Disorder In Society Research Articles

ROAMER: roadmap for mental health research in Europe.

Despite the high impact of mental disorders in society, European mental health research is at a critical situation with a relatively low level of funding, and few advances been achieved during the last decade. The development of coordinated research policies and integrated research networks in mental health is lagging behind other disciplines in Europe, resulting in lower degree of cooperation and scientific impact. To reduce more efficiently the burden of mental disorders in Europe, a concerted new research agenda is necessary. The ROAMER (Roadmap for Mental Health Research in Europe) project, funded under the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme, aims to develop a comprehensive and integrated mental health research agenda within the perspective of the European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 programme, with a translational goal, covering basic, clinical and public health research. ROAMER covers six major domains: infrastructures and capacity building, biomedicine, psychological research and treatments, social and economic issues, public health and well-being. Within each of them, state-of-the-art and strength, weakness and gap analyses were conducted before building consensus on future research priorities. The process is inclusive and participatory, incorporating a wide diversity of European expert researchers as well as the views of service users, carers, professionals and policy and funding institutions.

Obvious and hidden anxiety and the related factors in operating room nurses employed in general hospital, Qazvin, Iran: a cross-sectional study.

Background:Health promotion and security of manpower in a society is one of the pillars to progress a society. Anxiety, is the most common psychological disorder in societies and occupations like nursing, anesthesia technicians and operation room technicians. The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence of anxiety, and its severity in Iranian nurses working in operation room. Also, we determined the most important associated factors with anxiety.Methods:In this cross sectional study, 152 nurses working in operating room participated. The tool to gather the data was a questionnaire, that included three parts; demographic information, obvious anxiety questions and hidden anxiety questions of Spielburger. Obtained data was analysed with SPSS 16 software.Results:The majority of participants were females (94.7%) with experience at work less than 10 years (84.9%). The average scores of participants in obvious and hidden anxiety were 41.9±39.4 (range 20 to 75) and 39.4±8.2 (range 20 to 70), respectively. Anxiety level was significantly higher in females than males (P=0.04). The most prevalent cause of anxiety, was contact with infected biological factors (23% of nurses). The less important cause was concern about retirement (42.8% of nurses).Conclusion:Our results suggest that, anxiety disorders is prevalent in Iranian nurses working in public city hospitals, which warrants immediate programs for intervention to improve working situations in work place.

Evaluation of Renal Function in Non- Hypertensive Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

OZET Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is one of the most common sleep disorders in society. The presence of hypertension is shown in 30-60% of OSAS patients. Creatinine clearance (CC) in hypertensive OSAS patients was found to be lower than non-hypertensive OSAS patients. In our study, we aimed to determine CC in nonhypertensive OSAS patients comparing with the control group and determine that CC is affected by the severity of OSAS. Material and Methods: Ninety-three patients with complaints of snoring who were diagnosed as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with polysomnography were examined in the study between March 2009-November 2010. Renal function tests were performed in these patients and creatinine clearance was calculated. Results: According to the OSAS severity, 30 patients were in the mild, 32 in moderate and 31 in severe OSAS group.There were no statistically significant differences in the demograpic data, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and CC between OSAS and control groups There was no corelation between severity of disease and CC. Conclusion: Due to the pathophysiologic features of OSAS, chronic kidney disease can develop in these patients, although hypertension has not yet developed. Therefore it must be considered that, hypertension may develop in patients with OSAS; blood pressure monitoring, evaluation and monitoring of renal function should not be neglected.

