Disorders In School Children Research Articles

Exploratory Investigation of Handwriting Disorders in School-Aged Children from First to Fifth Grade.

Handwriting disorders (HDs) are prevalent in school-aged children, with significant interference with academic performances. The current study offers a transdisciplinary approach with the use of normed and standardized clinical assessments of neuropsychomotor, neuropsychological and oculomotor functions. The aim is to provide objective data for a better understanding of the nature and the etiology of HDs. Data from these clinical assessments were analyzed for 27 school-aged children with HD (first to fifth grade). The results underline a high heterogeneity of the children presenting HDs, with many co-occurrences often unknown. However, it was possible to highlight three levels of HDs based on BHK scores: mild HD not detected by the BHK test (26% of children), moderate HD (33%) and dysgraphia (41% of children). The mild nature of the HDs not detected by the BHK test appears to occur at a relatively low frequency of the associated disorders identified during clinical evaluations. On the contrary, dysgraphia appears to be associated with a high frequency of co-occurring disorders identified in the clinical assessment, with a predominance of oculomotor disorders (55% of children), leading to visual-perceptual difficulties and a high level of handwriting deterioration. Finally, children with moderate HD have fewer co-occurrences than children with dysgraphia, but have more difficulties than children with mild HD. This highlights the importance of differentiating between different degrees of HDs that do not respond to the same semiologies. Our findings support the interest in performing a transdisciplinary and standardized clinical examination with developmental standards (neuropsychomotor, neuropsychological and oculomotor) in children with HD. Indeed, HDs can therefore be associated with a multitude of disorders of different natures ranging from poor coordination of the graphomotor gesture to a more general and more complex impairment affecting perceptual-motor, cognitive and/or psycho-affective functions.

Description of Mental Emotional Disorders in School-Age Children

Introduction: Mental emotional development that is not good will have several impacts on children, especially in the maturation of their character. This results in emotional mental disorders which can be in the form of high-risk behaviors such as feeling unhappy, having difficulty establishing relationships with other people, and so on. Method. Research using a simple descriptive research design. The population in this study were parents of elementary school children in the Sri Meranti Village area, the number of samples in this study were 210 respondents, taken using an accidental sampling technique. Results. The results obtained from this study indicate that around (80.0%) children experience mental emotional disorders which are in the normal range on the difficulty score, while on the strength score (proportional) it is found that approximately (82.4%) experience mental emotional disorders at normal range. Conclusion. The conclusions obtained in children with mental emotional disorders are in the normal range both in difficulty scores and strength scores (proportional).

Parental Pressure on Child Body Image, BMI, Body Image Dissatisfaction Associated with Eating Disorders in School-Age Children in China: A Path Analysis.

Children's eating behaviors, body shape and body image cognition may be more susceptible to the influence of their parents, but these influences may be weakened with age. There may be different association pathways between parental pressure on children's body image (PPCBI), body mass index (BMI), body image dissatisfaction (BID) and eating disorders (EDs) among children and adolescents at different developmental stages. The stratified cluster sampling method (Stratified by grade, and took the classes as clusters) was used to select 486 students aged 8-15 years in two 9-year schools. Children's body height, weight, testicular volume and breast development were measured. PPCBI, BID, and EDs were investigated using the Appearance-related Social Stress Questionnaire, Body Size Questionnaire (BID-14), and EDI-1 scale, respectively. The boys before puberty initiation had significantly higher EDs score (182.3±50.8) than girls before puberty initiation (164.1±58.1) (P<0.05). There were significant association pathways of PPCBI→BMI→BID→EDs and PPCBI→BID→EDs in boys before puberty initiation (β=0.035, P<0.01; β=0.059, P<0.01), in boys after puberty initiation (β=0.032, P<0.01; β=0.175, P<0.001), and in girls after puberty initiation (β=0.026, P<0.01; β=0.172, P<0.001). There was a positive association pathway of PPCBI→EDs in boys before puberty initiation (β=0.30, P<0.001) and PPCBI→BID→EDs in girls before puberty initiation (β=0.176, P<0.01). Parental pressure on children's body image may positively associate with children's eating disorders through BMI and body image dissatisfaction in boys and girls after puberty initiation and directly associate with eating disorders in boys before puberty initiation; however, it may indirectly associate with eating disorders only through BID in girls before puberty initiation.

