuming nitric acid as strong oxidizer. Specifically, the two reagents react rapidly and spontaneously upon contact at ambient conditions to afford carbon nanosheets. Further liquid-phase exfoliation of the nanosheets in dimethylformamide results in dispersed single layers exhibiting strong Tyndall effect. The method can be extended to other conductive polymers, such as polythiophene and polypyrrole, leading to the formation of different type carbon nanostructures (e.g., photolumincent carbon dots). Apart from being a new synthesis pathway towards carbon nanomaterials and a new type of reaction for conductive polymers, the present hypergolic pairs also provide a novel set of rocket bipropellants based on conductive polymers.

Highly efficient and selectivity removal of heavy metal ions using single-layer NaxKyMnO2 nanosheet: A combination of experimental and theoretical study

Manganese oxides (MnO2) are widely applied in heavy metal ions removal due to their low-cost, environmental-friendly and biocompatibility. However, the adsorption capacity of MnO2 need to be further improved to satisfy the demand of practical application. Herein, a highly dispersed single layer NaxKyMnO2 nanosheet was synthesized by a facile wet-chemical method with sodium dodecyl sulfonate as surfactant. The high surface specific area, excellent dispersibility and abundant oxygen vacancies endowed NaxKyMnO2 nanosheets with potential in heavy metal ions adsorption. The adsorption experiments results showed that NaxKyMnO2 nanosheets possessed high efficiency and selectivity towards lead ion (Pb2+) with a high adsorption capacity of 2091.8 μmol g−1. The NaxKyMnO2 also showed an excellent reusability with the removal rate of 95.4% for Pb2+ even after five cycles. Moreover, both the theoretical calculation and experimental data illustrated that the single layer NaxKyMnO2 nanosheets possess high selectivity to Pb2+ adsorption.

Advanced nanoscale characterization of aluminum nanoparticles with modified surface morphology via atmospheric helium and carbon monoxide plasmas

Aluminum nanoparticles (nAl) have the potential as energetic additives in explosive/propellant formulations. Scalable methodologies must be pursued to mitigate the inactive amorphous alumina shell surrounding the active aluminum (Al) core with modified surface morphology and chemistry for increased combustion effects. This paper explores the feasibility of making reactive core/shell nAl with thinned oxide shells and modified surface coatings via a two-step atmospheric plasma surface treatment process in a custom dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor. The commercial nAl of nominal average size ∼40–60 nm was first treated with helium (He) followed by He/carbon monoxide (CO) plasmas for different durations. The resultant samples were characterized via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectra. HRTEM images revealed sporadic patchy γ-alumina deposits on particle surfaces and in gaps among particles for all samples, suggesting the non-uniform plasma effects of the He/CO glow. Nanoscale chemical analyses via scanning transmission electron microscopy elemental mapping and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy were further performed. Although no carbon-associated structure appeared in electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) spectra, the presence of carbonaceous materials was confirmed as a thin dispersive layer evenly distributed on the nAl surface suggesting either its amorphous nature or is present at a level insufficient to generate satisfactory EELS spectra. The trend of intensity profiles for key elements acquired by drawing lines across a single particle on the elemental maps confirmed that carbonaceous materials only existed on the surface and they were most likely carboxylates that increased with increased He/CO treatment duration, as evident by FTIR results. This work demonstrated the success of atmospheric plasma-treated reactive nAl with comprehensively characterized surface features via advanced microscopy and spectroscopy.

Tunable enhancement of spatial lateral shifts in periodic chiral metamaterials

In this paper co-polarization spatial Goos–Hänchen (GH) shifts (Δss/λ and Δpp/λ) of periodic chiral metamaterials are investigated. The numerical results show that the enhancement of GH shifts is affected by the incident frequency, the incident angle, the period and the volume fraction of the dispersive chiral layer. For s polarized waves, GH shifts are always enhanced negatively with one Brewster angle, but two Brewster angles arise when the period is large and specific. For p polarized waves there are two Brewster angles in general, at which the GH shifts can be greatly enhanced with negative and positive peaks. More Brewster angles appear when the period is sufficiently large and specific. The transition of negatively and positively enhanced GH shifts is sensitive to large frequencies, and can be tuned by changing the frequency slightly. The transition can also be adjusted by varying the volume fraction of the dispersive chiral layer and the period of the structure.

Voltage-Switchable Biosensor with Gold Nanoparticles on TiO2 Nanotubes Decorated with CdS Quantum Dots for the Detection of Cholesterol and H2O2.

A thin layer of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) sputtered on cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs) decorated anodic titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) (Au/CdS QDs/TNTs) was fabricated and explored for the nonenzymatic detection of cholesterol and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Morphological studies of the sensor revealed the formation of uniform nanotubes decorated with a homogeneously dispersed CdS QDs and Au NPs layer. The electrochemical measurements showed an enhanced electrocatalytic performance with a fast electron transfer (∼2 s) between the redox centers of each analyte and electrode surface. The hybrid nanostructure (Au/CdS QDs/TNTs) electrode exhibited about a 6-fold increase in sensitivity for both cholesterol (10,790 μA mM-1 cm-2) and H2O2 (78,833 μA mM-1 cm-2) in analyses compared to the pristine samples. The hybrid electrode utilized different operational potentials for both analytes, which may lead to a voltage-switchable dual-analyte biosensor with a higher selectivity. The biosensor also demonstrated a good reproducibility, thermal stability, and increased shelf life. In addition, the clinical significance of the biosensor was tested for cholesterol and H2O2 in real blood samples, which showed maximum relative standard deviations of 1.8 and 2.3%, respectively. These results indicate that a Au/CdS QDs/TNTs-based hybrid nanostructure is a promising choice for an enzyme-free biosensor due to its suitable band gap alignment and higher electrocatalytic activities.

Late Pleistocene Catastrophic Landslide from the Balaganchik Ridge: Evidence from the Mitoga 2 Reference Section (Western Kamchatka)

A new reference section of the Okhotsk seaside of Kamchatka in the Mitoga 2 River area is studied and dated for the first time (14C and 230Th/U). Sedimentary deposits were correlated with the previously known sections in the Khomutina‒Mitoga interfluve. It has been established that the sequence of “gray silts and clays” represents deposits of a large lake-type estuary, which began to swamp about 90–80 ka BP, and all sediments overlapping the silts began to form no earlier than 90 ka BP (second half of MIS 5). Deposits of a catastrophic collapse (clastic mass transport over about 100 km, area ≥1500 km2, volume ≥15 km3), which descended from the Balaganchik Ridge about 90‒80 ka BP, were identified. Two main facies were established: dispersed basal layer (“moraine-type loam” sequence) and landslide proper sediments (conglomerates). Valleys of the Bystraya and Plotnikova rivers were blocked by a collapse, resulting in the formation of a large dammed lake. The catastrophic drainage of the lake could occur about 37 ka BP. Deposits related to the dam breakthrough are recorded between the Mitoga 2 River and Zuikovo Settlement on the Okhotsk coast.