Disorder In Korea Research Articles

Facilitators and Barriers Associated With Mental Health Service Utilization Among Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder in Korea.

The treatment rate for alcohol use disorder (AUD) in Korea is significantly lower than its prevalence rate. Because untreated AUD can have harmful consequences, it is important to identify the factors that contribute to individuals with AUD seeking mental health services. We collected nationally representative data from the National Mental Health Survey of Korea 2021 and analyzed responses from 643 individuals with AUD, of which 76.8% were male. Factors related to mental health service utilization among individuals with AUD were classified into three categories: sociodemographic (such as sex, age, marital status, education, and monthly household income), clinical (including symptom severity, psychiatric comorbidity, suicidality, and physical illness), and psychological characteristics (like perceived stigma, loneliness and social isolation, and resilience). We used multiple logistic regression analyses to examine each characteristic separately and combined in a single model to determine the most significant factors. The three logistic regression models revealed that sex, psychiatric comorbidity, physical illness, and perceived stigma are significantly linked to the utilization of mental health services among individuals with AUD. Results from the comprehensive model indicated that only physical illness and perceived stigma have significant associations with mental health service utilization. These findings can assist in developing targeted interventions for individuals with AUD.

Prevalence of temporomandibular disorder in Korea: a nationwide population-based study

Purpose: Few studies have assessed the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in the Korean population.Methods: We used cohort data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service between 2012 and 2020. The data consisted of main diagnoses related to TMD (International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision [ICD-10] code: K07.6 and K07.6x). The age-standardized prevalence of TMD was calculated using the estimated Korean population in 2020 as a reference.Results: The age-standardized prevalence of TMD increased from 604 persons per 100,000 persons in 2012 to 869 persons in 2020. In 2020, the overall age-standardized prevalence was 1,355 persons in the 10 to 19 years age group, 1,809 persons in the 20 to 29 years age group, and 979 persons in the 30 to 39 years age group. The age-standardized prevalence was approximately 1.5 times higher in females than in males (698 persons in males vs. 1,040 persons in females). Among the specific TMD subtypes, the age-standardized prevalence of internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint and pain in the temporomandibular joint, not classified elsewhere, was higher than that of other specific TMDs.Conclusion: The overall age-standardized prevalence of TMD was higher in the 10s, 20s, and 30s age groups and in females between 2012 and 2020. The age-standardized prevalence of internal derangement of temporomandibular joint was the highest among specific TMD subtypes.

아동기 사회불안장애의 상담효과 연구에 대한 체계적 문헌고찰

Objectives: This study was conducted to identify research trends and effect sizes of counseling for childhood social anxiety disorder. Methods: A systematic review was conducted by selecting 19 out of 7,169 articles on childhood social anxiety disorder in Korea applying the PICOTS framework. Results: First, the number of studies on the effectiveness of counseling for childhood social anxiety disorder has gradually increased since 2008, with the most published in the fields of psychology and counseling. Most studies were quasi-experimental designs, and the duration and frequency of counseling tended to be short, depending on the child's characteristics. Cognitive-behavioral approaches were the most common counseling intervention. Further, among studies with large effect sizes (Cohen's d), cognitive-behavioral therapy was the most common (50%), video feedback, gestalt, mindfulness, and self-compassion programs also had large effect sizes. Conclusions: This study concludes with suggestions for further research on counseling for childhood social anxiety disorder.

Prevalence and Medical Costs of Intellectual Disabilities and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Korea: Based on National Health Insurance Service Claims Data from 2007 to 2019.

We aimed to investigate the annual prevalence of intellectual disabilities (ID) and autism spectrum disorder employing claims data registered in Korean National Health Insurance Service. We also estimated the annual average of medical costs incurred from these disorders using same datasets. In order to obtain the prevalence, we selected patients diagnosed with ID and pervasive and specific developmental disorders (PDD) from 2007 to 2019. The ensuing annual average of medical costs was also estimated from these patients. The annual prevalence of ID and PDD (per 100,000) between 2007 and 2019 ranged from 56.7 to 78.6 and from 22.0 to 44.6 respectively. Regarding the annual average of total medical expenditure per a patient, the expenditure of the ID group was higher than that of PDD throughout the years, as shown that the ID expenditure ranged from 769.7 to 1,501.2 US dollars as opposed to the PDD expenditure in the range of 312.5 to 570.7 US dollars. The further comparison in relation to income levels elaborated that the medical aid beneficiary group constitutes the highest one and the difference of the expenditure across the remaining income groups was not prominent although the very low group generally ranked the highest over the years. The prevalence of ID and PDD constantly increased and the same trend was displayed in ensuing health expenditures throughout the period. This implies that increasing needs exist across these patients with regards to therapeutic interventions, thereby contributing to prioritizing medical policies on national perspectives.

