Dismantling Process Research Articles

Synthesis of high performance nano-over-lithiated oxide coated LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 from spent lithium ion batteries

The widely usage of LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2 (NCM, here 1-x-y≤0.5) batteries makes their recovering and recycling urgent requirements. Here, a novel efficient and environmentally friendly recycling process have been developed to synthesis high performance NCM materials from spent NCM batteries. The recovery process comprises battery dismantling process, spent cathode separation and purification process, precipitation process and a heat treatment process. In the typical Mn2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ solutions are introduced to form Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13(OH)1.6 homogeneously coated precursor. The final Li1.20Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2(LLO) coated LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2(NCM622) composite is obtained by commonly used heat treatment. LLO modification recovers the electrochemical activity of spent NCM622 pronouncedly even better than the reference commercialized NCM622. 1% LLO active materials show discharge capacities of 178.2 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C rate and display a superior cycling performance with 98.4% capacity retention after 100 cycles.

Sustainability in Ship Recycling Process

Ship Recycling is the most appropriate term and it is much broader as it implies an element of Sustainability. Ship recycling is the process of ship dismantling using safe and environmentally sound procedures and using the materials and equipment for reuse. Steel scrap is used for secondary steel making. This paper summaries the role of classification society in ship recycling business. This paper also gives brief on Basel convention and Hong Kong Convention. Getting statement of compliance on Inventory of Hazardous materials (IHM) and International ready for recycling certificate (IRRC) from Statutory body or by Recognized Organization was explained in this paper.

Emission factors of particulate matter, CO and CO2 in the pyrolytic processing of typical electronic wastes

A self-designed experimental device was employed to simulate the pyrolytic dismantling process of selected electronic wastes (E-wastes), including printed wiring boards (PWBs) and plastic casings. The generated particulate matter (PM) of different particle sizes, carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were determined, and the corresponding emission factors (EFs) were estimated. Finer particles with particle sizes of 0.4–2.1 μm accounted for 78.9% and 89.3% of PM emitted by the pyrolytic processing of PWBs and plastic casings, respectively, and the corresponding EFs were 9.68 ± 4.81 and 18.49 ± 7.2 g/kg, respectively. The EFs of CO and CO2 from PWBs and plastic casings were 55.9 ± 26.9 and 1182 ± 439 g/kg, and 133.6 ± 34.6 and 2827 ± 276 g/kg, respectively. Compared with other emission sources, such as coal, biomass, and traffic exhaust, the EFs of E-wastes were relatively higher, especially for PM. There were significant positive correlations (p < 0.05) of the initial contents of carbon and nitrogen in PWBs with the related EFs of PM, CO, and CO2, while the correlations for plastic casings were insignificant. The EFs of CO of PWBs were significantly positively correlated with the corresponding EFs of PM and the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); however, the same result was not observed for plastic casings.

Amidst exclusion, promise, and violence: rural normal school students in Mexico and the disappearance of 43

ABSTRACTOn 26 and 27 September 2014, 43 students from the “Profesor Isidro Burgos” Rural Normal School in Ayotzinapa, Guerrero, Mexico, disappeared, and six people died. In this article, I analyse the event as the result of long-term historical processes, from the perspective of the social mobilisation that caused the students’ disappearance on the one hand, and from the history of rural normal schools on the other. The starting point is to relocate political history within the history of education in order to understand the agency of political actors in the definition of educational processes, and the questioning of the reciprocal relations of school and state. The study is based on widely diverse sources: official documents from schools, statistics, news items from newspapers and social networks, and observations of the mobilisations of 2014. The disappearance of the 43 rural normal students is the result of a long process of abandonment in the countryside, of discrimination against young people of rural origin and Indians, all in the framework of a process of state dismantling which places teachers and normal students in positions of severe vulnerability.

Structural Health Monitoring of the Scaffolding Dismantling Process of a Long‐Span Steel Box Girder Viaduct Based on BOTDA Technology

In this study, a distributed optical fiber sensing technique based on Brillouin optical time‐domain analysis (BOTDA) is used to construct a complete bridge health monitoring system by continuously laying distributed sensing fiber lines in a steel box girder. The bridge scaffolding dismantling process is monitored to study the variation of the strain distribution. Additionally, a bridge finite element model is built to simulate the bridge scaffolding removed condition, and the strain distribution of the long‐span steel box girder viaduct after scaffolding dismantling is compared with the measured values. This study provides a reference for monitoring the scaffolding dismantling process based on BOTDA technology.

