Disparities In Economic Development Research Articles

문화소비와 지역경제발전격차 -중국의 31개 지역을 대상으로-

문화소비와 지역경제발전격차 -중국의 31개 지역을 대상으로-

PENGARUH ANGGARAN BELANJA, INFRASTRUKTUR DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI TERHADAP KETIMPANGAN PEMBANGUNAN PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

This study aims to determine the disparity of economic development between districts / cities and the influence of budgetary variables, infrastructure and economic growth on the inequality of economic development in South Kalimantan Province in 2011 - 2015. The research method used is descriptive quantitative with the analysis tools using the technique of Regional Economic analysis (Williamson Index) and simple regression analysis model. The result of the research shows that the disparity between districts / cities in South Kalimantan Province using Williamson Index within the period of 2011 - 2015 indicates a decreasing disparity that has an average of 0.513 with mining and quarrying sector and 0.310 without mining and quarrying sector. The result of F test shows that the budget expenditure, infrastructure and economic growth simultaneously have significant effect on regional disparity variables and the result of t test shows the budget expenditure and economic growth significantly influence the regional disparity in South Kalimantan Province at the alpha significance level of 0.1 or the level of trust 90 %.

Changes in mortality and economic vulnerability to climatic hazards under economic development at the provincial level in China

Studies have reported that economic development can contribute to reducing vulnerability to natural hazards. However, there exist considerable variations in the association between economic growth and vulnerability, especially at the sub-country scale. Based on climatic hazard impact (indicated by mortality and direct economic losses (DEL)) and economic development data for 31 provinces in the mainland of China from 1990 to 2015, trends of disaster impact, and trends of vulnerability (indicated by mortality rate and DEL rate), were detected using the Mann–Kendall trend test at the provincial level. Next, the relationship between income and vulnerability was characterized. At the provincial level during 1990–2015, there was a clear transformation of the climatic hazard impact landscape from high average annual mortality to high average annual DEL. Both the mortality and the DEL rates presented downward trends for most provinces. The magnitude of vulnerability decrease was higher in the economically developed provinces compared to the underdeveloped provinces, and vulnerability declined nonlinearly with income increase. A vulnerability trap appears to exist approximately below 1600 US$ for income—above this threshold, a province’s vulnerability significantly decreased. Mortality and economic vulnerability to climatic hazards are correlated with economic development, but causal links between economic development and vulnerability reduction need further investigation. Our findings suggest that shortening the transitional period from the low-income trap and reducing inter-provincial disparity of economic development may be powerful tools for reducing vulnerability to climatic hazards, especially for economically underdeveloped regions. These should also be important considerations in developing efficient adaption strategies for climate change.

DISPARITAS PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI ANTAR WILAYAH DI PROVINSI MALUKU UTARA

The objective of this research is to assess the economic development disparities among districts and cities in North Maluku in 2010 - 2015 period. This research is motivated by the diversity of natural resources and demographic conditions, differences in income per capita and economic growth contained in each regency and town in North Maluku. As a result of these differences, the ability to increase economic development is different from one region to the other region. The data collected for two months from February to March 2017. The data used are PDRB per capita data, population data and economic growth data obtained from Central Bureau of Statistics of North Maluku Province. Analysis of data in the form of descriptive analysis presented in tabular form using Williamson Index analysis tool. The results showed that the economic development district and cities in the province of North Maluku during the period 2010 - 2015 continues to inequality, where the data is used proved that there are significant differences among the districts and cities in North Maluku. Results proficiency level could be seen clearly when analyzed by Williamson Index which indicates that the rate of economic development was still classified inequality on inequality of economic development. This was due to the diversity of potential and natural resources among districts and cities that led to per capita income and economic growth becomes different resulting imbalance of economic development.

Analyzing spatial disparities of economic development in Yellow River Basin, China

Economic density refers to the degree of labor, population, and tangible capital that concentrate in a physical space. It represents the efficiency of economic activities and intensity of land use in an area. This article presents an in-depth analysis spatial disparity of economic densities in Yellow River Basin in China by using 2000 and 2014 country level data. A composite index of economic density that integrates a suite of population, land, and production indicators through a grey-relation entropy model was applied for the spatial analysis in economic densities. The overall economic density levels in Henan Province and Shandong Province were higher than those of other provinces. Other major spatial agglomerations of counties with high economic density were in central parts of Inner Mongolia and Henan Province, the south of Shanxi Province, and the middle regions of Shaanxi Province. Finally, the indicators that might have influenced the level of economic density and the formation spatial economic disparity within Yellow River Basin were identified as the basic environmental conditions, transportation infrastructure, social and economic infrastructure, level and structure of industrialization level, and strategic policies for regional economic development. The results show that there is indeed spatial economic disparity in the studied region and that it may have been mainly affected by the geographically uneven distribution of per capita income and per capita land use intensity.

