Disorders In Elderly People Research Articles

Agerelated parameters of P300 auditory evoked potentials in elderly persons in the context of cognitive health: A study in the European North of Russia

Background. Setting of norms for the parameters of P300 cognitive auditory evoked potentials (EP) in elderly people with intact cognitive functions considering their residence in certain climatic and geographical regions is an urgent problem.The aim of the study. To determine age-related parameters of P300 cognitive auditory evoked potentials in elderly people aged 60–69 and 70–74 years, living in the European North of Russia (using the example of Arkhangelsk).Methods. The parameters of P300 auditory EP were determined in randomly selected urban residents in the age groups of 60–69 years (n = 284) and 70–74 years (n = 115) with normal scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), without depression (according to Beck Depression Inventory), with preserved ability to work and/or social functions. We calculated the 5th–95th percentile values (P5– P95) of the P300 EP parameters and assessed the relationships of these parameters with socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle and the results on the MoCA scale and Beck Depression Inventory.Results. Statistically significant differences in latency indicators of P300 EP were determined between groups of 60–69 and 70–74 years (P25–P90) in all studied brain regions (frontal, central). In the group of 60–69 years, the range of P25–P75 values of P300 EP latencies was 342.5–401 ms, in the group of 70–74 years – 358.5–443 ms. Age differences in P300 EP amplitudes were minimal with an interquartile range of 4–13 μV in the total sample. Participants who smoked had higher latency scores and lower amplitude scores; former smokers had higher latency scores compared to never-smokers.Conclusion. Latency above 400 ms at the age of 60–65 years and above 443 ms at 70–74 years can be considered as a criterion for reduced cognitive reserve and an increased risk of developing cognitive disorders in elderly people living in the European North of Russia.

Deep learning-based detection of lumbar spinal canal stenosis using convolutional neural networks

BACKGROUND CONTEXTLumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS) is the most common spinal degenerative disorder in elderly people and usually first seen by primary care physicians or orthopedic surgeons who are not spine surgery specialists. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful in the diagnosis of LSCS, but the equipment is often not available or difficult to read. LSCS patients with progressive neurologic deficits have difficulty with recovery if surgical treatment is delayed. So, early diagnosis and determination of appropriate surgical indications are crucial in the treatment of LSCS. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a type of deep learning, offers significant advantages for image recognition and classification, and work well with radiographs, which can be easily taken at any facility. PURPOSEOur purpose was to develop an algorithm to diagnose the presence or absence of LSCS requiring surgery from plain radiographs using CNNs. STUDY DESIGNRetrospective analysis of consecutive, nonrandomized series of patients at a single institution. PATIENT SAMPLEData of 150 patients who underwent surgery for LSCS, including degenerative spondylolisthesis, at a single institution from January 2022 to August 2022, were collected. Additionally, 25 patients who underwent surgery at 2 other hospitals were included for extra external validation. OUTCOME MEASURESIn annotation 1, the area under the curve (AUC) computed from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were calculated. In annotation 2, correlation coefficients were used. METHODSFour intervertebral levels from L1/2 to L4/5 were extracted as region of interest from lateral plain lumbar spine radiographs totaling 600 images were obtained. Based on the date of surgery, 500 images derived from the first 125 cases were used for internal validation, and 100 images from the subsequent 25 cases used for external validation. Additionally, 100 images from other hospitals were used for extra external validation. In annotation 1, binary classification of operative and nonoperative levels was used, and in annotation 2, the spinal canal area measured on axial MRI was labeled as the output layer. For internal validation, the 500 images were divided into each 5 dataset on per-patient basis and 5-fold cross-validation was performed. Five trained models were registered in the external validation prediction performance. Grad-CAM was used to visualize area with the high features extracted by CNNs. RESULTSIn internal validation, the AUC and accuracy for annotation 1 ranged between 0.85–0.89 and 79–83%, respectively, and the correlation coefficients for annotation 2 ranged between 0.53 and 0.64 (all p<.01). In external validation, the AUC and accuracy for annotation 1 were 0.90 and 82%, respectively, and the correlation coefficient for annotation 2 was 0.69, using 5 trained CNN models. In the extra external validation, the AUC and accuracy for annotation 1 were 0.89 and 84%, respectively, and the correlation coefficient for annotation 2 was 0.56. Grad-CAM showed high feature density in the intervertebral joints and posterior intervertebral discs. CONCLUSIONSThis technology automatically detects LSCS from plain lumbar spine radiographs, making it possible for medical facilities without MRI or nonspecialists to diagnose LSCS, suggesting the possibility of eliminating delays in the diagnosis and treatment of LSCS that require early treatment.