End-of-life of fuel cell and hydrogen products: A state of the art

Abstract The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen (FCH) technologies will play an important role in a future where greenhouse gasses emissions need to be reduced. Nevertheless, a huge implementation of these technologies must be addressed taking into account an eco friendly scope not only from the manufacturing perspective but also from the end-of-life scope. A classification of the materials has been done considering the importance of each of them. To obtain a complete overview of the problem, different criteria have been compared: the cost, the scarcity of the material and the affections these materials can cause not only to the environment but also to the humans. This classification has been used to identify which are the most critical materials. Moreover, other transversal issues have been studied as the regulations that apply to FCH technologies from a paneuropean perspective and the strategies to face the end-of-life of this equipment. A holistic point of view has been considered in order to see how the process of dismantling and recycling faces different problems and which milestones to achieve in a future with a deep market penetration are.

Reverse engineering of wörner type drilling machine structure.

A product design needs to be modified based on the conditions of production facilities and existing resource capabilities without reducing the functional aspects of the product itself. This paper describes the reverse engineering process of the main structure of the wörner type drilling machine to obtain a machine structure design that can be made by resources with limited ability by using simple processes. Some structural, functional and the work mechanism analyzes have been performed to understand the function and role of each basic components. The process of dismantling of the drilling machine and measuring each of the basic components was performed to obtain sets of the geometry and size data of each component. The geometric model of each structure components and the machine assembly were built to facilitate the simulation process and machine performance analysis that refers to ISO standard of drilling machine. The tolerance stackup analysis also performed to determine the type and value of geometrical and dimensional tolerances, which could affect the ease of the components to be manufactured and assembled

Changing the Channel: Class Conflict, Everyday State Formation, and Television in Venezuela

The formation of new state television outlets in Venezuela during the Chávez era was a process of dismantling and remaking hierarchies among social classes and between the fields of state and community media production. An analysis of the involvement of community media producers in creating a new state television outlet in Caracas and the collaboration between community and state producers in the first decade of the twenty-first century suggests that the influx of community media producers into state media projects and vice versa was mutually transformative. Such an analysis brings to the fore what vertical topographies of power obscure: the conflict and cooperation between different social sectors that were central to the making of both official and unofficial media projects aligned with the Chávez-led Bolivarian Revolution. In these joint efforts we see the state as an unfolding process of negotiation and struggle. La formación de nuevos medios televisivos en Venezuela durante la era de Chávez implicó desmantelar y rehacer jerarquías entre clases sociales, así como las áreas de producción de medios estatal y comunitaria. Un análisis de la participación de productores de medios comunitarios en la creación de una nueva emisora televisiva en Caracas y la colaboración entre productores estatales y la comunidad en la primera década del siglo XXI sugiere que el influjo de productores de medios comunitarios en los medios estatales y viceversa dieron lugar a transformaciones mutuas. Dicho análisis pone en evidencia algo que las topografías verticales del poder ocultan: el conflicto y cooperación entre los diferentes sectores sociales fundamentales a la creación, tanto oficial como extraoficial, de los proyectos de medios asociados a la Revolución Bolivariana chavista. Es en estos esfuerzos que el estado se nos revela como un proceso asentado en la lucha y la negociación.

Stalinism versus capitalism. Institutional changes in the Polish social policy in the years 1918-1956

