Disinterested Observer Research Articles

Turkey and the pale light of European democracy

Increasing electoral volatility domestically and a sense of disorientation in its foreign affairs characterize Turkey today. Only in part can this situation be explained by the fact that the wars of the Yugoslav succession have severed some of Turkey's trade routes to the European Union (EU); the EU's treatment of Turkey has been much more devastating than political disintegration in the Balkans. Above all, Brussels’ rejection of Ankara's application for full membership of the EU, justified by reference to Turkey's record of human rights abuses, symbolizes for Turks the defeat of a decades‐old ambition to make their country part of modern Europe. Turkey's European aspirations date back to the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of a secular Turkish republic compatible with, though not derived from, the European liberal‐democratic tradition. From Ankara's perspective, Europe's ostentatious human rights critique of Turkey conceals a cultural prejudice against a Muslim society. To the disinterested observer, the EU and its member states appear to have abandoned both the liberal spirit of religious toleration and the fundamentals of prudent diplomacy. The New Europe may have frittered away the chance to build a democratic bridgehead into the Islamic world.

The Victory of Popular Forces or Passive Revolution? A Neo-Gramscian Perspective on Democratisation

In the flourish of literature now attempting to explain transitions to democracy in sub-Saharan Africa a curious consensus has emerged concerning the relative importance of internal and external causes. It is almost uniformly maintained that the real causes were internal, and that international factors were merely supportive. Accordingly, John Wiseman claims in the introduction to his recently edited volume on democratic reform that changes in the global political environment ‘made things marginally less difficult for those in Africa seeking to democratise their political systems and marginally more difficult for those (mainly incumbent authoritarian elites) who sought to prevent them from doing so’, emphasis added.This article takes issue with such reductionism of politics to the domestic level. Internal and external causes are interlinked and intertwined in such complex ways that what at first glance appears to be internal may on closer inspection reveal strong external influences. The attempt to determine the relative importance of each is thus deemed futile and prone to ideological bias. The assertion that exogenous factors are only inspirational and supportive implies that the international financial institutions (IFIs) and bilateral donors are neutral and disinterested observers of current events, rather than active and ideologically motivated participants in global and national debates and developments.

The 'Shadow Economy' of Local School Management in Contemporary West Mexico

One of the most striking features of Mexican education at school level is an unusually wide discrepancy between official norms and actual educational practice. This is noted not only by disinterested observers but also by parents, who are aware of the rules being bent and standards not being kept, as is witnessed by persistently high rates of school drop-out and repetition. Thus there is cause for parental and general public concern. Parents are particularly scandalised by what they see as teachers' instrumental attitudes to their work?going absent when it suits them, swapping classes for their own convenience, trading leaves of absence for the mutual advantage of those involved. Meanwhile the children suffer. Teachers acknowledge their shortcomings, but attribute them not only to their own limitations, but also to the difficult task of implementing overambitious official demands in inadequate conditions and with uncooperative clients. Yet, local educa? tional practice is more than a modification of national directives to local conditions, more than just necessary rule-bending. It constitutes a whole complex of economic and power relations inhabiting the official educational structure.

