Disintegrating Agent Research Articles

Different types of pharmaceutical tablets used for treatment of diseases

In modern age of revolution and development in drug delivery for better clinical effects conventional dosages form have still a strong grip and most popular in all kinds of medicinal preparation intended for oral use. To satisfy the need of growing market tablets dosages form have incorporated modernization in producing and some advanced tablet types. Modified release tablet formulations including, layered tablets such as In +--lay tablet, Bi-layered tablet, Medicated chewing gum, Tablet tarts, Pastilles, Lollipop, Tablet inserts, Clinicaps, Caplets, Child ecstasy tablet and Tablet in tablet are new entries in pharmaceutical market. This review highlights the current advancements and patents in tablet technology. Recent advances in novel drug delivery system (NDDS) aims to enhance safety and efficacy of drug molecule by formulating a convenient dosage form for ease of administration and to achieve better patient compliance. In the recent trend one such approach the development of rapid disintegrating tablets formulation is emerging and gaining popularity because it is easy to administer and leads to better patient compliance. These dosage forms are placed in the mouth, allowed to disperse or dissolve in the saliva. They release the drug as soon as they come in contact with the saliva, thus obviating the need for water during administration. The aim of this article is to review the progress of the evolving technologies and super disintegrating agents in the formulation, manufacturing and evaluation of these tablets. This article also discusses the new evaluation methodologies for these rapid disintegrating tablets. Various modifications in the conventional evaluation and use of specialized instruments are found to be essential in the testing of these dosage forms. In the present review the formulation techniques and different technologies are discussed.

Tablet Formulation of 2-((3-(Chloromethyl)benzoyl)oxy)benzoic Acid by Linear and Quadratic Models.

Purpose: This research determines the effect of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a surfactant, croscarmellose sodium (CS) as a disintegrating agent, and SLS–CS combinations on 2-((3-(chloromethyl)benzoyl)oxy)benzoic acid (3CH2Cl) (log P = 3.73) tablet formulations. In addition, this study aims to determine the optimum of the 3CH2Cl tablet formula. Methods: The tablets are manufactured through direct compression according to the simplex lattice design. The optimal SLS and CS concentration was determined in vitro using linear and quadratic models to achieve better tablet disintegration and dissolution. Results: The same linear and quadratic coefficient profiles of SLS and CS indicate that the combined coefficient of SLS–CS with a quadratic model can be used to predict the effect of the SLS–CS combination. Based on the linear model coefficients, SLS and CS increase the value of flow time (9.35; 7.65), Carr index (26.17; 21.17), hardness (9.84; 7.44), friability (0.38; 0.31), disintegrating time (5.74; 2.62), and drug release (84.28; 58.65). The quadratic model coefficient shows that SLS–CS combinations increase flow time (0.60), Carr index (2.00), hardness (1.00), and disintegrating time (1.04). Meanwhile, they decrease friability (−0.02) and drug release (−9.10). Conclusions: SLS, CS, and SLS–CS combinations affect the quality of tablet mass and tablets. The optimum tablet formula was 3CH2Cl (300 mg), Ne (9.38%), SLS (0.92%), CS (2.33%), MCC (5%), and SDL (ad 800 mg). 3CH2Cl has analgesic activity despite the presence of tablet excipients. The 3CH2Cl tablet is an innovative formulation and a new alternative for future analgesic drugs.