Goal – the aim of the paper is to present the fundamental institutional changes which took place in the Polish social policy between 1918 and 1956, i.e. from regaining independence to the end of the Stalinist period in Poland. Therefore, the paper will present both the processes that constitute the construction of the social policy system, embedded in the European tradition and capitalist economy, and the process of dismantling of that system carried out by the communists at the end of the 1940s and at the beginning of the next decade, which imitated the Stalinist model of social activity of the state. Research methodology – the paper has been prepared with the use of a number of research methods in the field of humanities and social studies, necessary for the proper reconstruction of institutional changes which took place in the Polish social policy in the discussed period. The research has been based on the query of the archival sources, printed and legal, as well as specialist press and research papers. Score – the construction of the social policy system, which began in 1918, was not completed in the interwar period, but strong institutional foundations for such a system were created. After the World War II its reconstruction was, understandably, based on the pre-war rules. Political and systemic changes, which took place in Poland after communists gained full power, meant even greater nonuniformity between the institutional solutions, which stemmed from capitalism, and the model of socialism built in the late 1940s. Along with this process, social policy also underwent salinization and, as the result of institutional changes at the beginning of the 1950s, it had completely different functions than in the capitalist economy. It was objectified and it became an instrument of economic policy aimed at socialist industrialization and collectivization of villages. Its main task was no longer to solve social issues but to meet social needs. This new role, resulting from the Stalinist system, meant significant impoverishment of social policy and limiting the effectiveness of the state activity on social life.

Ekonomski aspekti korporativne bezbednosti

After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc as an integral part of the transitional processes, the process of dismantling of the welfare state took place almost invisibly. This process minimized the impact of institutional mechanisms in all spheres of human activity in both transition and developed capitalist countries. The process is particularly prominent in the sphere of social policy, but also in the business environment of business entities. Business entities under the pressure of globalization, which implies liberalization of trade and business, keep losing the protection of state institutions, which was implied earlier. The default privileged position on the domestic market and the protection of the business system from the hostile operation of competition is becoming a past. New business opportunities offered by the global market bring with it new challenges in terms of business success and survival on such a market. Corporations are forced to take into account a number of parameters that affect the results of their activities when planning and realizing their operations. A very important moment is the economic environment and the conditions of life and work of the users of their services, as well as the employees in the system. The concept of human security provides a good analytical framework for understanding new conditions and identifying important factors for business success.

How sublexical association strength modulates updating: Cognitive and strategic effects

In the current study, we investigated updating of long-term memory (LTM) associations. Specifically, we examined sublexical associations by manipulating preexisting LTM relations between consonant couplets (in encoding and updating phases), and explicitly instructed participants to engage with a specific strategy for approaching the task (item disjunction, grouping, or none). In two experiments, we used a multistep subject-based memory updating task in which we measured processing response times (RTs; Exp. 1, Exp. 2) and recognition RTs (Exp. 2). For the first time, in both experiments, we found costs in dismantling strong pre-existing associations from LTM and benefits in recreating strong preexisting associations. In addition, we found that control of irrelevant information was more difficult when this belonged to a strong association. Regarding task strategies, we showed that inducing a disjunction strategy enhanced updating, no matter the strength of the association. Results were discussed in the light of updating as a process of dismantling and recreating associations. The role of a specific strategic approach in enhancing the updating was also discussed.

Control of adhesive strength of acrylate polymers containing 1-isobutoxyethyl and isobornyl esters in response to dual stimuli for dismantlable adhesion

BackgroundTo develop an adhesion system satisfying both constant adhesion strength during use and quick debonding ability during a dismantling process.MethodsAdhesive properties were investigated for the random and block copolymers consisting of 1-isobutoxyethyl acrylate (iBEA), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2EHA), and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) as the dismantlable pressure-sensitive adhesives in the presence of a photoacid generator in response to dual external stimuli of photoirradiation and post baking.ResultsThe use of LED combined with a new photoacid generator SIN-11 was enable us to achieve a rapid dismantling process during UV irradiation within several minutes. The protection of the ester alkyl group in the iBEA repeating unit to give an acrylic acid unit was suppressed by the introduction of isobornyl acrylate (IBoA) as the additional unit into the copolymer of iBEA, 2EHA, and HEA. While IBoA‐containing block copolymer showed a constant adhesive strength during photoirradiation as the single external stimulus, deprotection was immediately induced by the subsequent heating, leading to a significant decrease in the adhesive strength.ConclusionThe copolymer including the iBEA and IBoA units was revealed to function as the highly sensitive adhesive materials for dual-locked dismantlable adhesion.

Assessment of the radiation impact of steam generator dismantling on the workers, public and environment

Prediction of the exposure of workers and the impact on the public and environment is necessary for the planning of the decommissioning tasks. Planning and realisation of the dismantling process have to take into account many factors. This results in the creation of possible dismantling scenarios. Moreover, the input data such as nuclide composition and activity content often vary. In the case of a steam generator, the contamination level can differ even within the same nuclear power plant. The paper describes and applies the methodology used for complex analysis of the steam generator dismantling process in nuclear power plants using the VVER-440 reactor types.