Expert Opinion on Current Polysomnography Procedure for Diagnosis of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder in Korea

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is diagnosed based on a history of dream-enactment behavior and documentation of REM sleep without atonia (RWA) on polysomnography (PSG). RWA can be quantified using various methods. To establish comprehensive and clear PSG criteria for diagnosing RBD, the International RBD Study Group (IRBDSG) has recently published guidelines, which include the use of a video-PSG technical setup, REM sleep staging, RWA scoring, video and audio recording and analyses, and a video-PSG procedure for the diagnosis and identification of the prodromal stages of neurodegenerative diseases. Although the guidelines can identify patients with homogeneous RBD, their applicability in a real-world setting, particularly in Korea, presents challenges. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate and introduce IRBDSG guidelines and results of Korean sleep experts’ opinion survey for diagnosing RBD based on PSG findings.

Prevalence of Pediatric Autism Spectrum Disorder in Korea Using National Statistics Including the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2011 to 2021

Purpose: Regularly analyzing the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is im-portant to inform policies and strategies for proper management. The present study aimed to estimate trends in ASD prevalence according to age and time in Korean chil-dren.Methods: We monitored the annual prevalence of ASD in children aged 2 to 18 years based on information from Statistics Korea and the Korean National Health Insurance Service. We estimated changes in prevalence between 2011 and 2021 after stratifying participants into three age groups. Furthermore, we analyzed the prevalence of ASD by birth year. Results: The highest level of prevalence appeared in children aged 6 years, and thereaf-ter, it declined with age. The prevalence of ASD in children aged 2 to 18 years in-creased from 0.05% in 2011 to 0.12% in 2021. During the same time, the prevalence in preschool children (2 to 5 years) remarkably increased from 0.04% in 2011 to 0.12% in 2021, while the prevalence in adolescents (13 to 18 years) increased from 0.05% in 2011 to 0.09% in 2021. The prevalence of ASD notably increased during the coronavirus dis-ease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (2020 to 2021). Among children born between 2011 and 2015, the prevalence of ASD was higher for children with recent birth years, espe-cially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: The overall ASD prevalence in children and adolescents in Korea seems to be increasing, especially in preschool children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Early and more effective interventions are necessary for Korean children.

Feasibility and acceptability of a digital tele-guided intervention targeting components of the addictive appetite model for bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder in Korea.

We aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and potential impact of a tele-guided digital-based intervention based on the addictive appetite model of recurrent binge eating. Female college students with bulimia nervosa (BN) or binge-eating disorder (BED) (n=22) received a 6-week guided intervention targeting addictive processes and emotion regulation. The feasibility of the intervention was evaluated, and the outcomes were assessed at baseline, the end of the intervention, and 1-month follow-up. Of the participants, 86.4% (n=19) completed the intervention. The self-help materials were viewed 6.03 ± 3.06 times per week, and the duration of using the self-help materials was 113.16 ± 160.19 min/week. The intervention group experienced a significant reduction with a moderate effect on binge eating at the end of the intervention (Hedges' g=0.58), and the effects lasted through follow-up (Hedges' g=0.82). The results suggest that the digital intervention targeting a maintenance mechanism of recurrent binge eating was feasible and acceptable for patients with BN and BED, proving the potential for symptom improvement. The addictive appetite model provides the framework for new interventions to improve treatments for BN and BED. This study found that the digital intervention based on the model was feasible and acceptable for patients with BN and BED.

Instructing Parents to Deliver Discrete Trial Teaching to Their Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Korea

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects a parent training programin Korea using the Teacher Performance Rate Accuracy Scale (TPRA)during training and video self-monitoring on the rates of accurate discretetrial Teaching (DTT) and children’s correct responses. The study was conductedin an early intensive behavior intervention (EIBI) program of a publicchildren’s hospital in Korea. Two mothers who had children enrolled in theEIBI services participated in the study. A delayed multiple baseline acrossparticipants design was used. The training program consisted of individualcoaching with therapist-conducted TPRAs and group instruction on parentself-monitoring using TPRA for self-evaluations. Results indicated thateach parent’s average rates of accurate DTT presentations increased and therates of error presentation decreased after the intervention. As a result, theirchildren’s average percentage of correct responses increased during interventionand maintained after intervention. Results of this study suggest that thistraining program is promising and has potential for a large-scale implicationin Korea.

