Compulsive Disorder Research Articles

Comparative neurogenetics of dog behavior complements efforts towards human neuropsychiatric genetics.

Domestic dogs display a wide array of heritable behaviors that have intermediate genetic complexity thanks to a long history of human-influenced selection. Comparative genetics in dogs could address the scarcity of non-human neurogenetic systems relevant to human neuropsychiatric disorders, which are characterized by mental, emotional, and behavioral symptoms and involve vastly complex genetic and non-genetic risk factors. Our review describes the diverse behavioral "phenome" of domestic dogs, past and ongoing sources of behavioral selection, and the state of canine behavioral genetics. We highlight two naturally disordered behavioral domains that illustrate how dogs may prove useful as a comparative, forward neurogenetic system: canine age-related cognitive dysfunction, which can be examined more rapidly given the attenuated lifespan of dogs, and compulsive disorders, which may have genetic roots in purpose-bred behaviors. Growing community science initiatives aimed at the companion dog population will be well suited to investigating such complex behavioral phenotypes and offer a comparative resource that parallels human genomic initiatives in scale and dimensionality.

External globus pallidus input to the dorsal striatum regulates habitual seeking behavior in male mice

The external globus pallidus (GPe) coordinates action-selection through GABAergic projections throughout the basal ganglia. GPe arkypallidal (arky) neurons project exclusively to the dorsal striatum, which regulates goal-directed and habitual seeking. However, the role of GPe arky neurons in reward-seeking remains unknown. Here, we identified that a majority of arky neurons target the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). Using fiber photometry, we found that arky activities were higher during random interval (RI; habit) compared to random ratio (RR; goal) operant conditioning. Support vector machine analysis demonstrated that arky neuron activities have sufficient information to distinguish between RR and RI behavior. Genetic ablation of this arkyGPe→DLS circuit facilitated a shift from goal-directed to habitual behavior. Conversely, chemogenetic activation globally reduced seeking behaviors, which was blocked by systemic D1R agonism. Our findings reveal a role of this arkyGPe→DLS circuit in constraining habitual seeking in male mice, which is relevant to addictive behaviors and other compulsive disorders.

Obsessive - compulsive disorder - course during pregnancy, exacerbation factors - literature review

Introduction and purpose of the work: 
 The period of pregnancy and puerperium is the time of increased vulnerability for mother’s mental deterioration. While disorders such as perinatal depression have been detailed, an impact of pregnancy on the course of other mental disorders such as OCD is less investigated. The purpose of this work was to draw attention to the factors that may influence exacerbation of obsessions and compulsions in pregnancy and during the postpartum period. The most common obsessions and compulsions of pregnant women and the influence of mother’s OCD on the newborn have also been described in this research.
 
 State of knowledge:
 Factors such as mother’s age, duration of pregnancy, method of delivery may be predictors of aggravation of obsessions and compulsions. Gestational diabetes, thyroid hormones levels, personality disorders of the mother, stress, cultural beliefs also have an impact on mother’s OCD. Infant being infected or hurt are the most common obsession subjects while cleaning and checking the baby happen to be the most frequent compulsions.
 
 Summary:
 It is important to disseminate knowledge about the course of OCD during pregnancy and postpartum period and pay attention to the inflammatory factors for earlier diagnosis and treatment. More research about factors worsening OCD through pregnancy are needed to be conducted.

PSYCHIATRIC MORBIDITIES AND BURDEN IN CAREGIVERS OF PATIENTS OF OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER

Background: Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic mental disorder that can be a source of emotional, financial and/or social burden for family caregivers. Few studies have investigated family caregiving for patients diagnosed with OCD in relation to the coping strategies being used from a theoretical perspective. This study evaluated the burden and coping strategies of family caregivers for people diagnosed with OCD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, in which 94 participants diagnosed with OCD and their caregivers were surveyed using Burden assessment schedule (BAS) used to measure burden among caregivers of patients of OCD. Results: The mean ages of the patients were 36.03 + 12.03 and the caregivers were 43.28 + 14.76. Only 46.8% of the caregivers were female, compared to 74.5% of the patients who were female. Patients spouses made up half of the caregivers (50%) and parents made up almost a quarter (22%) The average length of the illness was 8.10± 6.60 years, and the average length of the cure was 4.04 ±4.47 years. The mean BAS score for the caregiver was 39.52 ±12.99. The Relationship Between Sociodemographic, Clinical, Quality-of-Life, and Disease Burden of Patients The BAS scores of caregivers who had patients who thought their income was low were significantly higher than those of the other caregivers (p=0.013). Conclusions: Designing strategic interventions for family caregiver coping is necessary to support the unique burdens and coping mechanisms faced by family caregivers of people with OCD.