Establishment of the framework to visualize the space dose rates on the dismantling simulation system based on a digital manufacturing platform

A decommissioning plan should involve a comprehensive review of the feasibility of the safety measures, economics and so on. There is a variety of information required for the review of each decommissioning phase, ranging from the conformity of the dismantling process to radioactive waste management. The space dose rate of a nuclear facility is one of the major data points that must be obtained during the early planning stage for the decommissioning of a nuclear facility. We propose the framework for the visualization of the analyzed space dose rate on the dismantling simulation system with the solid modeling method, which is generally used for a CAD (computer-aided design)-based digital manufacturing platform. The visualization module applying this framework is implemented using the suitable software framework that can directly interface with the dismantling simulation system. The framework of the visualization module is composed of a pre-processing stage for creating an optimal data-structure of the analyzed space does rates and a configuration stage for a visualization of the 3-dimensional models of dose on the dismantling simulation system. As a result, the module in the dismantling simulation system can visualize both the 3-dimensional space dose rate and radioactive equipment model in the same virtual space and provides useful information to users in real time for planning the dismantling process.

The health risk attenuation by simultaneous elimination of atmospheric VOCs and POPs from an e-waste dismantling workshop by an integrated de-dusting with decontamination technique

This study investigated the simultaneous abatement of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), using an integrated technique with a bag filter (BF), photocatalysis (PC) and biotrickling filter (BTF) in an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling workshop. Approximately 3.6×105, 1.1×103, and 2.5×103ngm−3 of VOCs, PAHs, and PBDEs, respectively, were emitted from domestic stoves during a television dismantling process. During 30-day continuous treatment period, the treatment techniques eliminated 83.7%, 87.2% and 94.1% of VOCs, PAHs and PBDEs, respectively. Among three technologies, PC was responsible for the removal of 78.0% of VOCs and 72.3% of PAHs, while the BF technology removed 85.5% of PBDEs. The success assembling of different technologies depended on different gas-particle distributions of PAHs and PBDEs. Meanwhile, the decreased risk indices of all pollutants were also observed. The PC and BF treatment technologies reduced the cancer risks associated with the most VOCs and PBDEs (57.6% and 80.5%, respectively). The BF technology reduced risks from PAHs the most (86.1%), because of much higher toxic equivalency factors associated with particle-related-PAHs. After BTF treatment, the residual organic pollutants were further biodegraded and completely detoxified. This study indicated that the integrated technique, involving both excellent de-dusting and decontamination capabilities, may provide an efficient alternative to current environment purification and human health protection practices.

Repercussions of imprisonment for conjugal violence: discourses of men.

ABSTRACTObjective:to know the consequences that men experience related to incarceration by conjugal violence. Methods:qualitative study on 20 men in jail and indicted in criminal processes related to conjugal violence in a Court specialized in Family and Domestic Violence against women. The interviews were classified based on Collective Subject Discourse method, using NVIVO(r) software. Results:the collective discourse shows that the experience of preventive imprisonment starts a process of family dismantling, social stigma, financial hardship and psycho-emotional symptoms such as phobia, depression, hypertension, and headaches. Conclusion:due to the physical, mental and social consequences of the conjugal violence-related imprisonment experience, it is urgent to look carefully into the somatization process as well as to the prevention strategies regarding this process.

RELAÇÕES ARGENTINA-BRASIL: RIVALIDADE, COOPERAÇÃO E IDENTIDADES

Rivalidade e cooperação são duas lógicas básicas para o entendimento da construção do relacionamento entre Argentina e Brasil, uma vez que oscilações entre essas dinâmicas marcaram as interações entre os Estados. A área nuclear apresenta-se como profícua para analisar as relações bilaterais, pois se trata de um campo sensível em sua essência que passou por um processo de desmonte das desconfianças e desenvolvimento de padrões de cooperação entre Argentina e Brasil. O presente trabalho propõe uma síntese histórica das lógicas de rivalidade e cooperação nas relações entre os Estados e busca problematizar o papel que as identidades apresentam nessa dinâmica.

