Mental Developmental Disorders Research Articles

An Eye-Tracking Study on Six Early Social-Emotional Abilities in Children Aged 1 to 3 Years.

The experimental evaluation of young children's socio-emotional abilities is limited by the lack of existing specific measures to assess this population and by the relative difficulty for researchers to adapt measures designed for the general population. This study examined six early social-emotional abilities in 86 typically developing children aged 1 to 3 years using an eye-tracking-based experimental paradigm that combined visual preference tasks adapted from pre-existing infant studies. The aim of this study is to obtain developmental norms in six early social-emotional abilities in typical children aged 1 to 3 years that would be promising for an understanding of disorders of mental development. These developmental standards are essential to enable comparative assessments with children with atypical development, such as children with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities (PIMD). The participants had greater spontaneous visual preferences for biological (vs. non-biological) motion, socially salient (vs. non-social) stimuli, the eye (vs. mouth) area of emotional expressions, angry (vs. happy) faces, and objects of joint attention (vs. non-looked-at ones). Interestingly, although the prosocial (vs. antisocial) scene of the socio-moral task was preferred, both the helper and hinderer characters were equally gazed at. Finally, correlational analyses revealed that performance was neither related to participants' age nor to each other (dismissing the hypothesis of a common underpinning process). Our revised experimental paradigm is possible in infants aged 1 to 3 years and thus provides additional scientific proof on the direct assessment of these six socio-emotional abilities in this population.

The Relationship of Self-Regulation and Resilience in Parents of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) at Special School-C Karya Tulus Tuntungan II

<strong><strong></strong></strong><p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a mental development disorder that becomes a problem for parents if it is not treated immediately. <em>So that parents can increase their resilience and bounce back from difficulties wisely. </em>The type of research is descriptive quantitative with a cross-sectional approach. <em>This research aims to analyze the relationship between self-regulation and the resilience of parents with children with ADHD at </em>Special School-C <em>Karya Tulus Tuntungan II. The type of research is descriptive quantitative with a cross-sectional approach. Technique. Sampling is purposive sampling. This research's respondents were parents with children with ADHD at Special School-C Karya Tulus Tuntungan II, totalling 50 respondents. </em>This research was carried out from March 27 to May 5 2024.<em> The instruments used were the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and the self-regulation questionnaire (SRQ). Data were analyzed using the Spearman rank statistical test. The results of the study showed that the majority of respondents (74.0% had self-regulation in the capable category, there was a strong positive relationship between self-regulation and the resilience of parents who have children with ADHD with a Pearson correlation value of +0.450, p-value -value=0.001; p>0.05). The conclusion is that there is a relationship between self-regulation and the resilience of parents who have children with ADHD at Special School -C Karya Tulus Tuntungan II, which is quite strong and in the same direction. It is recommended as a nursing intervention that can be developed to explore self-regulation and resilience in patients and families, especially in parents who have children with ADHD.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: ADHD, parent, Self-regulation, Resilience</em></strong></p>

Occupational Therapy With Clothes Buttons To Improve Fine Motor Skills In Children With Moderate Disabilities At SLB N Slawi

Mental retardation or blindness is a condition of incomplete mental development or general intellectual disorder below average and characterized by impaired developmental skills or more. Fine motor skills are factors that affect growth and development. In children, occupational therapy can improve fine motor skills. The prevalence data at SLB N Slawi shows that the proportion of children with disabilities amounts to 307 students, with the highest score, namely people with disabilities, as many as 259 students who are divided into two types, namely type C and type C1. The purpose of carrying out occupational therapy is to install clothing buttons to improve fine motor skills in children with moderate disabilities. This study was a descriptive research with a case study research design. The study subjects were patients with moderate impairment who experienced fine motor impairment. Data was obtained through interviews, observations, physical examinations, literature studies, and research instruments. This research was carried out in June 2024 at SLB N Slawi, and an ethical feasibility test has been carried out. The results of this study showed that fine motor skills in children with moderate disabilities in wearing buttons per day, which were measured and recorded on the observation sheet, improved. The improvement of fine motor skills is evidenced by the difference in scores in Child F at the beginning of the meeting got a score of 8 and was originally unable to do it, but did it with help, which increased to 15, namely being able to do it independently, and in patient Child N at the beginning of the meeting got 14 points and was originally able to do with the help increased to 16, namely being able to do independently. Patients with fine motor development disorders can be given occupational therapy by buttoning clothes once a day for 15-30 minutes.