The development of compulsive coping behaviour is associated with a downregulation of Arc in a Locus Coeruleus neuronal ensemble

Some compulsive disorders have been considered to stem from the loss of control over coping strategies, such as displacement. However, the cellular mechanisms involved in the acquisition of coping behaviours and their subsequent compulsive manifestation in vulnerable individuals have not been elucidated. Considering the role of the locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenaline-dependent system in stress and related excessive behaviours, we hypothesised that neuroplastic changes in the LC may be associated with the acquisition of an adjunctive polydipsic water drinking, a prototypical displacement behaviour, and the ensuing development of compulsion in vulnerable individuals. Thus, male Sprague Dawley rats were characterised for their tendency, or not, to develop compulsive polydipsic drinking in a schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) procedure before their fresh brains were harvested. A new quantification tool for RNAscope assays revealed that the development of compulsive adjunctive behaviour was associated with a low mRNA copy number of the plasticity marker Arc in the LC which appeared to be driven by specific adaptations in an ensemble of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+, zif268− neurons. This ensemble was specifically engaged by the expression of compulsive adjunctive behaviour, not by stress, because its functional recruitment was not observed in individuals that no longer had access to the water bottle before sacrifice, while it consistently correlated with the levels of polydipsic water drinking only when it had become compulsive. Together these findings suggest that downregulation of Arc mRNA levels in a population of a TH+/zif268− LC neurons represents a signature of the tendency to develop compulsive coping behaviours.

Smartphone addiction and its impact on knowledge, cognitive and psychomotor skills among dental students in India: An observational study.

Addictive behavior toward the use of smartphones has turned out to be a commonly present phenomenon in this digital era. An individual's overindulgence in smartphone devices has turned into an obsessive and compulsive disorder. This addiction has been found to influence the physical, social, and psychological wellbeing of the studied population. This observational study aimed to assess smartphone addiction and its impact on knowledge, cognitive, and psychomotor skills in students pursuing dentistry in India. This prospective and cross-sectional survey-based study comprised 100 dental undergraduate students who were selected by a random sampling technique. The age range of subjects ranged between 18 and 22 years with equal gender distribution (50 each male and female). A prevalidated questionnaire containing 30 items encompassing five variables, that is, applications related to healthcare, entertainment, shopping, communication, and education were used to assess the response. Based on scores, patients were categorized as addicted or with no addiction. For evaluating the knowledge, cognitive, and psychomotor skills of students, theory-based examinations were held in different subjects as per the semester year of selected students while psychomotor skills were assessed by conducting clinical or preclinical examinations conducted by two separate examiners who following mutual agreement were assigned appropriate scores. All scores were categorized into four grades, that is, from grades I to VI. Students with smartphone addiction exhibited lower performance in both theory-based and clinical/preclinical assessment examinations with a majority of them scoring grade III or IV. Smartphone addiction reduces the academic knowledge, cognitive, and psychomotor skills of dental students.

Subjective assessment of RDoC constructs in addiction and compulsive disorders: a scoping review

Subjective assessment of RDoC constructs in addiction and compulsive disorders: a scoping review

Containment and father image transformation in treating the family of an adolescent Chinese boy

In this article, we report on treating a Chinese family with an adolescent boy. We will discuss the complexity of the case and the reasons combined individual and family treatment has been offered and seems effective for family containment and for transformation of the boy's father image. The boy who we will call Harry came to Dr Song for individual therapy for his depressive and irritable emotions. He had just dropped out of high school and then became addicted to computer games. He also had obsessive intentions, such as throwing his phone out of the building. He was diagnosed with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and obsessive– compulsive disorder (OCD). We soon found that his complex family had contributed significantly to his difficulties. Harry's symptoms related to his mother's unstable emotions and his father's humiliating behaviour. And his mother was considering divorce. So we recommended them for couple and family therapy, which they began with Dr Fang two years after Harry first received individual therapy.