Prevalence of Sleep Bruxism and Respiratory Disorders in Schoolchildren Aged 8 - 11 Years in Kerman, Iran: Pre-COVID Pandemic Phase

Background: Bruxism is a parafunctional oral activity defined as excessive teeth grinding or jaw clenching. This disorder causes damage to the teeth and deforms them. Objectives: This is the first phase of the sleep bruxism and respiratory disorders assessment study in Kerman, Iran, which evaluated respiratory disorders and sleep bruxism in schoolchildren aged 8 - 11 years between 2018 - 2019. Methods: A total of 573 primary school students aged 8 - 11 years were recruited for this cross-sectional study in Kerman between 2018 - 2019. The subjects were chosen randomly from 20 schools located throughout the city. Following permission from officials, 30 students from each school were admitted to the study randomly. The parents were invited to fill out a checklist that included a history of respiratory and sleep problems and signs of bruxism or abnormal jaw movements. Additionally, an examination was performed, and the symptoms of bruxism, such as tooth wear and restoration fractures, were documented. Results: The parents of 573 children were recruited to the study. The prevalence of bruxism and respiratory diseases was observed to be 20.6% (n = 118) and 26.5% (n = 152), respectively. The children with sound production had 2.3 times higher odds of bruxism prevalence than those without sound production (P = 0.004). However, children with temporomandibular joint and paranasal sinus sensitivity had 4.5 (P = 0.001) and 3.8 (P = 0.001) times higher odds, respectively. Additionally, the odds of bruxism prevalence were 1.4 times higher in children with respiratory disorders than those without (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Bruxism was common in children who had a respiratory disorder. Given the potential impact of bruxism on children’s dental health, it is important to pay special attention to the health status of children with respiratory disorders.

Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in China (2023 Edition)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in school-age children, with 30%-50% persisting into adulthood. In addition, adult ADHD patients have more comorbidities, are more difficult to identify, and have a wider range of impairments on individual function, thereby leading to more serious adverse effects on medical care, economy and society. This consensus establishes the diagnose of adult ADHD based on the 11th edition of International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), determines the treatment plans based on the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, recommends psycho-stimulants as the first-line pharmacotherapy for adult ADHD and selective noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors (NARIs) as the second-line pharmacotherapy to reduce the core symptoms, and combines non-pharmacological treatments, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, health education and lifestyle training, aiming to improve patients' functioning and quality of life to the utmost.

Effect of the nutrition violation on the of development of functional gastrointestinal disorders in school-age children

Nutrition is one of the important risk factors for the occurrence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children (FGID).&#x0D; Objective — to study the nutrition violations in children with FGID.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Observation involved 110 children with FGID aged 6 to 18 years. The patients were divided into two groups: I study group included 44 children with an overlap of functions dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The II study group consisted of 66 pediatric patients with FD. The control group consisted of 30 healthy children. The diagnosis of functional dyspepsia and IBS was established based on the clinical symptoms according to the Rome IV criteria (2016). To detect violations in the nutritional regimen and food preferences of schoolchildren, a questionnaire survey was performed with the use of the Youth Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire, adapted to the model of children’s nutrition in Ukraine.&#x0D; Results. The frequency of violations in the nutritional regimen, such as refusal of breakfast or a full lunch at school, reducing the daily frequency of meals, was higher in children with FGID than in healthy children. The violations of nutrition in children with overlapping FD and IBS was observed more often than in children with FD. The frequency of consumption of vegetables, cereals and grains was lower in children with FGID, and the consumption of meat, sausages and confectionery, fast food, chips, nuts and seeds, energetics and sweet carbonated beverages was higher than in healthy children. In children with overlapping FD and IBS, the frequency of consumption of vegetables, cereals and grains is lower, and the consumption of confectionery, fast food, energetics, and sweet carbonated drinks was higher than in children with FD.&#x0D; Conclusions. Violations of the regimen and quality of nutrition is a risk factor for the formation of FGIR in children and should be considered in the treatment.&#x0D;