Institutional barriers: A synoptic or pluralist approach

The term institutional barriers, seems to imply that institutional arrangements can be rather readily divided into those that are barriers and those that are favourable to a better flow of information and to a more efficient and effective approach to environmental and economic concerns, or to sustainable development. Such a perspective, if intended, reflects a rational or synoptic view of the situation. It seems to suggest that if certain institutions can be identified as barriers and changed or removed, especially with respect to information, then a better approach to environment and economy will be possible and many of our problems witl disappear. Institutions can be viewed however, from a pluralistic perspective, i.e. that they have evolved in many cases as compromises, as buffers, facilitators, or links among groups, which often have different perceptions, attitudes, values, goals, and interests. From this pluralist perspective, information systems, laws, agencies, private corporations, citizen organizations, political parties, and other institutional arrangements are not viewed as machinery or technology which can be re-tooled so as to ultimately move groups and individuals toward some broad consensus, or utopian state. To put the point in another way, from the pluralist perspective institutions are essentially social in character, whereas from the synoptic perspective institutions are basically technical in character. Indeed institutions are sometimes referred to as infrastructure, comparable to roads or transmission lines. Others view institutions as culture, as learned behavior, much of which is ultimately beyond accurate technical analysis and portrayal and so precise understanding and design. It is the pluralist view that is favoured here with its understanding of institutions as both explicit social guides such as laws, policies, agencies, and organizations and also as implicit social guides such as traditions, customs, or heritage. From the pluralist perspective one approaches institutions with much caution for fear of coming to too quick a conclusion about how they work and how to change them so as to achieve some desired purpose or goal. Indeed, purposes or goals themselves need careful examination at the outset, perhaps by informed, analytical and disinterested observers, if not by a group of people with a wide view, representative of the many interests that are usually affected by a new project, program, or policy. Since World War II, Canadians and other peoples, especially in the Western world, have neglected the pluralist perspective and have favoured the synoptic, or technical, view of institutions,

Moral Theology and Canon Law: The Quest for a Sound Relationship

T PROBLEM: alienation. For all disinterested observers, it is a wellknown fact that at present the relationship between canon law and moral theology is at best disturbed, at worst downright nonexistent. Yet there should be an organic unity between the two. After all, moral theology defines many of the values canon law is promoting, and canon law creates obligations which have far-reaching consequences in the field of morality. Thus mutual understanding and a well-balanced relationship should be in the interest of both parties. The origins of this present-day alienation are found in the past history of the two sciences. To listen to the moralists, their theology has suffered badly at the hands of the canonists: they tried to make it into a thinly disguised branch of jurisprudence. To listen to the canonists, the nature of their rules and regulations has been misunderstood by the moralists: they tended to make them into divine precepts with appropriate sanctions, including eternal damnation. All such accusations are, of course, simplifications. Nonetheless, among the unfair generalizations there is a grain of truth. Many times in history the two sciences encroached on each other's field, and by the introduction

FLORIDA'S SALES TAX ON SERVICES

other aspects of the tax, the levy trigDuring its 1987 session, the Florida leg- gered an enormous storm of protest, with islature enacted a sales and use tax on a opponents attacking it as unfair, unwise, broad range of services consumed in the and unconstitutional. In December 1987, state. Because the tax systematically sought less than six months after the tax took efto tax services that were performed outside fect, the Florida legislature responded to the state but used in Florida (including the widespread opposition to the tax by national advertising), the levy triggered I an repealing it effective January 1, 1988. enormous storm of protest with opponents This article traces the development of attacking it as unfair, unwise, and uncon- Florida's sales tax on services, examines stitutional. This article traces the histori- its design and operation, explores the polcal develo ment of Florida's sales tax on icy questions that the tax has posed, con@p siders the legal challenges to the levy's services, examines its design and opera- validity, and describes the events that led tion, explores the policy questions that the to its repeal. Although I cannot claim to tax raised, considers the legal challenges be a disinterested observer of rise and fall to the levy's validity, and describes the of Florida's sales tax on services,7 I have events that led to its ultimate repeal. attempted to present the issues raised by the tax in an evenhanded manner.

IS/OUGHT REDUX: THE PRAGMATIST CONTEXT OF LON FULLER'S CONCEPTION OF LAW

The purpose of this essay is to identify the philosophical context of the claim made by Lon Fuller that law and morality-or, as Fuller preferred to say, the law that is and the law that ought to be-are logically inseparable. Fuller first defended this claim in print in 1940 and continued to support it for nearly three decades. Reviewing his published arguments today, a disinterested observer is bound to acknowledge that they were thoroughly demolished in a succession of commentaries by eminent philosophers. Yet Fuller persisted in his claim. His stubbornness could be attributed, I suppose, to a lack of philosophical sophistication or rigour. However, his personal library reveals that Fuller was well read in twentieth-century philosophy and quite aware that his position ran counter to certain dominant lines of argument. I searched his library and private papers, therefore, with a view to locating sources of ideas that he may have found compelling, despite their repudiation or neglect in the contemporary literature, and that would provide a basis for understanding and perhaps reconstructing his side of the debate. The sources I found are surprisingly familiar: William James and John Dewey-though I should add that I do not mean to deny that Fuller drew ideas from a wide variety of sources in many languages and in many disciplines. Nonetheless, it is evident, I believe, that on crucial philosophical matters the pragmatist influence was a dominant one, even to the point of guiding his reading in other traditions of thought. Before broaching this connection, however, I shall briefly recount Fuller's debate with the philosophers.