STUDY OF THE ANXIETY LEVEL OF PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AND COMMUNICATIVE ASPECTS OF PSYCHOEDUCATION

Guranda Shamilishvili E-mail: guranda.shamilishvili@bsu.edu.ge Assistant Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University Georgia, Batumi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3343-4166 Ketevan Doborjginidze E-mail: ketidobora@gmail.com Psychologist, Master in Clinical Psychology Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University Georgia, Batumi https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9353-4283 Abstract. Caring for children with developmental disorders is an important task in the field of psychology in the modern world. A number of studies have been carried out in this direction, various therapeutic interventions have been introduced to help improve the quality of life of children with developmental disorders. In Georgia, children under 7 years of age with developmental disorders have the opportunity to benefit from early intervention services. Such a service involves a process mediated by the parent/legal representative, and accordingly parents are the area of interest of specialists working in this field. Contemporary approaches to intervention for children with mental developmental disorders include parent-mediated interventions, which in turn include the need for parental psychoeducation. Research in modern Psychology shows that psychoeducation significantly reduces stress levels in parents. Psychoeducation of parents is mainly aimed at reducing the stress index and anxiety level in parents. Stress is the human body’s reaction to the extreme impact of any factors. Stress is an integral part of parenthood and it manifests itself already from pregnancy. The purpose of the present research was to study the level of anxiety of parents of children with developmental disorders. Objectives of the study: to find out if there is a difference between the level of anxiety of parents of children with typical development and the one of parents of children with developmental disorders; to define what issues concern parents of children with developmental disorders most. The hypothesis of the study have been as follows: parents of children with developmental disorders have higher levels of parental anxiety than parents of children with typical development. Based on the results of the studies, it can be said that parents who have children with developmental disorders face various difficulties more often than parents of children with typical development, and are at risk of decreased quality of life. Parents of children with developmental disorders express less satisfaction with life, health, family, and friends, in contrast to parents of children with typical development, and more often witness negative events than parents of children with typical development. It is relevant to study the level of anxiety of parents of children with developmental disorders, since the level of parental anxiety significantly affects the child’s psyche and his state. It is also worth noting that modern child rehabilitation/habilitation programs rely entirely on working with parents, so studying the level of anxiety of parents will be beneficial for both better adjustment of the service for the parents and the parents’ adaptation to reality. Keywords: development, disorders, children, intervention, mental, communication, stress, anxiety. Jel Classification: H51, A2

Characteristic features of brain development and remedial methods for autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Review of current research

Introduction. Deep understanding of neurobiological processes in normal and abnormal children is crucially important for developing remedial procedures for mental development disorders and using inclusive learning methods. The purpose of this article is to summarize modern and most relevant information about the brain structure and functioning features in connection with disorders of neural structures, pathways and networks, as well as psychosocial and educational remedial methods for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Materials and Methods. The work is based on a comprehensive experimental research results analysis in the field of cognitive sciences and related areas affecting the issues of neurodivergent states. Research articles published between 2003 and 2024, mainly between 2021 and 2024, were used as materials. Results. Within the framework of this study, the authors identified key common and distinctive features of pathogenesis, epidemiology, and the neurobiological foundations of the ASD and ADHD development. Examples of disorders observed at the level of brain anatomical structures and functioning of individual neural networks are demonstrated. The spread of a symptomatic manifestations variety, concomitant disorders (comorbidity), the difficulty in differentiating the concepts of norm and pathology in a wide range of neurodivergent conditions are emphasized. Summarizing the data on various methods of therapy and treatment, the authors justified the key role of psychosocial adaptation within the framework of school education, which requires teachers’ understanding the peculiarities of mental development and techniques for interacting with neurodivergent children. Transmission of carefully selected information about the peculiarities of mental development to children seems to be relevant in order to help them understand their own problems and find solutions to them. These topics can be integrated into in the biology course given by appropriately prepared teachers. Conclusions. Rehabilitation and integration into society of children with ASD and ADHD is the main and practically the only way to solve the problem, requiring an understanding of the neurodevelopment peculiarities, conscious and tolerant attitude on the part of teachers, psychologists, parents and peers. The article is addressed to specialists in the field of psychology, special and inclusive education, pediatricians, educators, teachers, parents.