Difficulties and Solutions in Caring for Cognitive Disorders in Elderly People with Dementia from the Perspective of Social-ecological System Theory

With the deepening of population aging, the increasing population of cognitively impaired older adults in China has put forward an urgent demand for professional cognitive care. In the context of long-term care insurance policy, this paper will take R agency as an example and construct an analysis framework based on the social-ecological system theory at three levels: micro-system, meso-system, and macro-system. It will analyze the physiology and psychology of dementia elderly from inside to outside, how the sentinel care agency collaborates with the sentinel assessment agency, family, and community, how the LTCI policy support and financial support affect the cognitive intervention for cognitively impaired elderly, to promote the healthy operation of the care ecosystem, analyze the dilemma, summarise and put forward the optimization strategy, and provide the experience of providing care services for other aged care service agencies.

Implementation of an ultra-sensitive microwell-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders in elderly people. It is diagnosed by detecting amyloid beta (Aβ) protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained by lumbar puncture or through expensive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Although blood-based diagnosis of AD offers a less invasive and cost-effective alternative, the quantification of Aβ is technically challenging due to its low abundance in peripheral blood. To address this, we developed a compact yet highly sensitive microwell-based electrochemical sensor with a densely packed microelectrode array (20 by 20) for enhancing sensitivity. Employing microwells on the working and counter electrodes minimized the leakage current from the metallic conductors into the assay medium, refining the signal fidelity. We achieved a detection limit <10 fg/mL for Aβ by elevating the signal-to-noise ratio, thus capable of AD biomarker quantification. Moreover, the microwell structure maintained the performance irrespective of variations in bead number, indicative of the sensor's robustness. The sensor's efficacy was validated through the analysis of Aβ concentrations in plasma samples from 96 subjects, revealing a significant distinction between AD patients and healthy controls with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.85. Consequently, our novel microwell-based electrochemical biosensor represents a highly sensitive platform for detecting scant blood-based biomarkers, including Aβ, offering substantial potential for advancing AD diagnostics.

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Occurrence and Course of Mental Disorders in Elderly People

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Occurrence and Course of Mental Disorders in Elderly People

Comparison of Mini Squat and Endurance Training in Improving Quality of Life in Knee Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the most prevailing disorder in elderly people affecting their quality of life and reducing mobility. Objective: To compare the efficacy of mini squats and endurance training in improving the quality of life in knee osteoarthritis. Methods: After receiving the approval from ERC of The Neuro-counsel Clinic, the current RCT sample size was 30 participants calculated by Epitool, from 16 May 2023 to 15 September 2023 and executed at The Neurocounsel Clinics/Hospital. Both genders between the ages of 40-65 years old with OA of grade 2-3 on the R&amp;L scale were included in this study. Those participants who had pain greater than 8 on PNS along with serious comorbidity were excluded from this study. Two equal groups were formed. Group A was given mini squats at the rate of two sets each containing 10 squats. Group B was given endurance training by use of a therapeutic band using quadriceps sets. 3x/week for 4 weeks were given to each group. The assessment was made based on the WOMAC scale &amp; and SF-36 QoL. The level of significance was kept at &lt;0.05. Results: Within groups analysis of the WOMAC scale, revealed that both interventions showed marked improvement with p&lt;0.05. However, group analysis also showed a significant difference as p&lt;0.05 on quality of life and WOMAC Scale. Conclusions: It was revealed that mini squats are more effective in improving knee OA quality of life as compared to endurance training by the use of a therapeutic band.

Diagnosis of cognitive disorders in primary health care in Poland.