Vaginal Spermicides and Congenital Disorders: The Validity of a Study-Reply

In Reply.— Dr Watkins has selectively reclassified the exposure status of exposed cases without engaging in a similar effort for exposed noncases. The technique is one used in advocacy, but it is not good science. The ease with which clinical notes can be misconstrued even by a disinterested observer led us originally to prefer records of acquisition of spermicides as an impartial, though admittedly imperfect, proxy for exposure. Our classification of women's exposure to spermicides was based on a consideration of the typical time between purchases of spermicides at Group Health, which we took to be a reasonable indicator of the duration of potential use. Since pharmacy records do not specify dates of use or nonuse, there will inevitably be nondifferential misclassification of exposure in a study based on pharmacy data. The same is true of studies based on clinic records. In either case, the effect of the error will

God’s Fools: Four Plays by Thomas Rogers

Reviews 349 God’s Fools: Four Plays. By Thomas Rogers. (Midvale, Utah: Signature Books, 1983. 233 pages.) God’s Fools, a volume of plays by Thomas Rogers, quotes as epigraphs the Bible, Dostoevsky, and the Mormon Doctrine and Covenants — an early indication of the plays’ range and world view. For less discerning readers, the writer’s Preface provides an apologia, a sermonette, and literary criticism which, fortunately, the plays themselves supersede. Huebener recounts the historical events which led to the arrest and death of a young Mormon in Nazi Germany. Like the rest of the volume, this play pits individual conscience against a church which, in turn, is trying to survive a dangerous political situation. Rogers neither romanticizes nor oversimplifies plot dynamics: the Mormon Church “renders unto Hitler” and excommuni­ cates its courageous, idealistic Huebeners. In spite of some stereotyped vil­ lains and a rather superficial trial scene, the play smoothly traverses a com­ pelling plot and crucial issues. The other historical play, Fire in the Bones, dramatizes the infamous Mountain Meadows Massacre through John D. Lee and his complex rela­ tionship to Brigham Young. Like Huebener, Lee acts from conscience to save his soul but to damn his memory, at least temporarily in Mormon history. In spite of the enormity of this material, which calls for genuine dramatic genius, Rogers builds very credible motivation for the massacre, effective scenes of avoiding responsibility, and real pathos for the scapegoat Lee. The playwright wisely employs a circular structure, allowing the play to depart from and return to the firing squad in an ironic affirmation of rebirth, both for Lee and his church. Reunion is a self-proclaimed “classic debate” among real Mormons over relevant, contemporary issues. A typical family gathers for one son’s mis­ sionary farewell, only to discover that their father has cancer and that they have failed as children, lovers, or fathers themselves. Applying amateur psychology and unblushing dei ex machina, the play discusses righteousness judged by worldly success and the relationship between the Mormon Church and the business world. Its candor is both unexpected and refreshing. Journey to Golgotha is at once the least dogmatic and the most religious of the plays, detailing the position of writers and religious dissidents in Russia. By following the dictates of true patriotism, a young man in the Komsomol rejects a paternal figure, thereby finding his real father and Christ. The play enriches a basic spy story with religious ardor, translated Russian poetry, and some of the writer’s strongest characters. “Christ’s fools,” or jurodivy, populate the entire volume — those who journey to Golgotha with courage and their “father’s” ghosts, those for whom religious commitment often costs family, friends, and life itself. Although in subtle ways Rogers affirms the Mormon ethos, he does ask important ques­ tions — never quite point-blank, but never quite along “party lines,” either. Perhaps he identifies with the “church intellectuals” he describes in Reunion. Under the aegis of his religious stance, the writer does weave swift and engag­ 350 Western American Literature ing story lines through a wide variety of subjects;but his characters sometimes lack definition and individuality. Rogers accuses himself of “Maryolatry,” but, except for Golgotha, not only female audiences would find his women stereotyped when not downright ignored. And too often, the writer indulges in jargon lost on a non-Mormon audience, like “being someone’s mouth” or “making points with a Seventy.” Nonetheless, any audience — intellectual or professional, male or female, Mormon or not — will find in these plays ideas worth investigating: the place of the individual in any church, the church in the state, and the state under God. ADEN ROSS, Salt Lake City, Utah A River Runs Through It. By Norman Maclean. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983. 124 pages, $25.00.) Wheels off, the boxcar sits on the gravel outside town. From its faded side, a mountain goat, trademark of the Great Northern Railroad, stares out, a disinterested observer of the rude bar’s clientele. Neal, a self-deluded DavisCup aspirant mollycoddled by his mother, is buying the drinks. Beside him sits Old Rawhide, whilom beauty queen of Wolf Creek (pop. 111). Day after day, she lies...

