Dispersion Of Graphene Research Articles

Characterization, impact and wear properties of treated and as-received graphene nanosheets reinforcement in epoxy resin composites

PurposeThis study aims to explore the enhancement of mechanical properties in epoxy resin composites through the incorporation of graphene nanoparticles, focusing on their impact and wear resistance. It investigates the role of graphene, both treated and untreated, as a reinforcing agent in composites, highlighting the significance of nanoparticle dispersion and surfactant treatment in optimizing mechanical performance.Design/methodology/approachEmploying a novel dispersion technique using a drawing brush, this research contrasts with traditional methods by examining the effects of graphene nanoparticle concentrations treated with surfactants – Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde (SNF) – on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites. The methodology includes conducting a series of impact and wear tests to assess the influence of graphene reinforcement on the composites' performance.FindingsThe findings reveal a marked enhancement in the composites impact resistance and energy absorption capabilities, which escalate with an increase in graphene content. Additionally, the study demonstrates a significant improvement in wear resistance, attributed to the superior mechanical properties, robust interface adhesion and effective dispersion of graphene. The use of surfactants for graphene treatment is identified as a crucial factor in these advancements, offering profound insights into the development of advanced composite materials for diverse industrial uses.Originality/valueThis study introduces a unique dispersion technique for graphene in epoxy composites, setting it apart from conventional methods. By focusing on the critical role of surfactant treatment in enhancing the mechanical properties of graphene-reinforced composites, it provides a novel insight into the optimization of impact and wear resistance.

Microdrop InkJet printed supercapacitors of graphene/graphene oxide ink for flexible electronics

The inkjet printing (IJP) technique is a highly promising technology for fabricating flexible electronics for wearable applications. The latest Microdrop IJP technology was introduced to produce flexible supercapacitors using a readily prepared graphene/graphene oxide ink. Molecular modelling concepts were conducted prior to ink formulation to investigate the interaction between graphene and GO via adsorption interactions to investigate the feasibility of adding GO to G for energy storage processes. Calculations validate that their interaction yields stable, highly reactive, and conductive structures. Molecular electrostatic potential maps reveal excellent charge distribution proposing G/GO as a potential candidate for electrochemical processes. Subsequently, GNPs/GO blend was prepared, leveraging the electric conductivity and high surface area of graphene, and the functional groups in GO to enhance graphene dispersion. Simple and interdigitated supercapacitor electrodes were fabricated without further post-printing complexities. The highly flexible interdigitated supercapacitor (100L) demonstrated notable performance with areal capacitance of 195.1 F m−2 at 0.4 A.m−2, power density of 1199.34 mW m−2, energy density of 24.91 mWh.m−2, and 80.65 % capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. The outstanding electrocapacitive performance was ascribed to GO's abundant functional groups and its 3D open structure. These factors contribute to adding a pseudocapacitive effect and enhancing charge transfer within the electrode channel-like networks.

Effect of mechanochemistry on graphene dispersion and its application in improving the mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites

To improve the dispersibility of graphene in cement-based materials and achieve better mechanical properties, this study proposes a novel and practical mechanochemical grafting strategy through ball milling technique. The polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer was successfully grafted on graphene, inducing both covalent and non-covalent modifications of the graphene surface simultaneously. The mechanochemistry method under different conditions, e.g., dry milling or wet milling, was investigated. The dispersion efficiency of prefabricated graphene was compared with traditional ultrasonic dispersion methods. The graphene prepared with these dispersion methods was then applied to prepare Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC). The results indicated that the proposed mechanochemical methods can effectively reduce particle size, increase specific surface area, and introduce abundant functional groups, thereby improving the dispersibility of graphene. Especially under wet milling conditions, smaller and more dispersed particles could be produced. The addition of well dispersed graphene at 0.1 wt% in engineered cementitious composites (ECC) showed a 24.0 % increase in compressive strength, a 32.4 % increase in tensile strength, and a 66.9 % increase in ultimate tensile strain. This improvement is attributed to the a capability of graphene sheets processed by ball milling to impede the propagation of cracks within the cement matrix.

Systematic Absences of Optical Phonon Modes in Phonon Dispersion Measured by Electron Microscopy.