Sleep pattern and sleep disorders in school-going children aged 6-12 years and its association with screen time: a cross-sectional study from South Kerala during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: Poor sleep quality in school children can negatively impact their neurocognitive abilities and academic achievement. Increased screen time was shown to interfere with children’s sleep habits and disrupts their sleep pattern. This study aimed to understand the sleep patterns and sleep disorders in school children and the influence of screen time on sleep in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional observational school-based study was done on 443 children aged 6-12 years. Data was collected through parent filled online questionnaire having a proforma and child sleep habit questionnaire (CSHQ), a validated questionnaire to assess sleep disorders in children Results: Out of 443 children studied, the average sleep duration of the study population was 9:06 hours ±42:18 min and, 34.3% of the children slept less than 9 hours per day. The prevalence of sleep disorders was found to be 76.52%. Significant screen time after 8 PM was observed in 65.9% and 62.2 % of children had a total screen time of more than 2 hours. Increased screen time after 8 PM, delayed bedtime and wake-up time in children and also contributed to sleep disorders. Bedtime resistance and daytime sleepiness were more commonly observed in children with increased screen time. Conclusions: Sleep disorders in children are more predominant than sleep deprivation. Increased screen time before bed was found to alter sleep patterns in children and increases bedtime resistance, daytime sleepiness, and sleep disorders.

Serious Game for the Screening of Central Auditory Processing Disorder in School-Age Children: Development and Validation Study.

Currently, many central auditory processing disorder screening tests are available for children, and serious games (SGs) are frequently used as a tool for the diagnosis of different neural deficits and disorders in health care. However, it has not been possible to find a proposal that unifies both ideas. In addition, the validation and improvement of SGs, in general, does not take into account the player-game interaction, thus omitting valuable information about the playability and usability of the game. This study presented Amalia's Planet, a game conceived for use in school environments, which allows a first assessment of a child through their performance of the proposed tasks related to different aspects of auditory performance. In addition, the game defines a series of events in relation to the execution of the tasks, which were evaluated for the subsequent optimization of its performance and the improvement of its usability. Using screening tools based on the use of SG technologies, a total of 87 school-age children were evaluated to test the various hypotheses proposed in this study. By grouping users according to whether they had personal history of hearing pathologies, the discriminant power, playability, and usability of the final solution were examined using traditional statistical techniques and process mining (PM) algorithms. With a confidence level of 80% for test 2 (P=.19), there was no statistical evidence to reject the null hypothesis that a player's performance is affected by whether the player had a previous auditory pathology. Furthermore, the tool allowed the screening of 2 players initially categorized as healthy because of their low level of performance in the tests and the similarity of their behavior with that of the group of children with a previous pathology. With regard to the validation of the proposed solution, the use of PM techniques made it possible to detect the existence of events that lasted too long, which can lead to player frustration, and to discover small structural flaws in the game. SGs seem to be an appropriate tool for the screening of children at risk of central auditory processing disorder. Moreover, the set of PM techniques provides a reliable source of information regarding the playability and usability of the solution to the development team, allowing its continuous optimization.

Examine sex differences in autism spectrum disorder in school-aged children and adolescents with fluent language.