The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and the rules of proceeding concerning primary health care (PHC) doctors in the field of screening diagnostics for cognitive disorders in elderly people in Poland. The study included 175 PHC doctors. A validated anonymous questionnaire was used. The survey was conducted using the PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interviews) and CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interviews) methods. The vast majority of the respondents (n=159; 91.4%) saw the advisability of screening for cognitive disorders in the age group >65 years of age, but only 53 subjects (30.29%) believed that these tests should be conducted by general practitioners (GPs). According to the surveyed doctors, the main obstacle in the diagnostics of cognitive functions is the lack of time - this was the opinion of 142 (81.14%) respondents. When dementia was suspected, the respondents usually ordered laboratory tests and referred patients to a neurologist (n=111; 63.4%). The Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) were the most popular scales assessing cognitive functions, known by 120 doctors (68.57%), and 122 respondents (69.71%), respectively. Polish GPs are aware of the necessity of screening for cognitive disorders in seniors. Currently, there are no mechanisms within primary health care system that would enable proper early screening for dementia in people at the high risk (i.e.> 65 years of age). The development of standards for the early detection of cognitive disorders within primary health care system in Poland seems to be an urgent need.

Diagnostic potential of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in cognitive impairment in the elderly

To explore the potential use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the diagnosis of pre-dementia cognitive disorders in elderly people. A total of 65 elderly individuals (37 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) according to NIA-AA criteria, mean age 67.2 years; 28 controls, mean age 65.2 years) underwent MRS (3.0 T) with posterior cingulate cortex as the region of interest. Absolute concentrations of metabolites (tCr, NAA, Glx, mI, Cho, NAA) were calculated based on their signal intensities. Statistical analysis was performed to assess intergroup differences and correlations. Statistically significant differences were observed between the clinical and control groups in the absolute concentrations of metabolites: mI (MCI 4.97±0.13; controls 4.76±0.15; p=0.04) and NAA/mI (MCI 1.61±0.04; controls 1.73±0.04; p=0.04), as well as in the intensities of the choline-containing compounds signal (MCI 0.215±0.015; controls 0.205±0.005; p=0.04) in the posterior cingulate cortex region. No significant correlations between these changes and age were observed, suggesting the predominant role of neurodegeneration in the pathological process under investigation. The findings highlight the promising nature of MRS as a tool to find the neurodegeneration biomarker.

Comparing the Effect of High-intensity and Low-intensity Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Pain Relief and Functional Activity Improvement in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis

Background: Osteoarthritis is a common musculoskeletal disorder in elderly people, and the most common form appears in the knee joint. These patients suffer from pain, joint stiffness, and problems with functional activities. So, it is essential to offer a proper treatment plan for these patients. Objectives: The goal of this research is to compare the effect of high- and low-intensity transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) therapy on reducing pain and improvement of functional activity. Methods: Using simple randomization method, a total of 36 patients were divided into two groups receiving high- and low-intensity TENS therapy. All patients received ten sessions of physiotherapy (three sessions per week). Pain and functional activities were measured and compared before and after the study. Results: Although there was a significant difference between the two groups in pain index (P &lt; 0.05), no difference in functional activity was observed between the two groups. Conclusions: Using both high- and low-intensity techniques can be effective in reducing the pain and improving the knee joint function. However, pain decreased more significantly in the high-intensity group compared to low-intensity group.

Relationship between the progression of posterosuperior rotator cuff tear size and shoulder abduction function: A cadaveric study via dynamic shoulder simulator.