Phonon dispersion relations are widely used to elucidate the vibrational properties of materials. As an emerging technique, momentum-resolved vibrational spectroscopy in scanning transmission electron microscopy offers an unparalleled approach to explore q-dependent phonon behavior at local structures. In this study, we systematically investigate the phonon dispersion of monolayer graphene across several Brillouin zones (BZs) using momentum-resolved vibrational spectroscopy and find that the optical phonon signals vanish at the Γ points with indices (hk0) satisfying h+2k=3n (n denoted integers). Theoretical analysis reveals that the observed phenomena arise from the complete destructive interference of the scattered waves from different basis atoms. This observation, corroborated by the study of diamond, should be a general characteristic of materials composed of symmetrically equivalent pairs of the same elements. Moreover, our results emphasize the importance of multiple scattering in interpreting the vibrational signals in bulk materials. We demonstrate that the systematic absences and dynamic effects, which have not been much appreciated before, offer new insights into the experimental assessment of local vibrational properties of materials.

Conductive water-based graphene suspension for electromagnetic interference shielding via spray coating on SiP module

Conductive inks have been widely used to develop electronic devices, such as sensors, RFID antennas, and transistors. Electronic utilization is a coating that forms conductive films for electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI Shielding). This process also can be employed to cover electronic modules called System in Package (SiP). A technology known as conformal shielding utilizes spray coating with metallic inks to form a conductive layer over the SiP. Traditionally, copper or silver inks have been the primary materials employed due to their high electrical conductivity. Conversely, these metallic inks are associated with significant costs, environmental impacts, and complex production methods. In this context, water-based graphene dispersion could be an alternative to EMI Shielding for electronic chips. Graphene is attractive due to its excellent electrical and thermal properties, reduced cost, and being an environmentally friendly material. In this study, a water-based graphene suspension was developed and applied via spray coating to form films for electromagnetic shielding. The graphene dispersion in water utilized Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Characterizations of the graphene suspension, including morphology, particle size distribution, and chemical analysis, were conducted. The resistivity of the resulting films and their shielding effectiveness (SE) were measured. Electronic chip modules were painted to assess coverage. The study demonstrated the successful formulation of a stable water-graphene suspension exhibiting favorable electrical resistivity (2.8 × 10−2 Ω.cm) after drying at 300 °C for 1 h. The resulting film achieved a shielding effectiveness of −9 dB at 1.0 GHz. Graphene film completely covered the electronic chips, indicating an alternative conformal shielding.

Deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of graphene/copper laminated composites

The strength and electrical conductivity of copper-based conductors are always contradictory, while graphene/copper (Gr-Cu) composites are expected to meet the strict requirements of high strength, high conductivity, and even high thermal stability conductors’ materials. In this work, hot compression and cold rolling behaviors of Gr-Cu composites were investigated. The results indicate that graphene at the Gr-Cu interface in the composites can inhibit dislocations movement and grain boundary migration thus affecting dynamic recovery and recrystallization during hot compression. The pinning effects of dispersed graphene on grain boundaries were gradually weakened, leading to the coarsening of grains at 850 °C. Moreover, the thermal processing maps were plotted and the optional thermal processing parameters of 650–850 °C and 0.03–0.35 s−1 were determined. In addition, laminated Cu grains were refined to nanoscale after 98 % rolling reduction owing to inhibiting restoration by the dispersed graphene. The Gr-Cu interface in the composites assisted deformation and induced nanotwins resulting in pronounced Brass type texture after 50 % rolling reduction. Furthermore, the dispersed graphene enhanced the thermal stability and nanotwins were remained stable at 1073 K for 1h.

Electrical property enhancement of non-heat-treatable wrought aluminum alloys using graphene additives

With growing efforts of electrification, aluminum’s role as a light-weight conductor material has become increasingly prominent. There is a critical need to improve the electrical performance of aluminum at room temperature and high operating temperatures. In this study, the effect of graphene nanoparticle additives on the electrical performance of a non-heat treatable alloy were (AA3003) explored. Graphene’s unusual structure and electronic properties were used to improve AA3003 properties. Here, the effects of graphene on the evolution of electrical properties and microstructural features have been explored on lab scale hot extruded AA3003-graphene composites. Hot pressing schedules and extrusion temperatures were varied to investigate changes in intermetallic dispersion characteristics in the presence of dispersed graphene. We measured a reduction of 10.3 % in the temperature coefficient of resistance in the AA3003 sample with 0.05 wt% graphene extruded at 400 °C, along with a maximum increase of 1.1 % in electrical conductivity at 20 °C. Increasing the hot-pressing times up to 8 hours was also found to consistently increase the electrical conductivity, due to increased precipitation of intermetallic phases. Despite being a non-heat treatable alloy, AA3003 displays interesting precipitation dynamics and grain recrystallization trends that can be modulated with varying levels of heat treatment, graphene concentrations, and hot extrusion process parameters.