Psychological and ethological approach in the study of self-harming behavior

In this paper, self-injurious behavior in humans and higher animals is considered from the ethological and psychological approaches. The analysis of pathopsychological disorders and disorders from the point of view of ethological psychiatry (psychology) allows us to understand the nature, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of behavioral patterns and pantomimics in patients with borderline and psychiatric disorders. Self-traumatization can be observed in epilepsy, autism, mental retardation, and in accentuated and neurotic adolescents. According to the author's team, damage to the body and skin is a manifestation of instinctual response. Physical auto-aggression satisfies the realization of the aggressive instinct, is reinforced by opioid pleasure from pain, and is realized by limiting direct response to a negative stimulus. The authors carried out a comparative analysis of pantomimics of of physical autoaggression (self-injury) of 15 adolescents with psychological traumas, 15 children with mental dysontogenesis and 12 experimental monkeys (javan macaques and rhesus macaques). The results of the study showed that experimental primates redirected aggression to their own body and limbs under conditions of an obstacle to the motivation to attack. Adolescents, in response to the stressor, insected their skin with sharp and stabbing objects. Children with psycho-verbal disorders illustrated prima facie forms of self-harm in response to a limiting and repulsive stimulus. The identified pantomimic acts of physical autoaggression in experimental monkeys, children with mental developmental disorders, and adolescents with psychotraumatic experiences show the commonality and species-specificity of the nonverbal pattern of self-injury. In humans and primates in pantomimic production homologs of autoaggressive patterns in nonverbal production are found.

Eating disorders in preschool and primary school children with autism spectrum disorder and its clinical significance

Autism spectrum disorder is the fastest growing form of nervous and mental development disorder in the world. In this regard, there is a special need to resolve issues of diagnosis and correction of not only the main symptoms of this disease, but also numerous associated somatic disorders. One of the common clinical manifestations in children with autism spectrum disorder is pathological eating behavior, which includes disturbances in eating habits and preferences, frequency of meals, etc. Despite the fact that eating disorders can also occur among normotypical coevals, in children with autism spectrum disorder, these manifestations are clinically more diverse, vary in severity and often appear earlier than the main symptoms of the disease. It must be emphasized that the correction of certain nutritional disorders in this group of children is often difficult due to the characteristics of the course of the underlying disease. This may be further exacerbated by increased parental anxiety. A timely solution to the problem of eating behavior in children with autistic disorder is of great importance for strengthening their health and reducing the severity of the underlying disease, since the connection between neuropsychic and somatic health is inseparable. In the review, we tried to identify the main factors involved in the formation of eating disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder, and presented existing practical tools for analyzing this medical problem and managing their nutrition for preventive and therapeutic purposes.

AŞAĞI KURS TƏLƏBƏLƏRİNİN PRODUKTİV DİL VƏRDİŞLƏRİNİN TƏKMİLLƏŞDİRİLMƏSİ YOLLARI

Autistic Symptoms in Children and Teenagers Summary Researcher finds that autism is a slowdown in disease or development, which begins early childhood and leads to life-long, mental and social development disorders. The most common features of autism are the lack of social interaction, lack of language and communication capabilities, repetitive behaviors, and excessive loyalty. However, this syndrome does not have significant physical characteristics. Autistic features are commonly seen in children with autistic disorder, and can be seen in every autistic child. Key words: аutism, cognitive factors, mental and social development disorders, social deficiencies, autism diagnosis

Синдром дефіциту уваги з гіперактивністю в дітей віком 6-8 років як медико-соціальна проблема