Posterosuperior rotator cuff tear (PSRCT) is one of the most common shoulder disorders in elderly people’s daily life; however, the biomechanical relationship between PSRCT and shoulder abduction function is still controversial. In this study, a total of twelve freshly frozen cadaveric shoulders were included and tested in five conditions: intact rotator cuff, 1/3 PSRCT, 2/3 PSRCT, entire PSRCT, and global RCT. In each condition, extra load (0%, 45%, and 90% failure load) was sequentially added to the distal humerus, and the function of the remaining rotator cuff was mainly evaluated via the middle deltoid force (MDF) required for abduction. It is found that the peak MDF is required for abduction did not differ among the three PSRCT conditions (1/3 PSRCT: 29.30 ± 5.03 N, p = 0.96; 2/3 PSRCT: 29.13 ± 9.09 N, p = 0.98; entire PSRCT: 28.85 ± 7.12 N, p = 0.90) and the intact condition (29.18 ± 4.99 N). However, the peak MDF significantly differed between the global RCT (76.27 ± 4.94 N, p < 0.01) and all PSRCT and intact conditions. Under 45% failure load, the MDF of the entire PSRCT and global tear conditions were significantly increased compared with another status. With the 90% failure load, only the 1/3 PSRCT condition maintained the same shoulder function as the intact rotator cuff. These biomechanical testing jointly suggested that the weight-bearing ability of the shoulder significantly decreased as PSRCT progressed.

Homozygous mutation of the LRRK2 ROC domain as a novel genetic model of parkinsonism

BackgroundParkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most important neurodegenerative disorders in elderly people. Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are found in a large proportion of the patients with sporadic and familial PD. Mutations can occur at different locations in the LRRK2. Patients with LRRK2 ROC-COR mutations face an increased risk of typical motor symptoms of PD, along with cognitive decline. An animal model with a monogenic LRRK2 gene mutation is a suitable model for exploring the pathophysiology of PD and identifying potential drug therapies. However, the effect of homozygous (HOM) LRRK2 in PD pathophysiology is unclear.MethodsWe established human LRRK2 (hLRRK2) R1441G HOM transgenic (Tg) mice to explore the phenotype and pathological features that are associated with hLRRK2 R1441G Tg mouse models and discuss the potential clinical relevance. The open field test (OFT) was performed to examine motor and nonmotor behaviors. A CatWalk analysis system was used to study gait function. [18F]FDOPA PET was used to investigate functional changes in the nigrostriatal pathway in vivo. Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the morphological changes in mitochondria and lysosomes in the substantia nigra.ResultsThe R1441G HOM Tg mice demonstrated gait disturbance and exhibited less anxiety-related behavior and exploratory behavior than mice with hLRRK2 at 12 months old. Additionally, [18F]FDOPA PET showed a reduction in FDOPA uptake in the striatum of the HOM Tg mice. Notably, there was significant lysosome and autophagosome accumulation in the cytoplasm of dopaminergic neurons in R1441G hemizygous (HEM) and HOM mice. Moreover, it was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that the mitochondria of R1441G Tg mice were smaller than those of hLRRK2 mice.ConclusionThis animal provides a novel HOM hLRRK2 R1441G Tg mouse model that reproduces some phenotype of Parkinsonism in terms of both motor and behavioral dysfunction. There is an increased level of mitochondrial fission and no change in the fusion process in the group of HOM hLRRK2 R1441G Tg mouse. This mutant animal model of PD might be used to study the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and explore potential new drug targets.

Effectiveness of eszopiclone in treating sleep disorders in elderly people with hypertension and the effect on patients' sleep quality.

Effectiveness of eszopiclone in treating sleep disorders in elderly people with hypertension and the effect on patients' sleep quality.

IRREVERSIBLE SUBCHONDRAL BONE CHANGES ARE MORE RESPONSIBLE MRI-DETECTED OA-STRUCTURAL CHANGES THAN CARTILAGE CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH KNEE PAIN IN ELDERLY POPULATIONS -THE BUNKYO HEALTH STUDY (BHS)

Purpose: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease and causes chronic pain and movement disorders in elderly people. The prevalence of knee OA increases with age, and >80% of women over 80 years of age show radiographic knee OA in Japan. However, all elderlies with radiographic knee OA do not require treatment of knee OA and approximately 30% of people with radiographic knee OA have knee pain and require treatment of knee OA due mainly to knee pain. But this does NOT mean that the remaining 70% of people with knee OA without knee pain requiring treatment have NOT knee pain.