Early career psychiatrists corner: Third young psychiatrists’ network meeting: Stigma in YPs’ perspective

The movement of the young psychiatrists’ (YPs) network (YPN) was born in 2009 and has developed substantially since then. The idea of network collaboration was suggested by the Swedish Eastern Europe Committee (Assoc. Professor Jerker Hanson) and found approval of YPs from Lithuania, Sweden, Belarus, and Russia in Kaliningrad in May 2009. Next 2 meetings took place in Vilnius, Lithuania in 2010 devoted to neuropsychiatry and diagnostic scales and Riga, Latvia in 2011 with the main topics of personality disorders and coercive care. The number of countries-delegates has increased from 4 in 2009 to 18 (90 YPs) in 2011. YPN is open to all interested YPs all over the world and supports any activity of participants in the field of professional development. YPN preferentially focuses on international exchange of recent evidence-based knowledge about mental health and treatment focusing on patient’s rights, national diversities and cultural traditions and working toward destigmatizing psychiatrists and mental disorders in society using the creative ideas of young minds and innovative technologies. The interaction between in YPN is based on mutual respect, openness and already friendship. The activity of organization includes both on-line collaboration and annual conferences with publishing of abstract booklets of young researchers. Programmes of YPN Meetings include not only lectures by prominent professors but maintain workshops and social program as a way to increase activity and involvement of young participants. After each conference all YPs are welcomed to take part in organizing committee of the future meeting. The forthcoming Meeting is supported by European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees and will take place in Minsk, Belarus, 27–29th September 2012. The project is oriented on the development of new perspectives in understanding of phenomenon of stigma of mental disorders in patients, professionals and society, as it seems to be a real substantial obstacle in contemporary psychiatry. The program of the conference is accessible at www.ypsnet. org and includes lectures by Professors N. Sartorius (Switzerland), Sir D. Goldberg (UK), W. Gaebel (Germany), W. Rutz (Sweden), R. D’Souza, A. Janca (Australia), E. Mohandas, Anu Kant Mital (India), R. Evsegneev, O. Skugarevsky, S. Igumnov (Belarus). Members of early career psychiatrists’ organizations such as EFPT, WPA ECPC, AFECP, Russian ECPC and others will discuss their collaboration during the meeting of YPN without involvement or creation of any new organization. YPN is just the unity of early career psychiatrists from all countries of Europe and Russia. YPN is not an organization of any hierarchy but collaboration of enthusiastic YPs from Europe and Russia who encourage each other in an open dialogue and a brainstorming fostering atmosphere. The importance of meeting is emphasized by first participation of young colleagues from AFECP and their involvement in activities of organizing committees of future annual Meetings. It is an important step for AFECP to promote itself on the international level among ECPs organizations, demonstrate the opinion, share experience and make a contribution into networking on behalf of Asia. Members of AFECP are welcomed to provide the ideas of networking worldwide through the countries of Asia and strengthen collaboration between European and Asian YPs for further assistance in solving current professional problems and mutual benefits of early career psychiatrists in their own countries. YPN is sincerely grateful to Elsevier who kindly supported the process of developing and publishing of promoting materials about the Meeting.

Dependence disorders as disorders of society, family and individual: A critique of non-action

Since early 1990s substance abuse and dependence among young people in our country has been growing. Therefore to devise a prevention program should be a task number one for the government. Social factors (economic and political crisis, forced migration, unemployment, etc), on one side, family disfunction and individual causes on the other, can result in insecurity fear, feeling of meaninglessness in the young mind and hence the need to "solve" these problems by using one of psychoactive substances (PAS). Studies have shown that the young and especially their families have a very poor knowledge of PAS - their kinds and uses, how to recognize a person (ab)using PAS, and what somatic and psychological consequences are produced by taking them. Social tolerance to alcohol use and abuse is high, society is supportive of alcohol use, while on the other hand individuals with substance dependence disorder are stigmatized and ostracized. The very first steps have been made in investigating this problem, some action has been taken, but serious comprehension of the problem and creation and realization of the national prevention program for substance use disorder are still missing.