Does the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine modify canine anxiety related behaviour?

PICO question
 Does administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine reduce the severity and / or frequency of some anxiety related behaviours in companion dogs, of at least 8 months of age, when compared with no pharmacological treatment?
 
 Clinical bottom line
 Category of research question
 Treatment
 The number and type of study designs reviewed
 Two studies, both randomised, were critically appraised. Each had a placebo control group and the dog's owners were blinded to the treatments
 Strength of evidence
 Moderate
 Outcomes reported
 Both studies provide moderate evidence that fluoxetine, when dispensed at 1–2 mg/kg per day by oral administration and not involving a behavioural modification program for the patient, may reduce some behaviours associated with separation anxiety and / or compulsive disorders. Both studies indicate that a reduction in some unwanted behaviours may be observed after 1 week of fluoxetine medication. Both studies recommend that behavioural and environmental modifications are important adjuncts to pharmacologic treatment of dogs with either compulsive disorders or separation anxiety. Both studies also report that some dogs treated with fluoxetine experienced anorexia / decreased appetite and lethargy, although most of these effects were transient
 Conclusion
 The clinical recommendation is that fluoxetine at 1–2 mg/kg administered orally, once daily, may be beneficial in reducing the severity of some canine anxiety related behaviours
 
 How to apply this evidence in practice
 The application of evidence into practice should take into account multiple factors, not limited to: individual clinical expertise, patient’s circumstances and owners’ values, country, location or clinic where you work, the individual case in front of you, the availability of therapies and resources.
 Knowledge Summaries are a resource to help reinforce or inform decision making. They do not override the responsibility or judgement of the practitioner to do what is best for the animal in their care.

Is There a Psychiatric Diagnosis in Chronic Ankle Instability Patients?

Category: Ankle; Other Introduction/Purpose: Ankle instability is an extremely common clinical entity. Chronic ankle instability (CAI) can develop in some patients, leading to continued pain and dysfunction. However, there is very limited data to date on what impact common psychiatric pathology may have on patients' experience with CAI. This study aimed to investigate the association between psychiatric diagnosis and CAI, and whether having a diagnosed psychiatric illness impacts the outcome of CAI. We hypothesized that a concomitant diagnosis of psychiatric pathology with CAI would be significantly associated with lower postoperative patient- reported outcome measures (PROMs). Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of 276 patients (280 ankles) treated between 2005 and 2021 at an academic medical center by one of three fellowship-trained foot and ankle orthopaedic surgeons, of which 56 underwent surgery and 130 had a concomitant psychiatric diagnosis (i.e., anxiety=111, depression=105, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]=19, obsessive- compulsive disorder [OCD]=6, bipolar disorder [BPD]=5). Data collected included demographics, conservative treatment history, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), such as Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Brief Resiliency Scale (BRS), 12-Item Short-Form Survey (SF-12), Somatic Symptom Scale (SSS-8), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Pain Disability Index (PDI), Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM). Results: Preoperatively, patients with these concomitant psychiatric diagnoses had worse preoperative PROMs. However, the overall cohort improved postoperatively across all PROMs. In particular, the FAOS Total score relatively increased by 35.28% (preop=57.29%, postop=77.50%, p=.011) and the FAAM Total by 49.86% (preop=45.87%, postop=68.74%, p=.027). Both improvements were significant. Of note, the relative change of pre- to postoperative FAOS and FAAM scores was greater among the mental illness group in all scores but FAOS Sports and Recreation. (Table 1) However, no postoperative PROM among the mental illness group, aside from the FAOS Symptoms and Stiffness score, was as high as the postoperative score of those without mental illness. Although patients with these psychiatric illnesses more often failed conservative measures and subsequently received surgical treatment, this was not significant. Conclusion: CAI patients with a concomitant psychiatric diagnosis improved more following surgery than those without mental illness, as measured by FAOS and FAAM scores. However, the mental illness group did not report postoperative FAOS and FAAM scores as high as those without mental illness. Furthermore, CAI patients with a concomitant mental illness more often failed conservative treatment and went on to receive surgery. Physicians should be aware of this information when counseling CAI patients with a concomitant mental illness.