Spatial-temporal Pattern of Regional Economic Disparities in GuiYang

Based on the construction of indicator system for evaluating Comprehensive index of economic development, the synthetic economic development levels are evaluated from 2000 to 2015 in GuiYang. GIS Spatial analysis has studied the disparities in economic development in GuiYang. By calculating the spatial autocorrelation Moran's I index of GuiYang Comprehensive Development Index, it reveals that it's economic development has significant spatial autocorrelation, and the regional economic development has obvious dual structure; finally, through analyzing the local indicator of spatial association (LASA) each year. this paper reveals the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of economic development in GuiYang.

Determinants of agricultural household demand for insurance in China from 2004 to 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the purchase of insurance and economic growth among agricultural households.Design/methodology/approachUsing survey data of the agricultural sector obtained from China over two years, the authors highlight the effect of job switching between farm and non-farm activities on the demand for insurance by applying the difference-in-differences and triple differences methodologies.FindingsThe results show that compared with farm income, non-farm income is associated with an increased (decreased) demand for insurance among households in Eastern (Western) China. The inequality in degree of economic development between the regions plays an important role in this finding. Both education and income exhibit a positive relationship with insurance demand for most regions. In addition, in 2007, regardless of farm or non-farm sector, switches are (except in the northeast region) associated with a significant increase in insurance expenditures. Households who switched from the farm to non-farm sector in 2007 are significantly negatively associated with insurance expenditures in the western region.Social implicationsInequalities in the degree of economic development play an important role in insurance consumption.Originality/valueThe authors assess the determinants of insurance market development in the agricultural sector in China, characterized by inter-regional disparities in economic development.

Assessment of gross urban product in Russian cities and its contribution to Russian GDP in 2000–2015

The article presents a new methodology for estimating gross urban product (the gross domestic product by city or metropolitan level) in Russia under extremely low statistical data availability about economy performance at the local level. These estimates provide new analytical instruments for assessing disparities in economic development between more than 1,000 Russian cities and other areas, and cities’ contributions to GDP as well as for comparing indicators of Russian cities with those of foreign countries.

Assessment of gross urban product in Russian citiesand its contribution to Russian GDP in 2000-2015

The article presents a new methodology for estimating gross urban product in Russian cities under extremely low statistical data availability about urban economies performance. Gross urban product estimates provide new analytical instruments for assessing disparities in economic development between more than 1000 Russian cities and other areas, cities’ contribution to GDP and for comparing indicators of Russian cities with these of foreign countries.

Online inter-provincial trade in China

There is a large disparity in terms of per capital e-commerce consumption between more developed east coastal provinces and less developed inner provinces in China, which reflects the disparities in economic development and income between these regions. E-commerce could integrate China’s domestic economy as it facilitates cross-region flow of goods, strengthens regional linkage, and becomes the channel through which economic growth in one region spills over to other regions. On the other hand, e-commerce could also make regions more divergent. With a reduced trading cost, regions with comparative advantages in certain industries could have even wider and farther reaches and enjoy increasing returns. In this study, we specifically examine the pattern of e-commerce activities in China over time. We find that the production and sales of agricultural and clothing products have become more concentrated over time. The trade pattern as measured by trade flows among different provinces is mixed. While the pattern is slightly more concentrated in B2C platform, the pattern is more diversified for C2C market. Our regression analysis indicates that GDPs in origin provinces positively affect the trade flows, but distances impede trade, consistent with the gravity model. Interestingly, GDPs of the destination provinces are not significant. Home market effect is also supported.