Big Buck Archaeology: Some Ethical Considerations

While McCormick's view may be too pessimistic for some advoccates of public archeology, it is important for public relations needs, especially when large-scale "mega-buck" projects come under intense public scrutiny, as in a recent GAO review of some large contract archeology projects. In cases like this we find that the profession and the discipline are in disarray, with no united front available to support an acceptable approach to data recovery mitigation (the primary reason for most of the actual expenditures in public archeology). In many ways we are back to square one, looking at the ancient problems of simple "salvage" archeology; we still haven't come to rational terms with the positive and negative aspects of this context. The several symposia on "mitigation" offered at the 1981 Society for American Archeology meetings in San Diego made some progress by airing views, but the disinterested observer surely must have come away with a strong feeling for the lack of any clear cut consensus.

Storytelling in Medical Arenas: The Art of Self-Determination

^Storytelling in Medical Arenas: The Art of Self-Determination Larry R. Churchill and Sandra VV. Churchill Hospitals are the settings for major life transitions: birth, death, and critical incidents in between. The stories that emerge are significant and revelatory, not only for the patients who tell them, but also for general understanding of the human condition. Ironically, these stories are not always heard. The reasons have to do not only with the large and impersonal nature of hospitals, or the customs and structures of medical practice that place physicians at a distance from the lives of their patients. Although these factors are significant, the stories told in hospitals and medical clinics are lost to us because of a more general devaluation of the act of narration, or storytelling, as a mode of selfknowledge . I. The Human Importance of Storytelling Human beings understand their experiences in and through the telling and hearing of stories. Narration is the forward movement of description of actions and events that makes possible the backward action of self-understanding. It is essentially a juncture, or seam, in the fabric of forward living in which interpretations are offered. As such, narration constitutes a threshold phenomenon, and the narrator occupies a liminal place from which the pre-liminary events of the past are given order and coherence and post-liminary possibilities are discovered. When stories are told about ourselves, about our lives, narration becomes a way of taking up again our own past and also pondering, ordering, or interpreting the meaning of what may come. Unlike the careful factual description of history, narrative asserts the human meaning of events, creating, often metaphorically, the categories for interpreting those Literature and Medicine 1 (Rev. ed., 1992) 74-81 © 1992 by The Johns Hopkins University Press Larry R. Churchill and Sandra W. Churchill 75 events. So, one may review past events through narration and say, "Oh, now I see," as if for the first time. Storytelling, whether it takes the form of history, autobiography, myth, folklore, or novel, is a mode of coming to know ourselves and others. Stories are devices that bind agents and events into some intelligible pattern. They weld actors to their actions and doers to their deeds. Both distance and intimacy characterize storytelling. To tell our own story is to recount events and actions from a reflective posture, as an observer, looking in from the outside. The temporal gap between one's actions and the telUng allows the narrator to assume a distance about his or her actions as narrated in the story, which creates a space for recognizing actions as "good" or "bad," "better" or "worse." This space provides the reflective ground for change. Storytelling is also marked by intimacy, especially when it takes the form of autobiography. This is true because of the personal stake we have in the actions we describe. The events and happenings are not merely actions or events in general, but actions and events that are "mine." The "I" that tells reviews intimately the story in which he or she is the hero. The dialectic of distance and intimacy is what makes storyteUing distinctive as a mode of self-knowledge. Distance without intimacy would be sheer factual reporting from the viewpoint of a disinterested observer. Intimacy without distance would be purely private. Intimacy alone forecloses on the possibility of reinterpretation and assessment of one's story by oneself and others. New connections within one's story would be impossible if stories remained within the province of one's own opinion, unacknowledged and unconfirmed in the broader social world. Storytelling is one way persons cross the threshold from individual interpretation of the actions and events of their lives to make contact with a larger range of common experience. We are moved to tell stories because we assume connections between our own story and the common experiential story (social, political, mythic) in which we—as both teller and hearer—know ourselves. Telling stories is not merely, or even primarily, an individual feat of selfrevelation . Because stories manifest trust in the possibility of making connections through the telling, they move persons to tell and retell to reestablish connections with the common experience of the...