Experiences of pregnancy‐related body shape changes and of breast‐feeding in women with a history of eating disorders

AbstractIn spite of the growing problems of eating disorders in society, no publications have reported the cumulative prevalence of eating disorders among childbearing women. The condition may constitute a risk during pregnancy and the childbirth period. This study examined the frequency of self‐reported eating disorder histories in women who had been delivered 3–7 months earlier as well as their experiences of body shape changes and breast feeding and the length of the breast‐feeding periods. Five hundred and sixteen women were invited to participate, of whom 454 responded to a questionnaire (88 per cent). A history of an eating disorder was reported by 11.5 per cent of the respondents, with a predominance of younger women. Significantly fewer women among those reporting an eating disorder breast‐fed their 3‐month‐old baby. However, no difference was seen regarding feelings related to the transformed body shape. Almost all women described such feelings as positive. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.

Of tidy gardens and clean houses: housing officers as agents of social control

This paper seeks to contribute to the theme of institutional geographies by exploring how the prevailing socio-spatial order is recreated and legitimated in the ways in which public rented housing is managed and delivered by housing associations and local authorities in the UK. The public rented sector has been increasingly catering for the most vulnerable sections of the population who are dependent on state benefits and cannot afford any other form of housing. As a result, housing staffs have found themselves having to take on a welfare role which entails controlling and policing social tenants who are seen to be causing disorder in society. This paper shows how a dominant housing management discourse reproduced by policies and staff at both front-line and management levels is that of an emerging ‘underclass’ promoted by right wing politicians and the media since the 1980s. According to dominant housing management discourse the members of this underclass are disrupting traditional patriarchal and capitalist institutions and values. Tenants’ houses and gardens not conforming to culturally and socially acceptable standards of cleanliness and tidiness symbolises tenants’ lack of conformity to the prevailing institutional order. Drawing on in-depth interviews with housing officers and managers, and observations of interviews between staff and tenants in six housing organisations, this paper analyses the ways in which housing organisations seek to control social tenants through the imposition of certain norms of cleanliness over their houses and gardens.

Longitudinal Quantitative Measures of the Natural Course of Low Back Pain Recovery

A prospective study was developed to quantify acute low back pain recovery. To compare traditional self-report measures of low back pain recovery with a quantitative measure of recovery. The magnitude of low back disorders in society continues to be a problem. To prevent secondary injuries, an understanding of recovery must be gained by comparing the natural course of recovery using several outcome measures. For this study, 16 occupational and 16 nonoccupational patients with low back pain were recruited. Recovery was monitored prospectively every 2 weeks for 3 to 6 months, using subjective work status, pain symptoms, activities of daily living, and objective functional performance probability (trunk kinematics). Return to work underestimated the percentage of subjects impaired, as compared with all other outcome measures. Symptoms, activities of daily living, and functional performance probability all showed similar patterns of recovery for 0 to 12 weeks. At 14 weeks, there was a lag in functional performance recovery. Both symptoms and activities of daily living indicated that 80% of the population was recovered, whereas functional performance indicated the figure to be 68%. This prospective study demonstrates the natural course of recovery using several outcome measures. The objective kinematic functional performance measure of recovery quantifies a different aspect of impairment not evaluated by traditional subjective measures. Use of several outcome measures may lead to a better understanding of low back pain recovery or residual impairment, which may minimize the risk of recurrent injury.

Estado Novo: projeto político pedagógico e a construção do saber

A partir da análise do discurso da imprensa laica e religiosa de Pernambuco, no Estado Novo, e do conteúdo da correspondência particular do interventor Agamenon Magalhães, tornou-se possível identificar uma admi-nistração que reificou o papel da educação e do pedagogo como veículos de construção da ordem e da desordem na sociedade. A sustentação de um clima de insegurança, terror e violência assegurava a implantação de uma situação de fato: exonerações e aposentadorias forçadas transfor-maram-se em instrumentos de punição e armas de combate contra aqueles que eram apontados como representantes da pedagogia da desordem.

Suicide, homicide and crime in Ireland: What are the relationships?