There are noteworthy sex disparities in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), while findings regarding the sex differences in core symptoms are inconsistent. There are few relevant studies on sex differences in mainland China. This study was dedicated to a deeper understanding of the impact of sex differences on the clinical presentation of ASD with fluent language. We retrospectively studied 301 children with ASD (58 females) and utilized raw scores from the ADI-R and ADOS and the intelligence quotient (IQ) to measure symptomatology. Based on the Full-Scale IQ (FS-IQ), a binary split of average, above-average IQ (high-IQ), and below-average IQ (low IQ) occurs at 85. Across the entire sample, males and females are comparable in the FS-IQ, while males scored higher in the Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) (F = 7.812, p = 0.006). ADI-R did not find any statistically significant sex differences in the diagnostic cutoff score satisfaction or the raw domain scores. While a significant effect of sex on ADOS social affect domain scores was found in the total sample [λ = 0.970, partial η2 = 0.030, F (3,295) = 3.019, p = 0.030]. Tests of between-subjects effects revealed that males scored higher than females mainly in the ADOS reciprocal social interaction subcategory (partial η2 = 0.022, F = 6.563, p = 0.011). Stratified analysis revealed that the effect of sex on ADOS reciprocal social interaction subcategory scores only significant in the low-IQ children with ASD (partial η2 = 0.092, F = 10.088, p = 0.002). In general, overall cognitive functioning is similar across males and females with ASD, while males have a higher perceptual reasoning ability. Females with ASD are more likely to have comorbid intellectual impairment than males, and they could require additional intervention support. Autistic children with low IQs are more likely to exhibit sex differences in their core symptoms than children with high IQs. Intelligence plays a key role in sex-based differences in the core symptoms of ASD.

Extended-Release Viloxazine for the Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in School-Age Children and Adolescents.

To describe the efficacy and safety of extended-release viloxazine (viloxazine ER; Qelbree) for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school-age children and adolescents (6-17 years). A literature search was conducted with PubMed using the following terms: viloxazine and ADHD (August 1, 2017 to February 1, 2023). All relevant English-language articles examining the efficacy and safety of viloxazine ER were considered for inclusion. Phase III studies reported significant improvement in ADHD symptoms after viloxazine ER treatment in both school-age children (100 mg/d, P = 0.0004 and 200 mg/d, P < 0.0001; NCT03247530) and adolescents (200 mg/d, P = 0.0232; 400 mg/d, P = 0.0091; NCT03247517) compared with placebo. Common adverse effects associated with viloxazine ER included somnolence, fatigue, irritability, decreased appetite, and headache. Together, the studies demonstrated the efficacy and safety of viloxazine ER in patients with ADHD. Viloxazine ER is a serotonin-norepinephrine modulator, which is administered once daily orally. It is classified as a nonstimulant medication, which can be used in patients with ADHD who do not respond to or cannot tolerate stimulant medications. Even though atomoxetine and viloxazine ER have not been directly compared, clinical studies have suggested that viloxazine ER has a faster onset of action (~1-2 weeks) compared with atomoxetine (~4 weeks). Like atomoxetine, viloxazine ER carries a boxed warning for suicidal ideation and/or behavior. Viloxazine ER is a useful addition to other nonstimulant medications available to treat patients with ADHD.

Exploratory study of handwriting disorders in school-aged children for a better nosography

IntroductionHandwriting disorders (HDs) are prevalent in elementary school children, but their nature is poorly understood. Moreover, the diagnosis of dysgraphia is often too quickly concluded on a single assessment.ObjectivesIn the present study, we aimed to use a transdisciplinary assessment approach. We looked for to provide objective data to better understand the nature and aetiology of HDs.Methods27 school aged children with HDs aged 6-11 years were included in the study and were compared to typically developing children. They performed a normed prescriptural task of copying cycloid loops. Postural and gestural inter-segmental coordination of arm movements were recorded with two video cameras allowing 2D reconstruction of the gesture. Spatial/temporal kinetic and kinematic measures were recorded with a digital pen. All children underwent normed and standardized clinical assessments of neuropsychomotor, neuropsychological and oculomotor functions. The handwriting test (BKK) were used.ResultsHandwriting disorders seem very heterogeneous. However, there is a significantly poorer gestural of inter-segmental coordination and of kinetic/kinematic performances of the tracings in HDs. Furthermore, it was possible to highlight three levels of HDs: mild HD not detected by the BHK test (26% of children), moderate HD with the BHK (33%), dysgraphia identified by the BHK (41% of children). The mild nature of HDs not dectected by the BHK seems to occur to a relatively low frequency with associated disorders identified during clinical assessments. On the contrary, dysgraphia appears linked to a high frequency of the associated disorders with a majority of oculomotor disorders (55% of children) leading to visual-perceptual difficulties (44%).ConclusionsHDs appear to be multifactorial but have a common characteristics of immaturity of gestural synergy of the arm, associated with poorer spatio-temporal kinetic and kinematic parameters. Dysgraphia occurs with more severe disorders as oculomotor and visual perception impairments. Our findings highlight the importance to identified a nosography of HDs with a transdisciplinary evaluation to better understand the nature and aetiology of the disorders in order to better clinical decision-making processes for handwriting remediations.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Multiple measurement analysis of resting-state fMRI for ADHD classification in adolescent brain from the ABCD study