Modernizations of graphene nanocomposites using synthesis strategies—State-of-the-art

Graphene has been ranked among one of the most remarkable nanostructures in the carbon world. Graphene modification and nanocomposite formation have been used to expand the practical potential of graphene nanostructure. The overview is an effort to highlight the indispensable synthesis strategies towards the formation of graphene nanocomposites. Consequently, graphene has been combined with useful matrices (thermoplastic, conducting, or others) to attain the desired end material. Common fabrication approaches like the in-situ method, solution processing, and melt extrusion have been widely involved to form the graphene nanocomposites. Moreover, advanced, sophisticated methods such as three- or four-dimensional printing, electrospinning, and others have been used to synthesize the graphene nanocomposites. The focus of all synthesis strategies has remained on the standardized graphene dispersion, physical properties, and applications. However, continuous future efforts are required to resolve the challenges in synthesis strategies and optimization of the parameters behind each technique. As the graphene nanocomposite design and properties directly depend upon the fabrication techniques used, there is an obvious need for the development of advanced methods having better control over process parameters. Here, the main challenging factors may involve the precise parameter control of the advanced techniques used for graphene nanocomposite manufacturing. Hence, there is not only a need for current and future research to resolve the field challenges related to material fabrication, but also reporting compiled review articles can be useful for interested field researchers towards challenge solving and future developments in graphene manufacturing.

Enhanced antibacterial activity of poly(vinyl alcohol)‐graphene composites via graphene oxide surfactancy

AbstractThe escalating threat of bacterial infections to human health necessitates innovative antibacterial strategies and materials. Despite this need, there is still a significant demand for materials that combine high mechanical and thermal properties with biocompatibility. To address these urgent issues, our study investigates the development of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite with graphene flakes (GF) as fillers. The aim is to strengthen the unique properties of graphene to enhance antibacterial activity. Graphene oxide (GO) was used as a surfactant to achieve stable graphene dispersion in water, preserving its inherent properties while avoiding the drawbacks associated with common surfactants, such as property reduction and complex removal processes. In this study, the mechanical and thermal properties of PVA composites containing GO and GF are superior to those of pristine PVA. Especially, the PVA‐2 composite exhibited a notable enhancement in both tensile strength and elongation at break compared with the PVA composite, with increases of 7.8% and 15% respectively. Moreover, PVA‐2, 4, and 6 composites exhibit significant antibacterial efficacy, achieving 4.8 and 4.9 log CFU/cm2 for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. These results indicate that the enhanced oxidative stress induced by GO as a surfactant, combined with the physical damage caused by the increased GF nanostructures. This study highlights the potential of PVA/GF/GO composites in biomedical and tissue engineering applications, providing a promising pathway for the development of new antibacterial materials.

Mathematical and experimental insights into acid-resistant enhancements: Graphene plates' influence on rubber-incorporated cementitious materials

To mitigate the strength loss of rubberised cementitious materials, either concrete or mortar, graphene plates were incorporated. Limited studies have highlighted significant strength enhancement in rubberised cementitious materials incorporating graphene plates under non-acidic conditions. However, a notable gap persists in their performance when exposed to harsh conditions, particularly those induced by acid attack. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the inclusion of graphene plates, alongside Arabic gum as a surfactant for graphene dispersion, on the acid resistance of rubberised mortar exposed to sulphuric acid (H2SO4). One purpose of this study was to experimentally examine their behaviour through visual inspection, compressive strength measurement, and weight loss analysis. The second purpose was to utilise response surface methodology for prediction, optimisation, and developing two quadratic equations for further exploration. The results exhibit a strong alignment between equations and experimental data, with a coefficient of variation below 2.8 % and an impressive R-squared value of 0.99, confirming their reliability and accuracy. Additionally, the proposed mortar incorporating graphene plates and rubber demonstrates superior resistance to acid attacks. Even with up to an 18 % increase in rubber content, it shows reduced strength and weight losses of 47.1 % and 25.2 % after 40 days, respectively, compared to the control mixture's losses of 62.1 % and 33.6 %. It can be concluded that the remarkable results obtained for graphene-based rubberised cementitious material hold promise for real-world applications, particularly where resistance to energy absorption and penetration by aggressive agents is required such concrete pavement.