Prospective Association Between Online Game Use and Risk of Internet Gaming Disorder in Korea: 12-Month Follow-up Results From the iCURE Study.

Children and adolescents' Internet game use has both functional and dysfunctional aspects. This study aimed to examine how changes in online gaming behaviors impact the risk of Internet gaming disorder (IGD). We observed 1318 adolescent online game users. Baseline and 12-month follow-up evaluations were performed, and it was defined whether the average online gaming time per day exceeded 1.5 hours and whether the number of gaming days per week exceeded 4 days. Gaming disorder was defined using the Internet Game Use-Elicited Symptom Screen. Multiple logistic regression was performed to examine the difference in the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of IGD risk according to changes in gaming time or frequency. Results indicated the IRR of IGD risk was 2.54 for the increased time spent group and 2.38 for the consistent higher time spent group against the consistent lower time spent group. The IRR was 3.76 for the increased frequency group and 2.92 for the consistent higher frequency group against the consistent lower frequency group. Therefore, managing Internet game use not to exceed 1.5 hours per day on average and 4 days per week would help prevent elevation of IGD risk.

Prevalence and Direct Medical Cost of Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Korea Using the National Health Insurance Data

Prevalence and Direct Medical Cost of Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Korea Using the National Health Insurance Data

Results of a Survey on Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment Choices for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder in Korea: Beyond the Context of Current Clinical Guidelines.

Background and PurposeNeuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). We investigated the medical behaviors of experts in Korea when they are diagnosing and treating NMOSD.MethodsAn anonymous questionnaire on the diagnosis and treatment of NMOSD was distributed to experts in CNS demyelinating diseases.ResultsMost respondents used the 2015 diagnostic criteria for NMOSD and applied a cerebrospinal fluid examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine, and anti-aquaporin-4 antibody testing to all suspected cases of NMOSD. All respondents prescribed steroid pulse therapy as an first-line therapy in the acute phase of NMOSD, and 67% prescribed azathioprine for maintenance therapy in NMOSD. However, details regarding monitoring, the tapering period of oral steroids, second-line therapy use in refractory cases, management during pregnancy, and schedule of follow-up MRI differed according to the circumstances of individual patients. We analyzed the differences in response rates between two groups of respondents according to the annual number of NMOSD patients that they treated. The group that had been treating ≥10 NMOSD patients annually preferred rituximab more often as the second-line therapy (p=0.011) and had more experience with rituximab treatment (p=0.015) compared with the group that had been treating <10 NMOSD patients.ConclusionsThis study has revealed that NMOSD experts in Korea principally follow the available treatment guidelines. However, the differences in specific clinical practices applied to uncertain cases that have been revealed will need to be investigated further in order to formulate suitable recommendations.

First Report of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei Infection in Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Cultured in Korea.

Simple SummaryWe here report the first detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in cultured Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) with a growth disorder in Korea. The histopathology, electron microscopy and DNA phylogeny indicated that the EHP is a unique strain first recorded in Korea. This finding highlights the need for closer monitoring and surveillance to control EHP in aquaculture to prevent disastrous economic losses.The consumption of cultured crustaceans has been steadily increasing, and Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) are major cultivated invertebrates worldwide. However, shrimp productivity faces a variety of challenges, mainly related to outbreaks of lethal or growth retardation-related diseases. In particular, hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis caused by the microsporidian parasite Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an important disease associated with growth retardation in shrimp. Here, we report the detection of EHP through histopathological, molecular and electron microscopy methods in the hepatopancreas of Pacific whiteleg shrimp with growth disorder in a South Korean farm. Phylogenetic analysis showed a clade distinct from the previously reported EHP strains isolated in Thailand, India, China and Vietnam. An EHP infection was not associated with inflammatory responses such as hemocyte infiltration. Although EHP infection has been reported worldwide, this is the first report in the shrimp aquaculture in Korea. Therefore, an EHP infection should be managed and monitored regularly for effective disease control and prevention.

Analysis of Research Trends in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Korea

Analysis of Research Trends in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Korea

Incidence and Direct Medical Cost of Adjustment Disorder and in Korea Using National Health Insurance Service Claims Data From 2011 to 2017.