A Mirror for Change: Survey/Feedback Experiences

Feedback from a disinterested observer can be a powerful stimulus for change. In our everyday lives the new mirror in the bathroom can act as the disinterested observer reminding us of progress (or lack of progress) in the fight against middle‐aged flab. Similarly there are few more salutory experiences than the first time we see ourselves on film or in a video‐taped training excercise. “Do I really act like that?” we might ask incredulously, but rapidly there is acceptance that the answer is “probably yes”, followed by a resolve to do something about that mannerism that had been so disturbing to witness.

An informational analysis of actors' and observers' belief attributions in a role-playing situation

An actor's belief in a proposition was inferred by both the actor himself and an observer on the basis of information concerning (a) the actor's preparation and delivery of a speech on the proposition to an unseen audience, and (b) the audience's belief in the proposition. The availability of this information to judges was systematically varied. The position advocated by the actor in his speech and the audience's opinion affected both the actor's belief in the test proposition and the belief attributed to the actor by a disinterested observer. However, neither effect depended upon whether or not other belief-relevant information was also available. These results were interpreted as more consistent with a summative model of information integration than with an averaging model. Actors' behavior had similar effects upon both actors' estimates of how the audience would judge their beliefs and observers' actual estimates of these beliefs. However, these effects were both greater than the effect of their behavior on their own estimates of their beliefs. The apparent strength of the audience's belief in the target proposition had a positive influence upon both actors' beliefs in the proposition and observers' estimates of actors' beliefs, but had a negative, or contrast effect upon actors' expectancies for how the audience would judge their beliefs. Results were more consistent with the differential perspective hypothesis of actor-observer differences proposed by Jones and Nisbett than with the hypothesis that actors and observers differentially weight the implications of their past experience in formulating their judgments. Results had additional implications for the assumptions that persons make when using their behaviors as indications of their beliefs.

TRANSPORT & THE MARKETING PHILOSOPHY

RHM is one of the principal groups in the food trade who run their distribution on an in‐house basis, and in the view of disinterested observers, it is not only an efficient operation but one which adheres to the “total concept” philosophy of PDM. Bob Beckham's view is that distribution is a customer‐satisfying process in response to a marketing initiative, or a consumer demand, and he warns that it is too easy for the distribution manager to become over preoccupied with the sectional interests of transport costs to the detriment of the overall purpose of the business. This is a summarised version of a paper paper delivered to a seminar organised jointly by the Institute of Marketing and the Centre for Physical Distribution Management.