The relationship between suicide and homicide has long been ofinterest. It has often been written that the two are inversely relatedthough more recent reports, especially from North America, suggest thatthe two vary in parallel. In 1970, Kendell hypothesised that suicide andhomicide should be inversely related. This study tested this prediction inan Irish context by examining the suicide and homicide rates of theRepublic of Ireland and Northern Ireland for the years 1950–1990. The results suggest that, in general, suicide and homicide are positivelyrelated and that the inverse relationship hypothesis is limited to periodswhen a society is in a war-like situation. There is a positive relationshipbetween suicide and indictable crime in both countries, more so in the Republic of Ireland. In light of these findings a new hypothesis isproposed that, in general society, suicide, homicide and indictable crimeare positively related and reflect the level of disorder in society.

Suicide, homicide and crime in Ireland: What are the relationships?

The relationship between suicide and homicide has long been of interest. It has often been written that the two are inversely related though more recent reports, especially from North America, suggest that the two vary in parallel. In 1970, Kendell hypothesised that suicide and homicide should be inversely related. This study tested this prediction in an Irish context by examining the suicide and homicide rates of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland for the yean 1950-1990. The results suggest that, in general, suicide and homicide are positively related and that the inverse relationship hypothesis is limited to periods when a society is in a war-like situation. There is a positive relationship between suicide and indictable crime in both countries, more so in the Republic of Ireland. In light of these findings a new hypothesis is proposed that, in general society, suicide, homicide and indictable crime are positively related and reflect the level of disorder in society.

"America's Boy Friend Who Can't Get a Date": Gender, Race, and the Cultural Work of the Jack Benny Program, 1932-1946

Jack Benny's comedy program was one of the nation's most popular radio shows from its inception in 1932 until the late 1940s. The widespread appeal of the show, during the period of radio's greatest influence, suggests that it may reveal a great deal about mainstream culture of that period. Operating from the assumption that the show takes positions on pressing issues of the time, this paper will explore the question of what the Benny program was doing. I shall argue that the show's popularity derived from two interrelated ways it dealt with its subject matter. First, the show reflected its social context by representing anxieties that were widespread in depression America, including concerns about consumption and the economy, family dynamics, gender roles, and racial difference. Second, the show attempted to shape listeners' attitudes and ideas by offering temporary ideological resolutions of many of those social anxieties. The show modeled a fantasy world where work and consumption were unproblematic; where white male dominance in the family was unchallenged because married women did not exist; where the chaos and disorder of society were projected onto African-American communities; and where masculinity and a man's status in the family did not necessarily depend on his economic situation. Because this vision conflicted with cultural values celebrating family life, companionate marriage, and (eventually) racial justice, it was partly obscured by a consistent use of foils (contrasting characters) and of ambiguity, which allowed listeners to interpret the show's meanings in various ways. Such structural ambiguity helps explain the show's tremendous popularity; it allowed listeners positioned differently in the culture to choose their own understandings of the show's meanings and to identify with the characters in multiple ways.

Order and Disorder in Rousseau's Social Thought

AbstractThe problem of order is central to Rousseau’s political and social thought. Nature’s order has been ruptured by man’s unique ability to conceive of order and cannot be restored; only a properly conceived artificial order can be “natural” and remedy the defects introduced by the original violation. This article examines Rousseau’s analysis of disorder in society (inequality, injustice, a “state of war”) and in the self (three modes of alienation); the philosophical bases of his theory about an artificial order being “natural” and remedying the designated defects; and the rationale of the means of doing so. The discussion involves two paradigms (the body, Julie’s garden) and four paradoxes (completing alienation, remaking nature, “losing” the self to restore it, using inequality to establish equality). Rousseau’s vocabulary and rhetoric are shown to support this analysis. In his argument, liberty and submission, self-fulfillment and the authoritarian state, nature and culture cease being antitheses.

Man's Disorder and God's Design: The Amsterdam Assembly Series. Vol. I, The Universal Church in God's Design; Vol II, The Church's Witness to God's Design; Vol. III, The Church and the Disorder of Society; Vol. IV, The Church and the International Disorder. (S.C.M. Press; 12s. 6d. each volume.)