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in school-aged children. Its accurate diagnosis looks after patients’ interests well with effective treatment, which is important to them and their family. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) has been widely used to characterize the abnormal brain function by computing the voxel-wise measures and Pearson’s correlation (PC)-based functional connectivity (FC) for ADHD diagnosis. However, exploring the powerful measures of rsfMRI to improve ADHD diagnosis remains a particular challenge. To this end, this paper proposes an automated ADHD classification framework by fusion of multiple measures of rsfMRI in adolescent brain. First, we extract the voxel-wise measures and ROI-wise time series from the brain regions of rsfMRI after preprocessing. Then, to extract the multiple functional connectivities, we compute the PC-derived FCs including the topographical information-based high-order FC (tHOFC) and dynamics-based high-order FC (dHOFC), the sparse representation (SR)-derived FCs including the group SR (GSR), the strength and similarity guided GSR (SSGSR), and sparse low-rank (SLR). Finally, these measures are combined with multiple kernel learning (MKL) model for ADHD classification. The proposed method is applied to the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) dataset. The results show that the FCs of dHOFC and SLR perform better than the others. Fusing multiple measures achieves the best classification performance (AUC = 0.740, accuracy = 0.6916), superior to those from the single measure and the previous studies. We have identified the most discriminative FCs and brain regions for ADHD diagnosis, which are consistent with those of published literature.

A clinical study of homoeopathic medicine in the treatment of specific learning disorders in school children within the age group of seven to eleven years

Specific Learning Disorder is a neuro developmental disorder with biological origin, that is the basis for abnormalities at a cognitive level that are associated with the behavioural signs of the disorder. The essential treatment of Specific Learning Disorder is remedial education, which should begin early when the child is in primary school. At present, there is no universally standardized screening procedure to guide referrals from schools. In India the teacher certification programmes are deficient in special education. Each child with a learning disability will have his or her own profile of learning abilities but in our social settings such students are not getting much attention. In Homoeopathy very few studies were done on this subject therefore a prospective study was undertaken with an objective to ascertain the effectiveness of Homoeopathic medicine in the treatment of Specific Learning Disorders. The Design of study is quazi experimental design done on all diagnosed cases of seven to eleven years of age group children of both sex in OPD of Govt. Homoeopathic Medical College Trivandrum and Govt. schools of Trivandrum educational sub-district.Homoeopathic medicines are selected on the basis of Homoeopathic principles. The improvements were assessed by comparing before and after score of DST-JINDIA. To know whether the study is significant statistically, paired t test was used to compare the score before and after treatment. The results from the study suggest that homoeopathic medicines selected on the basis of Homoeopathic fundamental principles were effective in the treatment of Specific Learning Disorders, also considerable changes were observed in the behaviour of the children. Statistical significance of p value

Prevalence of specific learning disorders in school children in a South Indian city