The Role of Excipients in Liquisolid Technology

This article gives criteria for choosing excipients in liquisolid technology. Liquisolid technology is applicable for non polar drugs by converting drug solution into dry free flowing powder. Patient compliance is more in oral route of administration .Numerous techniques like solid dispersion, micronisation, lyophilisation co-grinding, co-precipitation,complexation and nanotechnology are used to increase aqueous solubility Solid dispersion having stability issues while micronization and complexation can cause agglomeration. In Nanotechnology, high cost involved in sophicticated instruments. Liquisolid technology is considered to be one of the best technique to to overcome solubility,dissolution and bioavailability. It convert drug solution into dry free flowing powder. This technique is simple manufacturing process with low production cost. In vitro release is enhanced by using this technology. There is significant role of excipients in this novel technique to get effective release of drug. Associated problems of BCS class II and IV is mostly solved in respect to solubility. Especially carrier with high specific surface area gives good results in overcoming all challenges. Carriers such as Lactose, Starch, Avicel pH101,Fujacilin, Neusilin ,each having specific properties in release of drug. Among all mostly used carriers are Avicel, Fujacilin and Neusilin as with highest Specific Surface Area (SSA) than others. PVP and SSG is considered best disintegrating agent as having good swelling property and flow property as Polyvinypyrrolidine can be used in high dose drugs. With large SSA and high adsorptive property Neusilin, Aerosil , PVP as carrier, coating material and disintegrating agent are considered perfect excipients in liquisolid technology.

Formulation, optimization and evaluation of fast dissolving tablets of Lamotrigine using natural disintegrant agent

Objective: The present investigative work is aimed for formulating, optimizing and evaluating the Fast Dissolving Tablets (FDT) of Lamotrigine in improving the disintegration time and dissolution rate with Locust bean gum as natural disintegrant agent in combination with Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG). Methods: Employed 32 full factorial design for optimization of Lamotrigine blend formulations. Concentrations of Locust bean gum (X1) and concentration of SSG (X2) are two factor independent variables. Experiments are conducted to identify their effect on three dependent variables are disintegration time (Y1), drug release in 5 min (Y2), and drug release in 30 min (Y3). Drug interactions between Lamotrigine and Locust bean gum were investigated with FTIR, DSC, XRD compatibility studies. Direct compression method is used for tablet manufacturing. Results: Pre and post compression parameters of Lamotrigine FDT’s are evaluated and found within acceptable limits. Among multiple formulations, LF8 formulation has demonstrated lower disintegration time in 40 ± 3.81sec and wetting time in 38 ± 0.31sec, maximum drug release is 97.88% in 30min. In short time stability studies, no major transformations are identified in physical and chemical properties of Lamotrigine FDT’s. In-vivo studies of Lamotrigine fast dissolving tablets showed faster absorption rate.

Formulation and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Montelukast sodium

The present study aims to formulate mouth dissolving tablets of montelukast sodium by direct compression method for the faster action, better absorption and improvement of bioavailability of the drug in management of Asthma. Total six formulations were developed with varying concentrations of combination of Crosspovidone and Sodium starch glycolate as super disintegrating agents. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method. The prepared MDT were evaluated for various parameters i.e. shape and size, weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, wetting time, disintegration time, drug content, dissolution test, accelerated stability studies etc. After comparing the results (particularly disintegration time and dissolution profile), it was concluded that formulation TF3 was selected as the best formulation among all.
 Keywords: Montelukast sodium, Mouth Dissolving Tablets, Direct Compression, in-vitro dissolution.

Preparation of skim milk powder tablet and finite element analysis of its pressing die

AbstractThe skim milk powder (SMP) has problems of quantification and handling during milk reconstitution for tea and coffee making. To address these issues, a novel product, “SMP tablet,” was made by varying moisture content (3, 5, 10, and 15% wet basis) of SMP and compression force (625, 750, 875, 1,000, and 1,125 N) during tableting. A die containing upper, lower, and grooved punches was designed, fabricated, and analyzed with finite element method. The tetrahedral type of mesh with 1.9078–2.356 mm element size, 0.095–0.118 mm tolerance, 80,420–85,107 nodes, and 53,041–57,252 elements resulted in 40.53–68.60 MPa maximum stress and 1.9–4 minimum factor of safety advocating acceptability of design. The SMP was pressed inside die through universal testing machine in controlled manner and disintegration time (DT), tensile strength (TS), and insolubility index (ISi) of SMP tablets were evaluated. Response surface methodology showed cubic model as best fit (p < .0001 and R2 > .97) for all the responses. The numerical optimization showed 4.6% wb moisture and 1,125 N compression force favorable for good quality attributes (103.8 kPa TS; 318 s DT; 40.5 mg ISi). Further, sugar addition (10%), as a disintegrating agent, improved DT (178 s) and TS (159 kPa). The SMP tablet with sugar had 14.90 ± 0.05 mm average diameter, 5.04 ± 0.18 mm thickness, 625 ± 6 mg weight, and 3.45% weight variation with similar total soluble solids (5%) at 60°C compared with SMP. The direct consumable, no artificial additives/binders and ease in quantification are tablets' novelty comparing SMP.Practical applicationsPoor quantification and handling are the two major issues with SMP. This can be easily combated by pressing the powder and converted into tablet form. The quantity of required number of SMP tablets for milk reconstitution can be easily remembered like sugar cubes. The SMP tablets can be marketed as novel dairy products and taken directly or used in coffee and tea making. Moreover, this study will provide an insightful information to dairy industry for commercial application of SMP tablets.