Self-inflicted pathological cutaneous disorders. Part I.

Self-inflicted skin disorders are artefact diseases inflicted by the use of multiple different means, for various different purposes. They account for about 2% of dermatology patient visits and include disorders with a denied or hidden pathological behavior (factitious disorders) and disorders with a non-denied and non-hidden pathological behavior (compulsive disorders). In turn, factitious skin disorders are subdivided into two groups: factitious disorders without an external incentive and factitious disorders with external incentives. In addition to the general diagnostic criteria, the present work examines the clinical forms of diseases of the first group (including dermatitis artefacta, Munchausen Syndrome, Munchausen Syndrome by proxy, and Morgellons Syndrome). In this case, the subject suffers from psychological problems and generally aims to attract the attention of the people around him, and in particular of his general practitioner, or else is reacting to difficult or unfavorable environmental conditions by means of an involuntary somatization at the level of the skin. The second part of the work on self-inflicted skin disorders will comprise the factitious disorders with external incentives and the compulsive disorders.

Clinical Evidence for the Effectiveness of Herbal Medicines in the Treatment of an Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder: A Review Study.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a potentially debilitating disease that affects 1-4% of the general population. It is characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions which interfere with the individual's life and functioning. Although conventional treatments such as drug therapies and cognitive behavioral therapy exist for OCD, these treatments are not universally successful and can cause side effects, which has created a demand for alternative and complementary therapies. In this review, we summarize randomized clinical trials on the effectiveness of herbal medicines for the treatment of OCD, and review the possible mechanisms of action for these medicines. A search in PubMed, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library found 1022 studies, of which 7 were included in our review. The studies that we found were conducted over 6 to 12 weeks, and had an average sample size of 37. The plant species studied included Crocus sativus, Echium amoenum, Hypericum perforatum, Silybum marianum, Valeriana officinalis, and Withania somnifera. The trials demonstrated the effectiveness of all plants as treatments for OCD except H. perforatum. The phytochemicals found in these plants produce their effects through a variety of means such as inhibiting the reuptake of monoamines, GABAergic effects, and neuroendocrine modulation. The small number of studies and their small sample sizes, poor methodology, and lack of replication highlight the need for further research into herbal medicines for the treatment of OCD. Overall, herbal medicines can be used as stand-alone therapies for OCD or in conjunction with other methods.

Self-inflicted pathological cutaneous disorders. Part II.

Self-inflicted skin disorders are artefact diseases inflicted by the use of multiple different means, for various different purposes. They account for about 2% of dermatology patient visits, and include disorders with a denied or hidden pathological behavior (factitious disorders) and disorders with a non-denied and non-hidden pathological behavior (compulsive disorders). In turn, factitious skin disorders are subdivided into 2 groups: factitious disorders without an external incentive (considered in a preceding work) and factitious disorders with external incentives. In the second eventuality, the simulator is motivated by illicit intent, wishing to evade civil duties or a prison sentence, for instance, or to exploit situations of an occupational nature, and is fully aware of his action and his intention. Apart of the two groups of pathomimic artefacts and malingering, some self-inflicted dermatoses are due to behavioral disorders involving compulsive habits (tics, psychological excoriations). The great majority of subjects suffering from the latter disturbances are quick to confess their urge to self-inflict lesions. The management, including both psychiatric and dermatological assessment, concludes this second part of the work regarding the self-inflicted cutaneous diseases.

Pandemic effects on health condition specific healthcare encounters in British Columbia, Canada.