English

BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a very common serious chronic neurological disorder in the elderly aged 60 years and above. Epidemiologic studies have shown that the incidence of epilepsy is significantly higher in the elderly than in any other age group and aetiology, clinical manifestations and treatment responses are different from epilepsy in younger individuals. We evaluated the causes of seizure disorder in elderly people presenting to the medicine and neurology department and various clinical presentation of seizure disorders in the elderly. METHODS This was a cross-sectional, observational study of 200 patients done at our centre for two years and was extensively clinically, biochemically and radiologically evaluated. SPSS Statistics v25, SAS Studio 3.7 and Excel were primarily used for analyzing data. After the collection of all data, they were first arranged in an SPSS datasheet and then analysed by SPSS software. RESULTS The male to female ratio was 1.63:1. Females have an equal propensity to develop generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) (47.4 %) or focal seizure (45.7 %) whereas males have a higher propensity for GTCS (79 %). GTCS was seen in 134 cases, focal seizures in 60 cases and status epilepticus was found in 6 cases. The most common cause of GTCS in our study was stroke followed by metabolic causes. Of metabolic causes, the commonest cause was hyponatremia, most common cause of focal seizure (30 % of all cases) were infective. The overall commonest cause was a stroke. Neuroimaging plays an important role in the workup of patients with epilepsy imaging and abnormality was found in 69 % of cases in our study. CONCLUSIONS The present study was a hospital-based cross-sectional study; therefore the results of the study cannot be projected over the general population. The study may be limited by the relatively small sample size and the homogeneity of the ethnicity of the participants. KEY WORDS Epilepsy, Elderly, GTCS, Focal Seizure, Stroke.

The Correlation and Agreement of Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Mini-Mental State Examination and Abbreviated Mental Test in Assessing the Cognitive Status of Elderly People Undergoing Hemodialysis.

Cognitive disorders are one of the most common disorders in elderly people with chronic renal failure. This study aimed to investigate the correlation and agreement of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) tests in assessing the cognitive status of elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis at Guilan University of Medical Sciences in north of Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 84 elderly people undergoing hemodialysis. Inclusion criteria was having an age of 60 years old and older, hemodialysis treatment for at least 6 months, and having reading and writing skills. The Pearson correlation test, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) test, and Bland-Altman plot were used for data analysis. The majority of samples were in the age group of 60-65 years (28.57%) and the majority of them were male (66.66%). The results showed a significant positive correlation between MoCA and MMSE (r = 0.69, p = 0.001), between MMSE and AMTS (r = 0.64, p = 0.001), and between MoCA and AMTS tests (r = 0.62, p = 0.001). The results also showed a weak agreement between MoCA and MMSE tests (ICC = -0.11, p = 0.633), between MMSE and AMTS tests (ICC = -0.007, p = 0.369), and between MoCA and AMTS tests (ICC = -0.001, p = 0.780). Based on the results, these tools seem to complement each other. The inconsistency between cognitive tests indicates a serious need to develop appropriate instruments for detecting cognitive disorders in elderly.

Alpha-Synuclein and Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease.

Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in elderly people. It is characterized by the aggregation of misfolded alpha-synuclein throughout the nervous system. Aside from cardinal motor symptoms, cognitive impairment is one of the most disabling non-motor symptoms that occurs during the progression of the disease. The accumulation and spreading of alpha-synuclein pathology from the brainstem to limbic and neocortical structures is correlated with emerging cognitive decline in PD. This review summarizes the genetic and pathophysiologic relationship between alpha-synuclein and cognitive impairment in PD, together with potential areas of biomarker advancement.

Neural Circuits, Microtubule Processing, Brain's Electromagnetic Field-Components of Self-Awareness.

The known theories discussing the essence of consciousness have been recently updated. This prompts an attempt to integrate these explanations concerning several distinct components of the consciousness phenomenon such as the ego, and qualia perceptions. Therefore, it is useful to consider the latest publications on the ‘Orch OR’ and ‘cemi’ theories, which assume that quantum processing occurs in microtubules and that the brain’s endogenous electromagnetic field is important. The authors combine these explanations with their own theory describing the neural circuits realizing imagery. They try to present such an interdisciplinary, integrated theoretical model in a manner intuitively understandable to people with a typical medical education. In order to do this, they even refer to intuitively understandable metaphors. The authors maintain that an effective comprehension of consciousness is important for health care professionals because its disorders are frequent medical symptoms in emergencies, during general anesthesia and in the course of cognitive disorders in elderly people. The authors emphasize the current possibilities to verify these theses regarding the essence of consciousness thanks to the development of functional brain imaging methods—magnetoencephalography, transcranial magnetic stimulation—as well as clinical studies on the modification of perceptions and feelings by such techniques as mindfulness and the use of certain psychoactive substances, especially among people with self-awareness and identity disorders.