The Country Doctor and the Specialist By Fred Lyman Adair (review)

But "when eugenics becomes self-conscious it tends to lose its virtue" (p. 86). Also "eugenic goals are most likely to be attained under a name other than eugenics" (p. 104). The book proceeds from a briefreview ofhistorical selection and survival to a consideration ofsurvival offamily Unes in a modern industrial state such as this country. The discussion ofmodern differentials in fertility is followed by an analysis ofdie genetic significance ofindividual as opposed to group differentials and a review ofthe evidence regarding die effects of relaxed selection on genetic defects and abnormaUties. FinaUy, die audior reviews eugenic poUcies and proposals and concludes widi an optimistic view of the future ofhuman heredity. The contribution of the book is aptly described by its subtitle "An Introduction to Eugenics in Modern Society." It is an unusual combination ofscientific findings presented in readable form, widi a sense ofsocial and human compassion not commonly associated with writings in this field. Dudley Kirk Food Research Institute Stanford University Stanford, California 94305 The Country Doctor and the Specialist. By Fred Lyman Adair, M.D. Box 65, Maitland, Florida 32751: Adair Award Fund, 1968. Pp. 215. Ten-dollar or more contribution to the Adair Award Fund. The Country Doctor andthe Specialist, an autobiography by Fred Lyman Adair, contrasts his own Ufe as a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology widi that ofhis father who was thetypical family doctor ofa generation before. Dr. Fred Adair was the first physician in Minneapolis to limit his practice to obstetrics and gynecology, and throughout his fortyfive years ofactive practice and teaching in Minneapolis and Chicago he exerted a strong influence, not only locaUy on patients and students, but nationally on the development of the specialty as a whole. Not evident from the book was his great concern over the welfare ofdie child before, during, and after birth at a time when most obstetricians were concerned almost entirely with the modier. He was one ofdie first to try to determine specific reasons for frequent failure to survive, and directed die coUection and analysis offindings from 1,000 autopsies on fetuses and newborn infants at die University ofMinnesota in the mid-i920s. He was actuaUy the founder ofthe fields offetology and neonatology as they exist today, a fact that is seldom recognized. The book is not only a delightfully written account ofa fuU and active Ufe but is also a record ofdie development ofobstetrics and gynecology as a recognized medical specialty and ofthe organization ofthe different societies that have exerted an influence on it during various periods ofits development. The book should be enjoyed by anyone interested in medicine as practiced early in the century and in the changes that have taken place in die subsequent years. It is also a valu126 Book Reviews Perspectives in Biology and Medicine · Autumn 1969 ablerecord ofevents in dieobstetrical worldduringthefirsthalfofthis century. Copiesof the book are available from the Adair Award Fund, Box 65, Maitland, Florida 32751. Edith L. Potter, M.D. Gladiolus Drive Route 3, Box 658 Fort Myers, Florida 33901 Tobacco and Your Health: The Smoking Controversy. By Harold S. Diehl, M.D. New York: McGraw-HUl Book Co., 1968. Pp. 271. $4.95. Dr. Harold S. Diehl has been, since 1958, an official ofthe American Cancer Society, thus becoming deeply involved in the campaign against cigarette smoking in its relationship to the increased incidence ofcancer ofdie lung. The book is not offered as a scientific document but rather, as said by Dr. Berwyn F. Mattison ofthe American PubUc Health Association, a book by an author who "frankly disclaims die roles of disinterested observer and impartial reporter." The book is propaganda mustering, in weU-organized chapters, the mass ofopinion and the modicum ofscientific evidence which led to the expressions of opinion. Diehl traces the growth ofthe campaign, the supporting voices culminating in die papers by Drs. Ernest Wynder and Evarts Graham, by Drs. Richard Doll and A. B. Hill, and then the extensive statistical studies ofDrs. E. Cuyler Hammond and Daniel Horn. From this point onthe perspective widens to include die effects oftobacco on longevity , on respiratory diseases, on the circulation, and on the heart. Two briefpages concern air poUution with the potential synergistic effect ofsmoke from the...