Regional determinants of the small and medium size manufacturing firm entry in a developing country: evidence from Turkey

Purpose- This study investigates regional determinants of the small and medium size firm entry in the manufacturing sector for a developing country, Turkey, in which regional economic development disparities are common. Methodology- Panel data was collected for the period between 2004 and 2009 and analysed by using Feasible GLS estimation technique. Findings- The results show that entrepreneurship culture, the structure of the industry, industry agglomeration overall are the most important factors stimulating the entry rates. However, the number of patent application as a supply-side variable seems to be the main deterrent of new firm entry by working as a fence in front of new firms. The average wage and low skill labor in labor force are the other factors that negatively influence new firm formation in demand and supply side of the economy. Conclusion- Some of these regional variables affecting business formation in developed countries have no influence on the small and medium size firm formation in developing countries. This suggests that the determinants could be country specific. Therefore, policy makers should be careful while using evidence from developed countries to stimulate firm start-ups in developing countries.

Hedge Funds - Evolution and Perspectives

The article reviews and analyses the origins of the hedge fund sector and its development on a worldwide scale. The study reveals that hedge funds had arisen long before 1949 and shows that global financial crises do not occur due to hedge funds because the latter only exploit economic development disparities, the imperfections of financial systems, the inadequate regulatory frameworks or the inefficient financial market regulations that are already in place. The article shows that, although the development of the hedge fund industry is very sensitive to financial crises, their popularity as investment instruments has been increasing rather than decreasing since the last global economic crisis of 2008.

Inter-District Disparities in Economic Development in Chhattisgarh

This research paper examines inter-district disparities in economic development in Chhattisgarh stateover the period of 2001-02 to 2011-12. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) composite index of economic development (CIED) has been constructed for evaluating status of economic development among 16 districts of Chhattisgarh. This study concludes that top ranked districts of Chhattisgarh at CIED has been Durg, Raipur and Korba and they has retained their topmost position in the ranking during both reference years at CIED. ED in Raipur, Dhamtari and Raigarh districts of Chhattisgarh has improved significantly over the period of a decade 2001-02 to 2011-12. On the other hand districts such as Dantewada, Surguja, Bastar, Kanker and Jashpur were at bottom of CIED over the period of 2001-02 to 2011-12.

Migration intentions and their determinants: Comparison of college students in China and Japan

Maintaining a young, well-educated labor force is an important strategy for regional economic development and social vitality. Based on a comparative study of China and Japan, this article aims to elicit 1) the factors that affect college students’ employment migration preference; and 2) the differences between migration preferences of students from the two countries and the possible explanations for such differences. With the use of survey data from approximately 2,000 college students in the two countries, this study identifies region of origin as a key determinant of employment migration choice in both countries. The region of origin functions as a critical point differentiating primary and secondary labor markets for individuals, whereas the first-tier region in each country is a popular work destination. A one-way bottom-up migration from lower-ranking to higher-ranking regions is revealed in our regional hierarchy model. Findings suggest that Chinese students were oriented to employment opportunities and economic well-being while Japanese students were more inclined to consider personal lifestyle and local amenities. The findings imply that reducing regional disparities in economic development and income levels in China and enhancing urban service facilities in Japan may encourage college graduates to remain in their home regions.

Загальнотеоретичні й прикладні проблеми формування стратегії розвитку промислового виробництва України в умовах економічної кризи

In the article the problem of forming strategic plans for operation of industry of Ukraine in the economic crisis. Investigated stages of industrial production in Ukraine, which are becoming increasingly apparent and sharper disparities in economic development. These contradictions inevitably lead to a deterioration of the situation in the industrial sector. It was determined that the vast majority of economic relations neither technically nor economically or psychologically not yet fully prepared for the innovations of industry of Ukraine. It is noted that this restructuring and innovation development industry is urgent, urgent task of the state. Indicated that localization and elimination of these problems in the financial crisis are impossible without the formation and justification strategies of commercial enterprises, and developing guidelines on optimal selection model of strategic management of industrial enterprise in the conditions of economic crisis caused by the processes. It was shown that the conceptual basis of the study is to use synergy-institutional paradigm of industrial enterprises. Determined that the strategic planning of industry, based on strengthening enhance their synergy and institutional capacity, does not have full scientific support relevant conceptual apparatus and methodological tools. We believe that today, in terms of the widening of the economic crisis, sustainable development industry is an important problem of modern Ukrainian economy, which necessitates improvements depth strategic management. Determined that the initial step in this direction should be the strategic planning and not functioning as development of industrial enterprises. Found that the solution of the problem in terms of innovation and economic restructuring Ukraine is connected with further studies of the mechanism of strategic planning, which should take into account the constant changes in the micro and macro enterprises.