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the annual incidence and direct medical cost of adjustment disorder in general population using the National Health Insurance Service Database (NHID) in Korea. MethodsTo examine the incidence, we selected patients who had at least one medical claim for adjustment disorder and had not been diagnosed in the previous 365 days, from 2010 to 2017. ResultsThe number of newly diagnosed cases of adjustment disorder from 2011 to 2017 were total 101,922. Annual incidence of adjustment disorder was ranged from 22.0 to 36.8 per 100,000 persons. The incidence of adjustment disorder was found more in female and highest among 70–79 years of age group and medical aid beneficiaries group. Annual prevalence of adjustment disorder was in the range from 95.4 to 116.4 per 100,000 persons. Estimated annual medical cost per person of adjustment disorder was ranged from 162 to 231.4 US dollars.ConclusionFrom 2011 to 2017, the annual incidence and direct medical cost of adjustment disorder in Korea were increased. Proper information on adjustment disorder will not only allows us to accumulate more knowledge but also lead to more appropriate therapeutic interventions.

An Open Pilot Trial of Written Exposure Therapy for Patients With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Korea.

ObjectiveWritten exposure therapy (WET) is exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Compared to evidence-based treatments for PTSD, WET requires only five sessions, has a shorter session time, and no between-session assignments. The current study examined the efficacy of WET among Korean patients with PTSD due to various traumatic events on PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and global functioning levels. MethodsThe study recruited 41 patients with a current primary diagnosis of PTSD in psychiatric outpatient clinics. Assessments were conducted at baseline, and at 6, 12, and 24 weeks following the first treatment session. ResultsIn total, 25 patients started WET. Findings showed a significant reduction in the rate of PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity scores. Fourteen of 23 (60.9%) patients at 6 weeks, 15 of 22 (68.2%) patients at 12 weeks, and 14 of 18 (77.8%) patients at 24 weeks no longer met the diagnosis of PTSD. Depressive symptoms and global function scores also improved after WET. The dropout rate was 8% (n=2). ConclusionThis study suggests the feasibility of implementing WET among various types of patients with PTSD in Korea and other Asian countries.

Incidence and Direct Medical Cost of Acute Stress Disorder and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Korea: Based on National Health Insurance Service Claims Data from 2011 to 2017.

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate the annual incidence of trauma and stress-related mental disorder including acute stress disorder (ASD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using the National Health Insurance Service Database. In addition, we estimated direct medical cost of ASD and PTSD in Korea.MethodsTo examine the incidence, we selected patients who had at least one medical claim containing a 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems code for ASD (F43.0) and PTSD (F43.1) and had not been diagnosed in the previous 360 days, from 2010 to 2017. We estimated annual incidence and the number of newly diagnosed patients of ASD and PTSD. Annual prevalence and direct medical cost of ASD and PTSD were also estimated.ResultsThe number of newly diagnosed cases of ASD and PTSD from 2011 to 2017 totaled 38,298 and 21,402, respectively. The mean annual incidence of ASD ranged from 8.4 to 13.7 per 100,000 population and that of PTSD ranged from 4.2 to 8.3 per 100,000 population, respectively. The incidence of ASD was found more in females and was highest among the 70–79 years of age group and the self-employed individuals group. The incidence of PTSD was also more common in the female group. However, the incidence of PTSD was highest in the 60–69 years of age group and in the medical aid beneficiaries group. The annual estimated medical cost per person of ASD ranged from 104 to 149 US dollars (USD). In addition, that of PTSD ranged from 310 to 426 USD.ConclusionFrom 2011 to 2017, the annual incidence and direct medical cost of ASD and PTSD in Korea were increased. Proper information on ASD and PTSD will not only allows us to accumulate more knowledge about these disorders themselves but also lead to more appropriate therapeutic interventions by improving the ability to cope with these trauma related psychiatric sequelae.

The Effects of Multilayered Disorder Characteristics on Fear of Crime in Korea.