Man's Disorder and God's Design: The Amsterdam Assembly Series. Vol. 1, The Universal Church in God's Design; Vol II, The Church's Witness to God's Design; Vol. III, The Church and the Disorder of Society; Vol. IV, The Church and the International Disorder.The Structure of Caroline Moral Theology. An Investigation of Principles. By H. R. McAdoo, Ph.D.The Life and Times of John Sharp, Archbishop of York. By A. Tindal Hart, M.A., B.D.The Glass of Vision. The Bampton Lectures of 1948. By Austin Farrer, D.D.Kietzsche: The Story of A Human Philosopher. By H. A. Reyburn.Ape and Essence. A Novel by Aldous Huxley.Men and Wives. By I. Compton‐Burnett.More Women than Men. By I. Compton‐Burnett.Report of the Oxford University Drama Commission.Education After School By C. Stimson, M.A. International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction.British Cinemas and their Audiences. By J. P. Mayer.The Art of the Film. By Ernest Lindgrea.English Blake. By Bernard Blackstone.

SCHIZOPHRENIA AMONG PRIMITIVES

A survey of the literature reveals that the present state of our knowledge of the schizophrenic reaction in non-literate societies is as inadequate as our knowledge of comparative psychopathology in general. This inadequacy becomes apparent when one considers what should be known about the psychopathologies of a wide range of societies. Ideally, answers to the following questions would seem to be called for in the case of each society investigated. (1) What mental disorders are found, and how do the symptom pictures differ from, or resemble those of Euro-American society? (2) To what extent are psychopathological behaviors defined as such in terms of Euro-American values, to what extent are they defined relative to the values of the culture investigated, and to what extent do they represent deviations from universal social norms (e. g. mutism, extreme negativism, homicidal mania, etc.)? (3) Which personality and temperament types enjoy the greater opportunities for expression, for drive and wish fulfillment, and in what social spheres do these opportunities exist? (4) What are the adjustment hazards figuring in the histories of individuals ultimately declared abnormal? How are they related to the social organization on the one hand, and to the biology of the individual on the other; and in what ways do they resemble or differ from the adjustment problems of the mentally ill in various Euro-American groups? (5) To what extent do the psychotic productions— language, thought and other behavior in the psychosis—reflect inter- and intra-institutional conflicts; and to what extent do they reflect conflict between social and individual expectations? (6) In what ways may the incidence of mental disorder in the society in question be said to be associated with the "advance" of material culture and civilization? The students of schizophrenia among primitives have devoted themselves almost exclusively to the question, Where is schizophrenia found? Seligman and Fans report an absence of the disorder in societies which remain largely isolated from white influences, but one may not attach great importance to their findings inasmuch as the data are limited, and methodological assumptions and research operations are veiled and suspect. Yet, in view of the fact that wherever schizophrenia has been reported the society in question has been in process of acculturation, a sociological hypothesis involving the concepts of culture conflict, marginality and shock appears tenable. Laubscher, Hummer, Dhunjiboy, Shaw, Kraepelin, Lopez, and Mend found schizophrenia among peoples who, though frequently classed as primitive—even by the investigators in some cases—are actually in the throes of acculturation. However, the rarity or absence of schizophrenia among truly primitive peoples generally has simply not been established, in spite of Devereux's overoptimistic conclusion that it has Moreover, it would seem that the definitive answers to the research questions previously formulated will come only from a body of facts that is at present almost wholly non-existent. That is to say, any satisfactory understanding of comparative psychopathology, either among primitive or civilized societies, must be predicated (1) on reliable diagnoses (and derived statistics of incidence) made by psychiatrists who are willing to honestly entertain sociological hypotheses; and (2) on the interpretation of detailed life histories by psychiatrically oriented sociologists, or preferably, by psychologists and sociologists in collaboration. Unfortunately, such knowledge remains as conspicuous by its absence today as it was seven years ago when Hallowell called attention to our need of it, and the task of the travelling field-worker is considerably complicated by wars and rumors of wars.