ObjectiveWhile overall health service use declined following the start of the pandemic, the aim of this analysis is to generate insights to inform public health priorities by identifying higher-than-expected patterns of health care service use for some health condition and population groups.
 ApproachHealth care encounters for hospital, emergency department, and primary care encounters between 2011 and 2021 were categorized into condition groups according to the CIHI Population Grouping Methodology (British Columbia version). Actual health condition encounters were compared with ARIMA-based encounter forecasts to identify conditions with different-from-expected encounter rates in 2020 and 2021. For each of 225 CIHI-defined health conditions, we identified health conditions for which service use was higher-than-expected. Area-based socioeconomic status and virtual care visit data are examined to further explore conditions that continue to differ from their pre-pandemic encounter patterns.
 ResultsThis analysis demonstrates that some health condition groups have seen dramatic increases in service use. The three most impacted groups with higher-than-expected encounters are hypercholesterolaemia/high cholesterol [47.8% increase in average monthly encounters since 2019], emotional and behavioural disorder (w/onset generally in childhood) [+37.3%] and neurotic/anxiety/obsessive compulsive disorder [+28.0%]. Since the start of the pandemic in British Columbia, the health condition groups with both the highest volumes of services and higher than expected service use included: hypercholesterolemia & hypothyroidism, mental health conditions (eating disorder, depression, and others), hypertension and heart failure, and diabetes. Additional descriptive analysis explores potential inequities in encounters by socio-economic status and how virtual care has changed service patterns.
 ConclusionIncreased service use may reflect greater need, better access to virtual care or potential changes in diagnoses. Identifying patterns of higher-than-expected use can support program planning to address growing need in certain regions or populations. Additional exploration will be undertaken to examine lower-than-expected service use as potential unmet need.

Subjective assessments of research domain criteria constructs in addiction and compulsive disorders: a scoping review protocol

IntroductionObsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) and disorders due to addictive behaviours (DABs) are prevalent conditions that share behavioural and neurobiological characteristics. The Research Domain Criteria lists a series of constructs...

Investigating the Obsessive and Compulsive Features of Cyberchondria: A Holistic Review.

BackgroundCyberchondria has been brought into sharp focus during the COVID-19 health emergency; it refers to individuals who obsessively and compulsively search for health information online, resulting in excessive health concerns. Recent scholarship focuses on its obsessive and compulsive aspect, following a biopsychosocial approach as opposed to a pathology of health anxiety. It lacks interpretation of the socio-psychological dynamics between the dimensions.ObjectiveThis review aims to propose a holistic view toward understanding cyberchondria as an obsessive–compulsive syndrome and considers possible interventions. It specifically seeks to explain cyberchondria from diversified mediator variables and to pinpoint connections between each perspective.MethodologyComprehensive searches of databases such as PubMed and Springer were conducted to identify English articles relating to cyberchondria from 2001 to 2022. Based on a systematic filtering process, 27 articles were finally reviewed.FindingsThe authors compare and confirm three forecasts to predict cyberchondria, associating it with individual metacognition, uncertainty of unverified information, and algorithm-driven, biased information environments.ValueTheoretically, a holistic framework is proposed to explain the obsessive and compulsive features of cyberchondria. Clinically, the research calls for more professional psychoeducation and chain screening of cyberchondria and other psychological disorders. Socially, it promotes support for risk-sensitive, information-deficient groups during pandemics like COVID-19. It also stresses more careful use of algorithm-driven search engine technology for platforms delivering medical information. Future research may explore areas such as the association between cyberchondria and other social-related disorders, as well as correlations among cyberchondria, obsessive and compulsive disorders, medical trust, and algorithm-driven search results.

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder symptoms in the perinatal period: prevalence and associations with postpartum functioning.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms are more likely to develop or be exacerbated during pregnancy and the postpartum period, which can cause significant distress and impairment. However, the disorders grouped with OCD in the DSM-5, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRD; e.g., hoarding disorder (HD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), trichotillomania (TTM), excoriation disorder (ED)), have rarely been examined in the perinatal period. This study aimed to explore (1) the prevalence of all clinically significant OCRD symptoms in pregnancy and the postpartum period and (2) the correlations between OCRD psychopathology and postpartum functioning. Participants were recruited during their second trimester of pregnancy from a Midwestern medical center. Participants completed an online questionnaire and a semi-structured clinical interview during pregnancy (28-32weeks' gestation, N = 276) and the postpartum period (6-8weeks, N = 221). BDD and OCD symptoms were the most prevalent. In pregnancy, 14.9% (N = 41) of participants endorsed clinically significant BDD symptoms and 6.2% (N = 17) endorsed clinically significant OCD symptoms. In the postpartum period, 11.8% (N = 26) endorsed clinically significant BDD symptoms and 14% (N = 31) endorsed clinically significant OCD symptoms. Poorer postpartum functioning was associated with elevated OCRD symptoms in pregnancy and postpartum. OCRD symptoms occur during pregnancy and the postpartum period at rates similar or higher than other life periods. Elevated OCRD symptoms are associated with poorer postpartum functioning across domains. Future research should explore how all OCRD symptoms may affect functioning in the perinatal period, not only OCD symptoms.