Abstract Background: Specific learning disorders (SLDs) are an important cause of academic problems in school children mandating assessment and remediation. Aim: To document the psychosocial profile and prevalence of SLDs in school children. Materials and Methods: A total of 981 children studying in 3rd to 5th standard were screened for the presence of SLDs in a stepwise approach after taking permission from school authorities and consent from parents. Raven’s Progressive Matrices, Malins Intelligence Scale, and NIMHANS SLD Index were used for assessment. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi info software. Results: The prevalence of SLDs was found to be 6.1% (n = 60). Dyslexia was the most common SLD (n = 38; 63%) followed by combined type (n = 28; 46%). A significant association was found between consanguinity (P = 0.02) and delayed milestones (P = 0.02). Conclusion: There is a need for creating the awareness among parents and teachers regarding SLDs and to screen children for the early identification and remediation.

Levels of Fine Particle Concentrations in Schools and Postexercise Pulmonary Function Disorders in Schoolchildren in Brazzaville

Context: Fine particles (PM2.5 and PM10) can accumulate in classrooms and in schoolyards located near urban roads. PM2.5 and PM10 can initiate, develop and exacerbate exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). This study aimed to assess the concentration levels of PM2.5 and PM10 in schools and to determine the rate of sensitivity to EIB among schoolchildren. Methods: A total of 128 students (67 girls and 61 boys) with an average age of 11 participated in this study. An ISAAC II questionnaire on respiratory symptoms was administered. PM2.5 and PM10 were measured. A 6-minute stress test was performed. Spirometry was performed. The ratio (I/O) of the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 recorded inside (I) the classrooms to those obtained outside (O) the classrooms was equal to 1 (I/O = 1). Results: The concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 recorded inside the classrooms and those obtained outside the classrooms were higher than the values recommended by the WHO. 29 students out of 128 were diagnosed as sensitive to EIB [EIB (+)], i.e., a rate of sensitivity to EIB of 22.66%. A drop in postexercise PEF of 17.396% was observed among EIB (+) students. Conclusion: Schoolchildren in schools located near highways are exposed to high levels of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 played an important role in the initiation and exacerbation of exercise-induced bronchospasm in schoolchildren from schools located near highways. Effective programs for improving air quality in schools must be put in place to reduce the effects of particulate pollution on the respiratory health of school children.

Objective diagnosis of ADHD through movement analysis by using a smart chair with piezoelectric material.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neuropsychiatric disorder in schoolchildren. ADHD diagnoses are generally made based on criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. The diagnosis is made clinically based on observation and information provided by parents and teachers, which is highly subjective and can lead to disparate results. Considering that hyperactivity is one of the main symptoms of ADHD, the inaccuracy of ADHD diagnosis based on subjective criteria necessitates the identification of a method to objectively diagnose ADHD. In this study, a medical chair containing a piezoelectric material was applied to objectively analyze movements of patients with ADHD, which were compared with those of patients without ADHD. This study enrolled 62 patients-31 patients with ADHD and 31 patients without ADHD. During the clinical evaluation, participants' movements were recorded by the piezoelectric material for analysis. The variance, zero-crossing rate, and high energy rate of movements were subsequently analyzed. The results revealed that the variance, zero-crossing rate, and high energy rate were significantly higher in patients with ADHD than in those without ADHD. Classification performance was excellent in both groups, with the area under the curve as high as 98.00%. Our findings suggest that the use of a smart chair equipped with piezoelectric material is an objective and potentially useful method for supporting the diagnosis of ADHD.

Developmental coordination disorder in school children- A systematic review

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is defined as a severe delay in perceptual-motor and psychomotor development that affects children who are intellectually normal and have no physical, sensory, or neurological conditions. It is described as a deficiency in the development of gross and fine motor abilities that cannot be accounted for by a lack of general education or exposure to equivalent opportunities to develop motor skills as their peers. Between May 2000 and May 2021, systematic reviews were published; these were included. The articles were shortlisted for full-text review after the reviewers independently read each title and abstract and determined that they looked at motor interventions intended to enhance movement skills in kids with developmental coordination disorder to improve fitness levels for the heart and lungs. This study looked at 72 review articles in total. The study included articles that offered advice on how to improve someone's cardiovascular and respiratory fitness. Activities such as organized sports, exercise, movement, balance training, and motor interventions were defined as motor interventions. According to the study's findings, kids with DCD have trouble moving about and are generally inactive. Conclusion: Improving motor skills and cardiorespiratory fitness have a significant impact on DCD children's quality of life.