Tobacco and Your Health: The Smoking Controversy By Harold S. Diehl (review)

ablerecord ofevents in dieobstetrical worldduringthefirsthalfofthis century. Copiesof the book are available from the Adair Award Fund, Box 65, Maitland, Florida 32751. Edith L. Potter, M.D. Gladiolus Drive Route 3, Box 658 Fort Myers, Florida 33901 Tobacco and Your Health: The Smoking Controversy. By Harold S. Diehl, M.D. New York: McGraw-HUl Book Co., 1968. Pp. 271. $4.95. Dr. Harold S. Diehl has been, since 1958, an official ofthe American Cancer Society, thus becoming deeply involved in the campaign against cigarette smoking in its relationship to the increased incidence ofcancer ofdie lung. The book is not offered as a scientific document but rather, as said by Dr. Berwyn F. Mattison ofthe American PubUc Health Association, a book by an author who "frankly disclaims the roles of disinterested observer and impartial reporter." The book is propaganda mustering, in weU-organized chapters, the mass ofopinion and the modicum ofscientific evidence which led to the expressions of opinion. Diehl traces the growth ofthe campaign, the supporting voices culminating in die papers by Drs. Ernest Wynder and Evarts Graham, by Drs. Richard Doll and A. B. Hill, and then the extensive statistical studies ofDrs. E. Cuyler Hammond and Daniel Horn. From this point onthe perspective widens to include die effects oftobacco on longevity , on respiratory diseases, on the circulation, and on the heart. Two briefpages concern air poUution with the potential synergistic effect ofsmoke from the air and smoke from tobacco. Some ofthefacts areaUttlebafflinginrelationship to diecancer-tobacco concept. However, thejudgments are not left to the reader. The presentation is geared to die antitobacco crusade. Indeed the nine pages devoted to dissenting opinions are largely concerned with demolishing the dissent. I am especiaUy interested in the section on smoking by physicians, which tells about doctors who have smoked and stopped smoking. These statistical poUs are as dubious as those which used to be developed by Albert Lasker who sent aU die doctors boxes ofcigarettes and one week later polled diem as to which cigarette diey were smoking! A doctor who hasjust stopped smoking is very proud to return a postcard declaring diat fiict but like people everywhere—and doctors are people—he forgets to send another card stating that he has started again! However, there has been, widiout doubt, some diminution ofsmoking by physicians. This I observe in themeetings ofthemanymedical organizations which I attend. The book by Diehl is an important social document concerned widi a pubUc health problem which unfortunately is not nearly so easily solved as die problems related to water and sewage disposal, but comes more nearly to such problems as that ofalcohol. I am, perhaps fortunately, one ofthose who has not smoked even once because I never wantedto. IfIhadwished to smoke, Iwould quitecertainlyhavedoneso. SimilarlyIhave 127 indulged but infrequently in spirituous Uquors, and dien only ofthe mildest type. However , tremendous numbers ofmy family and my friends have seemed to feel that the deUghts they derive from smoking and drinking are adequate compensation for such hazards as they incur while in die midst ofdieir indulgence. I have never thought to warn diem to change their habits. At die same time I am a strong devotee ofmoderation in all things. Morris Fishbetn, M.D. 5454 South Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60615 Morris Fishbein, M.D. By Morris Fishbetn, M.D. New York: Doubleday & Co., 1969. Pp. 18+486. $10.00. Morris Fishbein, M.D. is die fascinating story ofa remarkable man's significant involvement in medicine and in many ofits important issues during a period offifty-five years. Beginning widi his early days as an enterprising student at the University of Chicago, through the long period ofhis association widi the American Medical Association as assistant to die editor, and later as editor oftheJournal ofdie association, foUowed by yet another career as medical consultant and innovator, especiaUy in the field ofcommunication and pubUcations, Dr. Fishbeinhas been actively engaged in die affairs ofmedicine and related fields, and diese experiences constitute die main subject ofdlis biography. Fishbein has combined unusual talents ofinteUect, energy, and insight in the origination and implementation of a host of good medical causes, such as foundations advancing research in poUomyeUtis, arthritis, congenital developmental defects, heart disease and digestive disorders, and in the...