Mental Health Mobile Application with Diagnosis, Sentiment Analysis and Chatbot

Mobile phones are probably one of the fastest growing and most rapidly adopted technologies in the world. The various apps and their health features are still relatively new, but their popularity is growing rapidly. The purpose of this study is to explore multiple elements of mental health applications. This study examines many aspects of mental health-related applications available on the Google Play Store between 2016 and 2020. We used a list of keywords such as mental health, mental illness, mental illness, mental illness remedies, and mental illness remedies to search for apps in the Google Play store. Various applications and programming tools were used to scrape the data. According to our findings, psychiatric apps primarily address the following symptoms: depression, anxiety, general mental health, stress, post-traumatic stress disorders, bipolar disorders, panic disorders, Sleep disorders, schizophrenia, compulsive disorders, substance abuse (drugs and alcohol), addiction (techniques, etc.). The app, on the other hand, offers different approaches to improving mental health. Relaxation, stress management, symptom tracking, soothing audio, journaling, connecting with mental health resources, interpersonal support, meditation, mood tracking, etc. are one of the approaches. These simple and engaging mental health apps have addressed specific mental health issues. The most common strategy for dealing with these issues is relaxation. It was not possible to predict the reliability of these applications based on their ratings and the number of users rated.

Co-occurring OCD and Panic Disorder: A Review of Their Etiology and Treatment.

Estimated rates of co-occurrence between obsessive and compulsive disorder (OCD) and panic disorder (PD) are notable, but vary considerably, with rates from epidemiological and clinical studies ranging from 1.8% to 22% (Rector et al., 2017). We reviewed the current empirical literature on the etiology, treatment, diagnostic assessment, and differential diagnosis of co-occurring OCD/PD. Best practices for cognitive-behavioral treatment, including identifying and addressing treatment barriers are also addressed. Although it is acknowledged in current literature that co-occurring OCD and PD levels may be clinically significant, there remains a need to thoroughly examine the possible consequences and future research directions of this overlap. Future research must continue to elucidate the biological and environmental causes of OCD/PD co-occurrence.

The Relationship of Shopping-Related Decisions with Materialistic Values Endorsement, Compulsive Buying-Shopping Disorder Symptoms and Everyday Moral Decision Making.

Background: Compulsive buying-shopping disorder (CBSD) is associated with high materialistic values endorsement and excessive purchasing of consumer goods. A subgroup of individuals with CBSD engage in socially unacceptable behaviors to continue shopping despite negative consequences. This investigation aimed at exploring possible links between ego-oriented shopping-related decisions, materialism, symptoms of CBSD and close-to-everyday moral decision making. Methods: In study 1, patients with CBSD were interviewed to develop a list of conflict situations, capturing typical shopping-related dilemmas. In study 2, the shopping-related dilemmas from study 1, standardized close-to-everyday moral dilemmas, the Material Values Scale and Pathological Buying Screener were administered to a web-based convenience sample (n = 274). Results: The main effects of a moderated hierarchical regression analysis revealed an association of more ego-oriented shopping-related decisions with both higher materialistic values endorsement and more CBSD symptoms, but not with everyday moral decision-making. However, a more egoistic everyday moral decision making style moderated the effect of CBSD symptoms on ego-oriented shopping related decisions. Conclusions: The findings indicate that a more egoistic everyday moral decision making style is not directly linked to domain-specific shopping-related decision making but strengthens the link between symptoms of CBSD and ego-oriented shopping-related decisions.