One of the medical and social problems that are considered urgent today is the need to improve the health of children with disorders of mental development, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Purpose - to conduct a systematic analysis of scientific sources regarding the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and joint practical work of doctors, social workers, and teachers regarding ADHD in children 6-8 years old. Domestic and international studies prove that the treatment of ADHD in children should be comprehensive, include recommendations on regime and lifestyle, drug therapy, and practical recommendations from an educational component. A multidisciplinary approach to determine clinical-psychopathological and clinical-psychological regularities of the mental development of children with ADHD is relevant. A feature of such children is high activity, inability to focus on one thing, short-temperedness. But such a condition can be corrected if treatment is started as early as possible. The cause of the development of the disorder can be: complications during pregnancy (this includes early toxicosis, preeclampsia, intrauterine hypoxia of the fetus), complications during childbirth (premature, rapid); low body weight of the child at birth or suffered serious diseases during the first year of life; the presence of bad habits in a pregnant woman, hard work or work in harmful conditions during the period of bearing the fetus. The main signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children 6-8 years old are as follows: inattention; hyperactivity; impulsiveness. The main symptoms of ADHD can also be accompanied by accompanying symptoms: difficulties in learning, even despite high intellectual abilities; tics; quick fatigue; the presence of phobias, anxiety and depression; autism; sleep problems; speech or behavior disorders. Scientists consider the features of intellectual development of children with ADHD to be voluntary regulation of mental activity, cognitive functions, speech, voluntary motor activity, insufficient development of perceptual-gnostic and emotional spheres. No conflict of interests was declared by the author.

Classification of athletes with disorders of mental and physical development

The article reveals the problematic issues of selecting athletes with mental and physical disabilities to participate in official all-Ukrainian and international Paralympic sports competitions. It has been established that the solution to this problem prompts the study of the peculiarities of the classification of athletes with mental and physical disabilities in order to allow them to compete. It has been proven that one of the best means of strengthening mental and physical health is physical education. For people with disabilities, this is an adaptive sport, which is aimed at the formation of athletic skills in people with mental disabilities and their achievement of high results in various types of sports. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the classification of athletes with mental and physical disabilities according to the existing international rules for specific types of sports. The minimum classification standard for admission to competitions in athletics, table tennis and swimming for athletes with mental and physical disabilities has been developed, intended for national application level during the all-Ukrainian qualifying and final competitions, All-Ukrainian Spartakiade among children with disabilities “Believe in yourself”, Ukrainian table tennis championships and cups in accordance with the Virtus guidelines. The minimum classification standard takes into account the specifics of the procedure of psychological classification of athletes with mental and physical disabilities which is carried out on the basis of current documents and Virtus recommendations. The minimum classification standard allows to algorithmize the classification procedure of athletes with mental and physical disabilities taking into account its crucial importance for determining the right to participate in competitions.

Актуальные вопросы стандартизации деятельности специалистов по подготовке выпускников к самостоятельной жизни и постинтернатному сопровождению (по итогам научно-практической конференции)

<p>The review article presents a discussion of some topical issues of standardization of activities to prepare orphans and children without parental care for independent living and their support after graduation from various forms of education. The focus is on children of the normotypical category and children with “special needs” – with limited health and (or) disabilities, with mental development disorders, with socially significant diseases, who need to develop adherence to taking medication. The structure and content of the standards are considered, the forms and methods of preparing students for independent life and accompanying graduates are illustrated, including an analysis of organizational resources and evaluation criteria. The speakers noted the need to focus on developing skills that will be in demand in a new place of life after adulthood, as well as developing independence in performing daily life activities for special categories of graduates. The results of testing the tools for socio-psychological examination of pupils and graduates in various forms of living conditions, and certain effective practices (mentoring, training apartments, project activities, etc.) that contribute to the implementation of the provisions of the standard were presented.</p>

Mapping Insights from News Articles to Tackle Low Birth Rate and Parenthood in Finland

The aim of this study is to explore how parenthood and birth rate is manifested in Finnish society and citizens as revealed by automated mining of news articles from Finland News API. Several levels of analysis were conducted using natural language processing and text mining techniques to unfold relevant insights from the collected News API. This includes surface-level analysis, word frequency-based analysis, topic-based analysis, and health ontology mapping. In total, 1621 news articles were selected and analyzed from the collected dataset. The surface-level analysis revealed the capacity of imminent health researchers to gain public audience and interest. Content-based analysis revealed the importance of family, employment, and health issues. Topical analysis stressed on the dominance of family issues during corona time, followed by public services and employment issues. Finally, the health ontology mapping revealed the quasi dominance of mental health and development disorders concerns. The research work provides a general framework for analyzing unstructured text to extract useful insights that can help policymakers to positively impact the existing policy in health and social policy development.