The Combination of Tradition and Future: Data-Driven Natural-Product-Based Treatments for Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in elderly people. The personalized diagnosis and treatment remain challenges all over the world. In recent years, natural products are becoming potential therapies for many complex diseases due to their stability and low drug resistance. With the development of informatics technologies, data-driven natural product discovery and healthcare is becoming reality. For PD, however, the relevant research and tools for natural products are quite limited. Here in this review, we summarize current available databases, tools, and models for general natural product discovery and synthesis. These useful resources could be used and integrated for future PD-specific natural product investigations. At the same time, the challenges and opportunities for future natural-product-based PD care will also be discussed.

A study on nutritional status and factors influencing nutritional status of geriatric population in selected rural areas of Kamrup district, Assam

Background: Nutrition is an important factor contributing to health and functional ability. The effect of nutritional status on physical and psychological wellbeing is especially high in elderly. With the increasing longevity, nutrition status plays a significant role in the quality of life in the elderly. There was definite evidence that malnutrition was more common in geriatric population but it was underestimated in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Several studies had pointed out that physicians often overlook this problem and so fail to treat malnutrition in elderly patients [1].Aim: The aim of the study to assess nutritional status and their influencing factors among geriatric population in selected rural areas.Objectives1.To assess the nutritional status of geriatric population. 2.To identify the factors influencing the nutritional status of the geriatric population.Methodology: A community based cross sectional survey was conducted by using multi stage random sampling technique to select 350 number of elderly persons (60 years and above) from two Community Development Blocks of Kamrup district, Assam. The tool used for data collection was structured interview schedule that comprises of collection socio-demographic profile of the aged 60 years and above by using Pareek and Trivedi’s socio-economic (Rural) scale and addition of 10 items and the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), a survey including questions on lifestyle, diet, etc., of the respondents, to evaluate their nutritional status. The technique adopted for data collection was interview, measurement of height, weight, mid arm circumference and calf circumference. Data gathered was analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: The findings of the study revealed that out of the total study subjects female (61.28%) outnumbered males (48.63%). Among females majority were widows, illiterate and unemployed. Highest number of respondents (62.57%) were in socio-economic class-IV. A significant proportion of elderly (82.86%) were under nourished. Through logistic regression analysis, it was observed that socio-economic class, marital status, occupation, income and family type had a varying impact on the nutritional status.Conclusion: This study clearly demonstrates an alarmingly higher prevalence of nutritional disorders in elderly people. So, there is an urgent need for improving the overall situation of the rural elderly people in the setting of detrimental socio-economic condition.

A meta-analysis of cohort studies: Traumatic brain injury and risk of Alzheimer's Disease.

IntroductionRecently, some epidemiological studies have reported that cognitive disorders in elderly people is accelerated with traumatic brain injury. But the causal relationship between traumatic brain injury and AD is still an area of controversy.AimsOur review was conducted to estimate the relation between traumatic brain injury and risk of AD.MethodsAll longitudinal population-based studies comparing incidence of AD between subjects with and without traumatic brain injury from their inception to September 2020 were searched in The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science without restriction of language. The meta-analysis was conducted using Stata software.ResultsA total of 17 studies involving 4289,548 individuals were included. After pooling these 17 studies, subjects with traumatic brain injury had significant higher incidence of AD than those without traumatic brain injury (RR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.05–1.29). When considering the severity of traumatic brain injury, this elevated risk of AD was still significant comparing subjects with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury and those with no traumatic brain injury (RR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.01–1.59).ConclusionTraumatic brain injury, especially moderate and severe traumatic brain injury may be associated with increased risk of AD.