Laser-Induced Graphene/h-BN Laminated Structure to Enhance the Self-Lubricating Property of Si3N4 Composite Ceramic

Incorporating graphene as ceramic additives can significantly enhance both the toughness and self-lubricating characteristics of ceramic matrices. However, due to the difficult dispersion and easy agglomeration of graphene, the preparation process of composite ceramics still faces many problems. In this study, a laminated laser-induced reduced graphene oxide/hexagonal boron nitride (L-rGO/h-BN) was introduced as an additive into a silicon nitride matrix, then a silicon nitride/reduced graphene oxide/hexagonal boron nitride (Si3N4/L-rGO/h-BN) ceramic composite was successfully synthesized using Spark Plasma Sintering technology. This approach led to enhancements in both the mechanical and self-lubricating properties of silicon nitride ceramics. This is due to the good monodispersity of the incorporating graphene in the silicon nitride matrix. The flexural strength and fracture toughness of the ceramic composite experienced notable increases of 30.4% and 34.4%, respectively. Tribological experiments demonstrate a significant enhancement in the self-lubricating performance of ceramic composites upon the incorporation of L-rGO/h-BN. The coefficient of friction and wear spot diameter experienced reductions of 26.6% and 21%, respectively. These improvements extend the potential industrial applications of Si3N4/L-rGO/h-BN ceramic composites. Throughout the friction process, the evenly exposed rGO and h-BN demonstrate an effective self-lubricating effect on the wear surface. This research paves the way for a novel approach to fabricating high-performance self-lubricating structural ceramics.

Aqueous Graphene Dispersion and Biofunctionalization via Enzymatic Oxidation of Tripeptides.

Graphene, a 2D carbon material, possesses extraordinary mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, making it highly attractive for various biological applications such as biosensing, biotherapeutics, and tissue engineering. However, the tendency of graphene sheets to aggregate and restack hinders its dispersion in water, limiting these applications. Peptides, with their defined amino acid sequences and versatile functionalities, are compelling molecules with which to modify graphene-aromatic amino acids can strengthen interactions through π-stacking and charged groups can be chosen to make the sheets dispersible and stable in water. Here, a facile and green method for covalently functionalizing and dispersing graphene using amphiphilic tripeptides, facilitated by a tyrosine phenol side chain, through an aqueous enzymatic oxidation process is demonstrated. The presence of a second aromatic side chain group enhances this interaction through non-covalent support via π-π stacking with the graphene surface. Futhermore, the addition of charged moieties originating from either ionizable amino acids or terminal groups facilitates profound interactions with water, resulting in the dispersion of the newly functionalized graphene in aqueous solutions. This biofunctionalization method resulted in ≈56% peptide loading on the graphene surface, leading to graphene dispersions that remain stable for months in aqueous solutions outperforming currently used surfactants.

Controllable Andreev Bound States in Bilayer Graphene Josephson Junctions from Short to Long Junction Limits.

We demonstrate that the mode number of Andreev bound states in bilayer graphene Josephson junctions can be modulated by controlling the superconducting coherence length insitu. By exploiting the quadratic band dispersion of bilayer graphene, we control the Fermi velocity and thus the coherence length via the application of electrostatic gating. Tunneling spectroscopy of the Andreev bound states reveals a crossover from short to long Josephson junction regimes as we approach the charge neutral point of the bilayer graphene. Furthermore, analysis of different mode numbers of the Andreev energy spectrum allows us to estimate the phase-dependent Josephson current quantitatively. Our Letter provides a new way for studying multimode Andreev levels by tuning the Fermi velocity.

Defoaming and Toughening Effects of Highly Dispersed Graphene Oxide Modified by Amphoteric Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer on Oil Well Cement.