Multisensory Enhancement of Cognitive Control over Working Memory Capture of Attention in Children with ADHD.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in school-age children. Although it has been well documented that children with ADHD are associated with impairment of executive functions including working memory (WM) and inhibitory control, there is not yet a consensus as to the relationship between ADHD and memory-driven attentional capture (i.e., representations in WM bias attention toward the WM-matched distractors). The present study herein examined whether children with ADHD have sufficient cognitive control to modulate memory-driven attentional capture. 73 school-age children (36 with ADHD and 37 matched typically developing (TD) children) were instructed to perform a visual search task while actively maintaining an item in WM. In such a paradigm, the modality and the validity of the memory sample were manipulated. The results showed that under the visual WM encoding condition, no memory-driven attentional capture was observed in TD children, but significant capture was found in children with ADHD. In addition, under the audiovisual WM encoding condition, memory-matched distractors did not capture the attention of both groups. The results indicate a deficit of cognitive control over memory-driven attentional capture in children with ADHD, which can be improved by multisensory WM encoding. These findings enrich the relationship between ADHD and cognitive control and provide new insight into the influence of cross-modal processing on attentional guidance.

The Fusion of Public Health and Speech-Language Therapy in Schools: Has the Time Come?

BACKGROUND: The burden of communication disorders in school age children is substantial. These disorders are among the most prevalent in schools. Communication disorders are also linked to numerous sequalae, such as poor socio-emotional health, poor academic and professional outcomes, high levels of unemployment, and increased healthcare utilization and costs. Nevertheless, children with these disorders are among the least likely to receive services from a rehabilitation professional. In fact, more than half of school-aged children with a communication disorder do not receive any speech-language therapy support. Clearly, new approaches to communication disorders in schools are needed.&#x0D; &#x0D; METHODS: We conducted a narrative review of scholarly and applied literature in three parts. The first justifies the fusion of public health and speech-language therapy in schools. The second explores public health frameworks for speech-language therapy and compares the same to tiered service delivery models recently implemented within schools. The third addresses the implications of this fusion for research in communication disorders and for clinical practice.&#x0D; &#x0D; RESULTS: Traditional models of speech-language therapy clinical practice in schools are no longer sustainable given the current challenges posed by childhood communication disorders. A communication disability public health approach is needed to overcome these challenges. Tiered service delivery models provide an excellent opportunity to pivot speech-language therapy practice and research in schools towards a public health approach.&#x0D; &#x0D; CONCLUSION: Through this narrative review, we argue that the future of speech-language therapy in schools must take advantage of advances in public health to respond to current child health needs in our communities. We strongly recommend the fusion of public health and school-based speech-language therapy to address the communication health needs of future generations.

Sleep hygine intervention for sleep quality in school-age children: a literature review

Sleep hygiene therapy is a therapy that is taught to children to maintain personal hygiene before going to bed and prevent the development of sleep disorders in school-age children. Sleep problems and disorders are common in school-age children, the duration of sleep for school-age children is 9 to 11 yours. This study aims to obtain an overview of the application of sleep hygiene therapy to sleep pattern disorders in school-age children. Methods: literature review search conducted using 3 data bases, Pubmed, Google Scholar and Portal Garuda with research articles in the last 5 years in Indonesian and English related to the application of sleep pattern disorders in school-age children. Result: based on 5 research articles analiyzed, the application of sleep hygiene therapy can overcome sleep disorders in children and can overcome sleep disorders in children and can improve sleep quality for the better. Conlusion: the intervention of sleep hygiene for school sleep disorders is effective and can overcome sleep disorders in school-age children