Sex and age factors of mental development of children born to mothers with epilepsy

Mother’s epilepsy is a risk factor for the neurocognitive development of the child, since it belongs to a group of chronic diseases and constant medication, even during pregnancy, is a Author for correspondence. 46 Вестник СПбГУ. Психология. 2024. Т. 14. Вып. 1 vital for patients with epilepsy. It carries various risks, which include intrauterine growth restrictions, congenital malformations, negative effects on cognitive functions and an increased risk of mental retardation of the child. That is why the bulk of research is focused on the effect of certain antiepileptic drugs on the physical development of the child. However, researchers rarely carry out comprehensive assessment of the influence of prenatal, perinatal and age-related factors of the child’s development, and this area remains unstudied. This article presents the results of a study of sex and age factors of mental development and adaptation of children born to mothers with epilepsy. The study involved 176 people: 88 children aged from 3 to 9 years and their mothers suffering from epilepsy. As a result, it was found that the male fetus was more vulnerable to prenatal influences: boys had more pronounced disorders of mental development (motor awkwardness, hyperactivity, attention deficit, oral speech disorders) and adaptation (socialization disorders, emotional-volitional disorders, aggressiveness and oppositional reactions, behavior problems). Some of disorders of mental development (delay in the development of speech, praxis and logical thinking) were compensated with child’s age and secondary disorders — adaptation problems (socialization disorders, somatic and internalization problems, isolation and anxiety) became more significant. Disorders of mental development in children are caused not only by the toxic effects of medication taken by the mother, but also depend on the form and severity of mother’s epilepsy before and during pregnancy, her concomitant diseases, as well as the type of feeding of the child in the first year of life.

Особенности оказания ортодонтической помощи детям с различным уровнем соматического здоровья

INTRODUCTION: Today, not all groups of the child population can receive full orthodontic care. This is typical for children with disabilities who have mental and neuromotor development disorders. To ensure optimal quality of orthodontic care in these cases, it is necessary to involve related specialists, the availability of modern equipment, and the psychological readiness of the doctor to work with children. The combination of these conditions will make it possible to fully provide orthodontic care to children with disabilities. AIM: To study features of rendering orthodontic care to children with different somatic health level MATERIALS AND METHODS: Orthodontic treatment of 50 children aged 7 to 16 years was carried out. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on the general somatic health status: children with anomalies of the position of teeth and bite, without burdening pathology; children with anomalies of the position of teeth and bite, with concomitant disorders of the respiratory, musculoskeletal and other systems; children with disabilities. Besides, the patients were classified by types of dental anomalies. Orthodontic treatment of patients from group 2 started after consultation with specialists. Patients from group 3 had a conclusion about the underlying disease and were referred to related specialists for consultation if necessary. RESULTS: The treatment of group 1 patients was without peculiarities. Removable and non-removable devices were used to correct dental anomalies. In all cases, a satisfactory result of treatment was obtained. In the treatment of group 2 patients, it was necessary to eliminate the concomitant pathology. Therapeutic measures aimed at restoring natural respiration and normalizing the function of the musculoskeletal system were recommended. As a result, anomalies of the dental system were corrected in 17 cases. In 3 cases, it was impossible to achieve correction of the distal bite due to the late start of treatment. In 1 patient, it was impossible to restore the function of the respiratory system. In 3 cases, the disorders in functioning of the musculoskeletal system were not completely corrected, which required further observation. The impossibility to restore the function of the respiratory system affected the result of treatment in 1 patient. Treatment of children from group 3 caused the greatest difficulty. A good clinical result was achieved in 3 cases, and in the rest ones the result was an improvement of the existing condition, but due to the peculiarities of the mental state of children, the treatment could not be fully completed. CONCLUSIONS: An effective algorithm for providing orthodontic care to children with disabilities has been developed. Before treatment, it is necessary to correct the concomitant pathology with participation of related specialists. It is recommended simple devices be used with good fixation in the oral cavity. The positive changes in the dental status obtained permit to further improve the overall health condition.