The aggregation of graphene oxide (GO) during the hydration process limits its wide application. Polymer superplasticizers have been used to improve the dispersion state of GO due to their adsorption and site-blocking effects, though the formation of a large amount of foam during the mixing process weakens the mechanical properties of cement. A highly dispersed amphoteric polycarboxylate superplasticizer-stabilized graphene oxide (APC/GO) toughening agent was prepared by electrostatic self-assembly. Results demonstrate that the APC/GO composite dispersed well in a cement pore solution due to the steric effect offered by the APC. Additionally, the well-dispersed GO acted as an antifoaming agent in the cement since GO nanosheets can be absorbed at the air-liquid interface of APC foam via electrostatic interactions and eliminate the air-entraining effect. The well-dispersed APC/GO sheets promoted cement hydration and further refined its pore structure owing to the nucleation effect. The flexural and compressive strength of the cement containing the APC/GO composite were enhanced by 21.51% and 18.58%, respectively, after a 7-day hydration process compared with a blank sample. The improved hydration degree, highly polymerized C-S-H gel, and refined pore structure provided enhanced mechanical properties.

Advanced Polymer Composite with Graphene Content for Emi Shielding

One of the increasingly common unexpected outcomes of the extensive usage of electronic devices and systems is electromagnetic interference (EMI). The need for efficient fillers and shielding materials to manage electromagnetic interference (EMI) and associated issues is rising. Adding more filler typically means greater production costs, poor dispersion, and unintended agglomeration, which makes polymer composites harder to work with and mechanically weak. Therefore, it is highly desired to design a strong composite with conductive filler content that nonetheless performs well as an EMI shield. Therefore, using a graphene substrate and dispersion of conducting polymers such as polyacetylene and MWCNT fillers, a hybrid polymer composite based on polyetherimide is proposed in this research. Next, the enhancement of EMI shielding efficiency is examined. The design of the graphene substrate was completed with a coating based on nano filler, and the blending methods of the polymer matrix and the reinforcing filler materials are explored. ANSYS-HFSS software is then used to assess the shield's efficacy among others, and the results demonstrated improved performance. Therefore, by putting the suggested design into practice, high-performance EMI shielding materials can be created by combining various shield fillers. As a result, the composites' mechanical, electrical, and EMI shielding qualities will all improve.

Experimental and operations viability assessment of powder-to-powder (P2P) mixture of graphene and cement for industrial applications

Studies have demonstrated that a minute quantity of graphene is sufficient to boost cement characteristics, but the attainment of good dispersion and uniformity of the resultant graphene-cement mixture remains a challenge. To alleviate these challenges, this study proposes a low-energy powder-to-powder homogeniser for dispersing reasonably large quantities of graphene powder into cement powders. Microscopic analysis of graphene dispersion from two samples (1% and 0.02% graphene) at 5x, 10x and 20x objectives revealed that graphene accounts for 1.3% and 0.09% over the cement area respectively, which is relatively uniform across all selected samples. Furthermore, four different dosages of graphene were used to validate the impacts of various proportions of graphene, i.e., 0%, 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06% (by mass of cement) on two types of cement (i.e., Portland cement CEM I 52.5 N and Portland cement CEM II 42.5 N) which also revealed compressive strength increases up to 25% at 7 and 28 days.

Reliable Lift‐Off Patterning of Graphene Dispersions for Humidity Sensors

AbstractDispersion‐based graphene materials are promising candidates for various sensing applications. They offer the advantage of relatively simple and fast deposition via spin‐coating, Langmuir–Blodgett deposition, or inkjet printing. Film uniformity and reproducibility remain challenging in all of these deposition methods. Here, a scalable structuring method is demonstrated, characterized, and successfully applied for graphene dispersions. The method is based on a standard lift‐off process, is simple to implement, and increases the film uniformity of graphene devices. It is also compatible with standard semiconductor manufacturing methods. Two different graphene dispersions are investigated via Raman spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy and observe no degradation of the material properties by the structuring process. Furthermore, high uniformity of the structured patterns and homogeneous graphene flake distribution is achieved. Electrical characterizations show reproducible sheet resistance values correlating with material quantity and uniformity. Finally, repeatable humidity sensing is demonstrated with van der Pauw devices, with sensing limits of less than 1% relative humidity.