Comparative assessment on greenhouse gas emissions of end-of-life vehicles recycling methods

The ‘whole recycling method’, in which an end-of-life vehicle (ELV) is pressed and transferred to an electric furnace or converter, simultaneously recycles iron and treats automotive shredder residues. This contrasts with the usual practice of shredding ELVs to produce scrap. An advanced dismantling process is required to recycle pressed ELVs using a converter because the quality of scrap entering a converter is restricted (the copper content must be low). Here, life cycle assessments are performed to determine the amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted recycling an ELV using the whole recycling method and using the shredding method. Recycling a pressed ELV in a converter was found to cause GHG emissions approximately 320 kg-CO2e lower than caused by the recycling of the pressed ELV in an electric furnace. Approximately, 120 kg-CO2e less GHGs were emitted when recycling in a converter than when using the shredding method. However, the amount of greenhouse gases reduced by a converter depends on the conditions used, such as the presence of a Linz–Donawitz converter gas recovery facility. It is hoped that incentives can be developed to improve scrap metal quality by encouraging automobile manufacturers to design for disassembly and recyclers to disassemble more ELV components.

VOCs elimination and health risk reduction in e-waste dismantling workshop using integrated techniques of electrostatic precipitation with advanced oxidation technologies

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted during the electronic waste dismantling process (EWDP) were treated at a pilot scale, using integrated electrostatic precipitation (EP)-advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs, subsequent photocatalysis (PC) and ozonation). Although no obvious alteration was seen in VOC concentration and composition, EP technology removed 47.2% of total suspended particles, greatly reducing the negative effect of particles on subsequent AOTs. After the AOT treatment, average removal efficiencies of 95.7%, 95.4%, 87.4%, and 97.5% were achieved for aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, as well as nitrogen- and oxygen-containing compounds, respectively, over 60-day treatment period. Furthermore, high elimination capacities were also seen using hybrid technique of PC with ozonation; this was due to the PC unit’s high loading rates and excellent pre-treatment abilities, and the ozonation unit’s high elimination capacity. In addition, the non-cancer and cancer risks, as well as the occupational exposure cancer risk, for workers exposed to emitted VOCs in workshop were reduced dramatically after the integrated technique treatment. Results demonstrated that the integrated technique led to highly efficient and stable VOC removal from EWDP emissions at a pilot scale. This study points to an efficient approach for atmospheric purification and improving human health in e-waste recycling regions.

Exposure risks of noise and heavy metals in dismantling lines for recovering waste televisions

Quantities of waste televisions have been generated in the world and manual dismantling was chosen to treat waste televisions. Therefore, exposure risks of pollutants in manual dismantling process should be concerned. In this paper, exposure risks of noise and heavy metals in full manual dismantling line and semi-automatic dismantling line for recovering waste televisions were studied. The highest noise levels exposed in full manual dismantling line and semi-automatic dismantling line were 92.3 dB(A) and 87.9 dB(A), which brought harm to workers. The highest concentrations of total suspended particulates, particulate matter 10, and particulate matter 2.5 exposed in the workshop of full manual dismantling line were 2425 μg/m3, 1624 μg/m3, and 1184 μg/m3. The corresponding values in semi-automatic dismantling line were 1221 μg/m3, 851 μg/m3, and 602 μg/m3. These values were ten times higher than the standard values in Ambient Air Quality Standard. The concentrations of lead in the air caused negative effect to workers, even chronic risk. The highest concentrations of zinc and lead exposed in the ground dust of the workshop reached 4868 mg/kg and 5226 mg/kg, almost ten times higher than the allowed concentration limit. Concentrations of zinc and lead exposed in surface soil of flower bed reached 683 mg/kg and 468 mg/kg. The results indicated noise and heavy metals exposures in dismantling process of waste televisions were harmful. However, Semi-automatic dismantling made a certain progress on environmental performance than full manual dismantling for treating waste televisions. Additionally, measures for controlling the exposure risks of noise and heavy metals were proposed for improving semi-automatic dismantling such as the closed and automatic transport system. This paper provided environmental information about the dismantling process for recovering waste televisions. It also supported scientific information for the government to improve the recovery process of waste televisions on cleaner production.