Fear of crime has a negative impact on the mental health of individuals, limiting their physical and social abilities. Moreover, the prevalence of such fear in the neighborhood weakens the bonds between neighbors and the overall community network, thereby undermining social capital and impeding the city’s sustainability. Disorder is a multilayered process shaped by type and spatial level and has a complex effect on fear of crime. Using a multilevel ordered logistic model, this study determines a more comprehensive cause of fear of crime by verifying the multilayered effects of disorder in Korea. The results include four main findings. First, people are relatively unaware of disorder occurring at the neighborhood level, and more sensitive to disorder at the city level. Second, social disorder has a more significant effect on fear of crime than physical disorder. Third, fear of crime is more affected by indirect factors than by direct factors and actual crimes. Finally, the impact of disorder on fear of crime is discriminatory, depending on the type and spatial structure. This study suggests that urban policy efforts focus more on indirect and macroscopic aspects in dealing with the decline of cities and managing issues related to social disorder.

Hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoproliferative disorder in Korea

Hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoproliferative disorder (HVLPD) is a rare Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoproliferative disease. The disease course of HVLPD varies from an indolent course to progression to aggressive lymphoma. We investigated the characteristics of HVLPD in Korean patients. HVLPD patients at Seoul National University Hospital between 1988 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. This study included 26 HVLPD patients who all presented with recurrent papulovesicular and necrotic eruption on the face, neck, and extremities. EBV was detected from the skin tissues of all patients. HVLPD was diagnosed during childhood (age < 18 years) in seven patients (26.9%) and in adulthood (age ≥ 18 years) in 19 cases (73.1%). The median age at diagnosis was 24.0 years (range 7–70 years). HVLPD has various clinical courses, from an indolent course to progression to systemic lymphoma. Fourteen patients (53.8%) developed lymphoma: systemic EBV-positive T-cell lymphoma (n = 9, 34.6%); extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (n = 3, 11.5%); aggressive natural killer/T-cell leukemia (n = 1, 3.8%); and EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 1, 3.8%). Mortality due to HVLPD occurred in five patients (26.3%) in the adult group, while it was one patient (14.3%) in the child group. As lymphoma progression and mortality occur not only in childhood but also in adulthood, adult-onset cases may need more careful monitoring.

Prevalence and Incidence of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder in Korea: Population Based Study.

BackgroundAlthough neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is known to be a rare disease, its prevalence and incidence have not yet been studied in Korea. We performed a population-based study to examine the prevalence and incidence of NMOSD in Korea using data from the Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) claims database.MethodsData from 2013 to 2017 were obtained, with a washout period set as 2013 and 2014. The prevalence and incidence of NMOSD in 2016 and 2017 were calculated using population census data. Subjects were divided into 5 groups at 15-year intervals, depending on the age at which the diagnostic code was entered. The relative risk (RR) for each age group was compared with the oldest (≥ 60 years) age group.ResultsThe overall prevalence was estimated to be 3.36 and 3.56 per 100,000 individuals, with an incidence of 0.41 and 0.65 per 100,000 individuals-year in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The mean age was 43.08 (standard deviation, 14.56) years, and the ratio of male to females was 1:4.7. The incidence was higher in female individuals aged between 30 and 59 years (RR, 2.8–3.05; P < 0.05).ConclusionNationwide prevalence of NMOSD in Korea was 3.36 and 3.56/100,000 and its incidence was 0.41 and 0.65/100,000-year in 2016 and 2017 respectively.

Correlations Between Values of Articulation Tests and Language Tests for Children With Articulation Disorder in Korea.

ObjectiveTo evaluate correlations between values of articulation tests and language tests for children with articulation disorder in Korea.MethodsData of outpatients with chief complaint of an articulation problem were retrospectively collected. Patients who underwent Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonation (U-TAP) with Assessment of Phonology and Articulation for Children (APAC), Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES), or Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test (REVT) simultaneously were identified. Patients whose word-level percentages of correct consonants in U-TAP (UTAP_wC) were more than 2 standard deviations below the mean as diagnostic criteria for articulation disorder were selected. Those whose receptive language age (P_RLA), expressive language age (P_ELA), or combined language age (P_CLA) in PRES was delayed more than 24 months compared to their chronological age in months as diagnostic criteria for language disorder were excluded.ResultsThirty-three children aged 3–6 years were enrolled retrospectively. PRES and U-TAP showed significant correlations for most of value relationships. PRES and APAC showed significant correlations for all value relationships except for receptive language age. All values of REVT were significantly correlated with all values from U-TAP, but not with any value from APAC. Articulation tests U-TAP and APAC showed significant correlations between percentages of correct consonants. Language tests PRES and REVT showed significant correlations for all value relationships.ConclusionThis study suggests that articulation abilities and language abilities might be correlated in children with articulation disorder.