The Independent Historical Society

by WALTER MUIR WHITEHILL 8 The Independent Historical Society 1 Four to undertake years ago, a study when of it independent was announced historical that I soci- was to undertake a study of independent historical societies for the Council on Library Resources, the late Carl L. Lokke of the National Archives wrote me suggesting that I include the activities of the Norwegian-American Historical Association . This pleasant and welcome communication, which gave me my first knowledge of the organization, concluded: "For your study you will have to draw the line somewhere. When you draw it, I hope the Norwegian-American Historical Association will land within it." A letter of inquiry soon brought me full information, including a copy of Dean Biegen and Professor Bjork's A Review and a Challenge describing the aims of the association. This brochure, admirable in tone and impressive in content, combined with the list of publications, immediately convinced me of the soundness of Lokke's advice. Thus, on April 1, 1960, my wife and I paid a visit to the association's quarters in the library of St. Olaf College at Northfield. Of this day, I noted in my journal: "Professor Lloyd Hustvedt, Secretary of the Society, showed 1 An address presented at the triennial meeting of the Norwegian-American Historical Association in Minneapolis, May 11, 1963. Ed. 198 THE INDEPENDENT SOCIETÏ us their remarkable publications, well edited, well printed studies of the highest scholarly seriousness, printed out of receipts of membership dues and the free work of various people who have too many other things to do. Hustvedt was a sensitive, learned and delightful man - one of the finest we have met, as was his association. Unfortunately he had a class to teach, but Professor Theodore Jorgenson and Dr. and Mrs. Clarence Clausen took us to lunch in a charming Norwegian restaurant, oddly hidden under a bowling alley, where we had wall-eyed pike, the best fish we have encountered in our travels , and much good talk. At two we regretfully left our amiable Norwegians and drove back to Minneapolis." While traveling through three quarters of the fifty states in the course of my study, I have encountered a gratifying number of people who pursue learning, cultivate the arts, enjoy good conversation, food, and drink, and cherish the features of building and scene that differentiate their community from the next. But I have remembered that day in Northfield with such particular pleasure that I am especially happy to have been invited to return to Minnesota for this triennial meeting, at which I have been able to enlarge my acquaintance among my fellow members of the Norwegian-American Historical Association. When the association's last directory was published, there were thirteen members in my state of Massachusetts. The names of eleven, including Anderson, Eklund, Halvorson, and Larson, have a clear ethnic reason for being numbered among those interested in Norwegian-American history. The other two names - my own and that of the library of the Boston Athenaeum, whose affairs I direct - indicate solely disinterested respect and admiration for sound historical research and writing without any consideration of family or geographical ties. I was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, fifty-seven years ago. Every ancestor of mine that I have heard of came out of England,' Scotland, or Wales, most of them before the Ameri199 Walter Muir WhitehM can Revolution. In the first two thirds of my life, I instinctively headed east, rather than west. Thus, while I was quite at home in Spain, France, and the British Isles, I was forty years old before I reached Chicago, and got there then only because I was in naval uniform and under orders. In recent years I have been making up for that ignorance as rapidly as I can. I cite it, with shame, solely to reinforce my status as a disinterested observer. It would be pointless, particularly after a good dinner catered by Ludvig Roed, whose restaurant in Northfield I remember with such pleasure, for me to attempt to summarize the accomplishments of the Norwegian-American Historical Association over the past thirty-eight years. They speak for themselves, and with particular clarity to those of you who...

Malaysia and the North Borneo Territories

Research Article| November 01 1963 Malaysia and the North Borneo Territories Frances L. Starner Frances L. Starner Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1963) 3 (11): 519–534. https://doi.org/10.2307/3023428 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Frances L. Starner; Malaysia and the North Borneo Territories. Asian Survey 1 November 1963; 3 (11): 519–534. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3023428 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAsian Survey Search This content is only available via PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Joining Hands in Research and in a New “Radiology”

With this first number of a new volume there begins also a new chapter in the scope and service of Radiology. Its activities have been confined through the years to the medical science of radiation, particularly X-rays, because that was the purpose for which it was created. In the opinion of disinterested observers the journal has recorded faithfully notable research efforts and reflected progress in technic and advancement in theoretical knowledge. Most of the contributors have been members of the medical profession who necessarily had to combine in their own training and experience as many branches of the many-sided science of X-rays as possible, the interest, however, being in improved diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Contemporary with these medical researches have been those in laboratories of the other sciences. The physicist has been interested in the radiation as such, the measurement of spectral wave lengths, determination of the laws of emission, absorption, and scattering, and the relati...