Towards mass production of graphene-reinforced inconel 718 by powder injection moulding

Powder Injection Moulding (PIM) offers a promising avenue for economically producing intricate, graphene-reinforced superalloy parts with complex geometries, overcoming current limitations in their industrialization for engineering applications. The organic binder used in PIM has the potential to be the graphene dispersion media in the superalloy powder saving the need for other processes. However, this addition method needs to be comprehensively evaluated due to the inherent challenges within the PIM process. This study pioneers the utilization of PIM to fabricate Inconel 718 superalloy, incorporating varying levels of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The effective dispersion of rGO during mixing and its prevalence after debinding and sintering stages have been demonstrated by combining several characterization methods. Graphenic species are identified in all the process stages, though in the sintered microstructure these are commonly accompanied by niobium carbides, which indicates that rGO is partly degraded during the PIM process by reacting with the matrix elements. The encouraging results of this work establish the grounds to produce graphene-reinforced superalloys by PIM and call for further investigation, which can be extended to other metal alloys and ceramics.

Composite Graphene‐Modified Aluminum Foil Cathode Current Collectors for Lithium‐ion Battery with Enhanced Mechanical and Electrochemical Performances

AbstractAluminum foil is a typical cathode collector in lithium‐ion batteries, yet it encounters various issues, including restricted contact with the active substance, poor adhesion, and regional corrosion associated with the electrolyte. Although conventional carbon‐coated aluminum foils partially alleviate such problems, they suffer from excess weight and thickness of their carbon layers. Here a simple casting method to prepare Ketjen Black/aqueous graphene dispersion slurry modified aluminum foil (KB‐AGD‐Al‐CCs) and graphene micro‐sheets/aqueous graphene dispersion slurry modified aluminum foil (GM‐AGD‐Al‐CCs). Our results indicate that batteries utilizing graphene‐modified aluminum foils exhibited superior electrochemical performance compared with that of carbon‐coated aluminum foils. The lithium‐ion battery employing GM‐AGD‐Al‐CCs as cathode current collectors exhibits reversible specific capacities of 155, 118, and 92.5 mAh/g at current densities of 0.1, 5, and 10 C. After cycling for 1800 cycles at 5 and 10 C, its specific capacities remain at 91 and 77.5 mAh/g. Combing contact angle measurement, electrical conductivity test with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicates that the graphene coating decreases the contact angle between the commercial LiFePO4 and current collector, increases the electrical conductivity of the electrode and adhesion. Moreover, the inclusion of GM and KB as conductive additives compensates for graphene‘s low interlayer conductivity by forming a conductive network.

Influence of graphene oxide properties, superplasticiser type, and dispersion technique on mechanical performance of graphene oxide-added concrete

The incorporation of Graphene Oxide (GO) nanomaterial into concrete has gained significant attention due to its potential to enhance mechanical and durability properties. The addition of GO to concrete creates considerable changes in the morphology of the concrete matrix, creating a densified microstructure. Critical parameters significantly affect these microstructural enhancements and, consequently, the final performance in GO-added concrete. These parameters include GO material properties, superplasticiser (PS) type, and dispersion techniques. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of GO on the mechanical performance of concrete, focusing on these critical factors. Unlike existing studies concentrating on a single parameter's effect, this research comprehensively compares how these parameters impact GO-added concrete. Two commercially available GO types (GO-A and GO-B) and two PS types (PS-A and PS-B) are utilised. At the same time, three commonly used mixing techniques, such as mechanical, high-speed, and ultrasonic mixing techniques, are considered for GO dispersion. GO-A is added to concrete in percentages ranging from 0.02% to 0.14% by weight of cement (bwoc), while GO-B ranges from 0.04% to 0.20% bwoc. Based on compressive strength test results, the optimum GO dosages are 0.08% for GO-A and 0.12% for GO-B. The highest strength results are achieved for GO-B added concrete with PS-A addition and following the ultrasonic dispersion method, highlighting these parameters as optimal for maximising GO-added concrete performance. The optimum concrete mix exhibits 33%, 24%, 25%, and 30% increments for compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus properties at 28 days. This paper provides a deep theoretical explanation of the effects of GO material properties, dispersion techniques, and PS type on GO-added concrete performance. The findings provide valuable insights into selecting suitable parameters for optimising the mechanical properties of GO-added concrete, contributing to the advancement and effectiveness of construction materials.