Psychological Help for Children Fleeing the Russian-Ukrainian War: an Intersubjectivity Perspective

Post-traumatic development has been discussed in world psychology since the mid-1990s. We can speak of intertraumatic development because the war is not over yet, but many people experience positive changes in their lives during this time, between the separate, segmented traumas of the war. Psychological assistance for refugee children is a comprehensive system of dialogical counseling, professional interventions and targeted psychosocial support. It should be person-centered and integrated into a holistic humanitarian assistance project. Problems faced by refugees in Poland include mental development disorders, suicide attempts, interpersonal conflicts, gender-based violence, difficulties in adaptation, loss of home, family, pets, etc. Personal development during war is characterized by continuity. Although war is the ultimate factor of the existential level, threatening the very existence of man, it cannot stop the personal development of a person, much less a child. As psychologists, we must be aware of this and focus on the prospects of post-traumatic development.

PREVALENCE OF PERIODONTAL TISSUE DISEASES IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM

It is known that among the many factors that cause dental diseases in children, disorders of mental development and disorders of the nervous system, including autism, are important. The study of dental incidence in children with autism is relevant in view of the need to develop and implement effective methods of treatment and prevention of the main dental diseases in these children.
 The aim of the study was to study the prevalence and features of the course of periodontal tissue diseases in children with autism.
 Methods and Material. 38 children with autism and 49 practically healthy children aged 13-18 were ex-amined. Assessment of periodontal tissue condition was carried out on the basis of clinical data. For an objective assessment of periodontal status, the papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA) was determined (S. Parma, 1960). The prevalence of periodontal diseases was determined using WHO criteria.
 Results. When analyzing the obtained results, periodontal tissue pathology was diagnosed in children of the main group in 68.42±6.67%, which is 1.4 times more than among children in the control group (48.86±5.89%, p<0.05 ). Basically, chronic catarrhal gingivitis (CCG) was diagnosed, the prevalence of which was 60.72±4.67%. In addition, 14.99±2.46% of the children of the main group had generalized periodontitis of mild severity. It was established that, on average, children with autism have a PMA index of 39.01±3.76%, which corresponds to the average severity of gingivitis. So, among the children of the main group, a mild degree of severity of CCG was diagnosed, on average, in 41.96±3.56%, an average degree in 44.92±7.64% of children with autism, severe in 5.34±2, 33%.
 Conclusions. Summary, children with autism have a high prevalence of periodontal diseases, in particular, chronic catarrhal gingivitis and generalized periodontitis. This requires the creation of special educational programs for children with autism in order to develop algorithms for providing individualized dental care to these children.

FEATURES OF PSYCHO-PEDAGOGICAL INTERVENTION WHILE WORKING WITH PRE-SCHOOLERS HAVING LEARNING DISABILITIES

Early childhood is a pivotal stage for addressing learning disabilities in pre-schoolers. This article delves into the core components of psycho-pedagogical interventions for this demographic, highlighting key findings and strategies.
 Within the frame of this study, it is aimed to clarify the main tasks of preschool institutions and ensure the socialization of children in preschool settings with peers and adults. At the same time, the preschool institution should ensure the education of children with learning disabilities. Systematic, special psycho-pedagogical interventions are necessary to implement the latter.
 The development of a child with a learning disability is carried out in the process of active pursuit and in many cases depends on the organization of his life, the precise daily routine, the system of education and professional intervention. It is important to systematically carry out counseling and remedial developmental assistance for children and parents, as well as to warn about the possibility of secondary disorders of physical and mental development, to socialize the child promptly.

The efficacy of acupuncture for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurological and mental developmental disorders in children. Published systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) concerning the use of acupuncture for ADHD have compared the efficacy of acupuncture treatment to that of drug therapies. However, the quality of these articles has not been evaluated and the evidence varies widely. ObjectiveTo summarize and assess the efficacy of acupuncture for ADHD based on existing SRs and MAs. MethodsA systematic search of the literature was conducted from inception until September 16 2021, using seven electronic databases. The AMSTAR-2 tool was used to evaluate the quality of SRs and MAs, and the GRADE system was used to assess the quality of evidence. ResultsThere are a total of five SRs and MAs included in this overview. Using the AMSTAR-2, three articles were rated as having ‘Low’ quality, while two were rated as having of ‘Critically Low’ quality. The GRADE system was used to measure the quality of evidence for ten outcomes (five response rate outcomes, three Conners’ Index of Hyperactivity (CIH) score outcomes, one Conners’ rating scale score outcome, and one Chinese medicine syndrome outcome) across the five included MAs. Four of the ten outcomes demonstrated ‘moderate’ quality, four demonstrated ‘low’ quality, and two demonstrated ‘very low’ quality. The risk of bias and inconsistency accounted for most downgrading factors in the included reviews. ConclusionIt is still debatable whether acupuncture is efficacious in improving the CIH score and the Response rate. Considering the heterogeneity of clinical trials and the fact that this study did not search and evaluate the relevant data of each randomized controlled trial, large-sample and high-quality randomized controlled trials are still needed to draw reliable conclusions regarding acupuncture's role in treating ADHD. Due to the poor quality of existing available evidence, little inference can be drawn from the included studies.