Methods of Effective Governance of Territorial Transformations in Russian Federation

Considerable territorial differentiation existing in Russia today contributes to both federal and regional economic slowdown. Alongside with that, gaining control over the process of territorial differentiation at the micro-level in order to reduce disparity among rural municipalities and to ensure their sustainable development, is considerably hindered, taking into account the gap between the tasks local self-governing bodies have to accomplish and the financial resources at their disposal. Territorial transformation of municipal entities (regional rural settlements) may become one of the possible solutions to the problem. That would make it possible to optimize local administrative machineries, to reduce imbalance and disparity in economic development of rural municipalities and to channel the funds released towards the vital problems of local significance. However, the problem of preliminary comparison of socio-economic development rates of municipal entities within a region, which is required for further successful implementation of strategies of rural territorial transformations, still remains unsolved, since currently no generally acknowledged and scientifically based specific methods for that purpose are available. As the result of the theoretical and practical research work carried out by the author, the article presents the territorial transformation procedure algorithm and proposes the model to evaluate synergistic effect of the activities intended to foster optimization of territorial structure of rural areas. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s2p350

In the Name of the Son (and the Daughter): Intergenerational Mobility in the United States, 1850 –1940

This paper estimates historical intergenerational elasticities between fathers and children of both sexes in the United States using a novel empirical strategy. The key insight of our approach is that the information about socioeconomic status conveyed by first names can be used to create pseudo-links across generations. We find that both father-son and father-daughter elasticities were flat during the nineteenth century, increased sharply between 1900 and 1920, and declined slightly thereafter. We discuss the role of regional disparities in economic development, trends in inequality and returns to human capital, and the marriage market in explaining these patterns. (JEL D63, J12, J16, J24, J62, N31, N32)

The Cointegrating Relationship of Regional Growth in China

Since the open door policy declared in the late 1970s, the economic growth of China has been rapidly developed and accumulated. However, the widening regional economic development disparity has been brought to the concern by the government. It is doubtful that the regional economic growth would tend to be equivalent by spillover effects from some more-developed regions to other less-developed ones. The goal of this paper is to examine the long-run relationship of Chinese provincial economic performance with the consideration of the characteristic of cross-sectional dependence in the panel data covering 30 provinces in China over the period 1990-2012. We find a strong spatial dependence over in China’s regional production function. After a cointegrating relation is confirmed using the methodology of Kao (1999) and Pedroni (1999), a spatial error correction model is further applied. We find the local cointegration term is significantly negative, suggesting a long-run convergence relation for the Chinese regional economic growth.

APPROACHES TO QUALITY OF LIFE ANALYSISQUANTICATION

The paper reviews different approaches to quality of life measurement used in Russian and international statistics. It outlines the essence of J. Stiglitz’s recommendations on development of quality of life statistical indicators, analyses proposals and practical application of innovative approaches of quality of life measurement by the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE). The paper reviews Rosstat’s (Russian Federal State Statistics Service) new research as well as an independent research in the area of quality of life research. The authors make proposals to extend the list of aspects analyzed an quality of life research and underline the importance of such a review through regional specifics. They suggest extending the system of quality of life statistical indicators by certain coefficients characterizing economic development disparity and its influence on the quality of life.

Global talent, local careers: Circular migration of top Indian engineers and professionals

Despite heightened interests from policy makers in the notion of brain circulation, the discussion around the issue has remained largely theoretical. Drawing upon unique data of the alumni of a leading Indian university, this study examines how migration dynamics unfold within a highly-educated population whose emigration is considered as a classic example of brain drain. We adopt an integrative framework, bringing together macro-level push and pull influences and individual-level selectivity. We find that disparity in economic development between countries drives migration flows in both directions, while host-country demand has a stronger impact on out-migration than on return migration. We also detect significant selection effects at the individual level: top students are more likely to emigrate and less likely to return. In out-migration, flowing out of the country appear to be the best and the brightest amongst the highly educated talent pool. In return migration, negative selection is manifested in multiple aspects—including ability, post-migration human capital investment, and income. We also find that the influences of macro forces vary amongst individuals: higher-ability individuals appear to be less affected by demand changes. The findings have important policy implications for both source countries and receiving countries.