THE CORRELATION OF MOTHER'S KNOWLEDGE AND MOTHER'S BEHAVIOR IN STUNTING PREVENTION EFFORTS IN TUNTUNGAN VILLAGE 2 DELI SERDANG REGENCY

Stunting is a situation of unbalanced nutrition which is a physical growth disorder and a decrease in the speed of growth in children. Nutritional problems related to stunting is still a problem that occurred in Indonesia. The long-term impact that occurs due to stunting is still physical, mental, intellectual and cognitive development disorders. The incidence of stunting in children with high resulted in the long-term problems and difficult to control so that it will cause a risk to off spring who will be vulnerable to a low birth weight. Nutrition survey data over the past year shows that nutritional problems are still high, one of which is stunting, which is the main problem. The role of the mother in the family greatly affects food preparation so that the mother's knowledge is needed to improve the nutrition of their family members. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between mother's knowledge and mother's behavior in preventing stunting in Tuntungan Village 2, Pancur Batu District, Deli Serdang Regency. This study was conducted on mothers who have toddlers aged 6-59 months and this research is a qualitative research with an phenomenological approach. Mother's knowledge is very important in preventing stunting. Mothers who have good knowledge will be very influential in preventing stunting in the family. The importance of collaboration with all layers in order to support increasing maternal knowledge in preventing stunting.

Awareness of medical students about autism spectrum disorders

Background. The level of awareness of future doctors is an important factor that can further affect the quality of life of children with autism spectrum disorders. The problem has both scientific significance due to the lack of such studies in domestic science, and practical significance for identifying problem areas in the system of pediatric education.
 Aim. To identify the level of awareness of pediatric faculties students about autism spectrum disorders, methods for their diagnosis and treatment, technologies for non-medical intervention.
 Material and methods. A questionnaire, aimed at identifying the awareness of medical students about autism, methods of its diagnosis, patient routing and self-assessment of knowledge, was developed. The questionnaire included 29 questions, which could be conditionally divided into blocks: questions on knowledge about autism, action scenarios and routing, self-assessment of awareness of autism spectrum disorders, assessment of environmental components for children with such disorders, passport. Data collection was carried out using Google forms. The survey involved 408 students of pediatric faculties of 7 Russian medical universities of Kazan, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Izhevsk, Kirov. The survey was conducted in December 2020. The type of research can be defined as a questionnaire survey, which was carried out in two stages (field and analytical) from December 2020 to March 2021. The survey was conducted among 14th year (144 people), 5th year (116 people) and 6th year students (125 people). The selection of subgroups was due to the specifics of the educational process: until the second semester of the 4th year, pediatric students do not study disciplines related to the problem of autism spectrum disorders, 5th year students study neurology and psychiatry, 6th year students additionally have experience in outpatient practice. The obtained data were processed using the SPSS package.
 Results. Officially accepted in Russia at the time of the survey, the medical interpretation of autism spectrum disorders as a group of complex disintegrative disorders of mental development was indicated by only a third (32.8%) of the medical students surveyed. Another part of the respondents (28.7%) considered autism to be a genetic disorder in the development of the nervous system due to the lack of inhibition of certain genes. The high proportion of students (21.1%) who define autism as mental retardation associated with socio-pedagogical neglect, causes concern. Senior students were more likely to give more relevant answers about the factors of autism spectrum disorders (2=22.318 at p=0.034). Only 14.2% of students were able to indicate the age of the child for screening the risk of such disorders, 19.1% correctly named the scale used for screening. 71.3% of students did not know about non-medical interventions for autism spectrum disorders, more than 90% did not have information about institutions that families with a child with autism can apply for professional help.
 Conclusion. Insufficient awareness of students of pediatric faculties on the problems of autism spectrum disorders, issues of screening, interventions and routing of children with autism was revealed.