Development of Paracetamol Tablets by Using Novel Coprocessed Granulation Binder-Disintegrant

Established disintegrating agents possess the disintegrating ability only and they rarely assist in the compactibility of powder blend except for starch. Many of the reported binders are proven to retard the release rate of the active drug from the dosage forms. Therefore the present work was aimed at developing a co-processed binder-disintegrant to overcome these functional drawbacks of the binders and disintegrating agents. The novel binder-disintegrant was prepared by co-processing crospovido

Comparative study of natural disintegrants, selection criteria for superdisintegrants

Natural super disintegrants have been used for fast dissolving tablets because they are biodegradable, chemically inert, non-harmful, more affordable and widely available. The natural polymer improves the properties of the tablet as it is commonly used as diluents and binders. Super explosives are those substances that promote rapid decomposition in a lesser amount compared to explosives. Super disintegrants are the vehicles added to the tablet formulation to promote the breakdown of tablets and capsules into small microparticles in aqueous media, leading to an increase in surface area and promoting rapid drug release. Some research is going to develop safe and effective medication with super disintegrating agents that can be dissolved rapidly to treat the disease.

An overview of Natural Superdisintegrants

The oral route is the most convenient route of administration for various drugs. It is viewed as the most convenient, most secure, and economical route for patients. Fast disintegrating tablets are popular these days as they disintegrate in the mouth within a few seconds without the use of water. The burdens of regularly used medications in pediatric and geriatric patients have been overwhelmed by quick-dissolving tablets. Natural superdisintegrants have been used for fast-dissolving tablets because they are biodegradable, chemically inert, non-harmful, more affordable, and generally accessible. Natural polymer improves the properties of the tablet as it is commonly used as diluents and binders. Natural super disintegrants decrease the release time and give healthful results to the patients. Most polymers are obtained from nature, they are cost-effective, non-toxic, and non-irritants. Disintegration is the most important step for releasing the drug from the tablet matrix to decrease the disintegration time. In this, drug and polymers come in contact with water, it swells, hydrate, and react chemically to release the drug in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. Superdisintegrants are those substances that encourage the quick breaking down with a lesser amount contrasted with disintegrants. The quick disintegrants tablets are set up by utilizing suitable polymers which rely on the Physico-chemical properties of drugs and excipients, for example, drug and polymer compatibility, hardness and thickness of tablet, nature of drug and excipients, PH of drug and release parameters of drug formulation. Superdisintegrants are the vehicles added to tablet formulation to advance the breaking of tablets and capsules into small microparticles in aqueous media resulting in to increase in the surface area and promote quick drug release. The disintegrants have a significant capacity to oppose the efficacy of tablet binders and compression forces to form the tablet. Commonly there are three methods to incorporate disintegrants into the tablet: A. Inner addition, B. External expansion, C. Internal, and external addition. Most of the regularly based tablets are those expected to be swallow, disintegrate and release medicaments in the gastrointestinal tract but over a while tablets are manufactured to deliver medicaments in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract within few seconds of swallowing. It has been demonstrated that characteristic polymers are more effective than synthetic polymers. Some research is going to develop safe and effective medication with super disintegrating agents that can be dissolved rapidly to treat the disease.

Formulation and Evaluation of Orodispersible Tablet of poorly water Soluble Drug ‘Fenofibrate’ by Using Solubility Enhancement Technique

In the recent years scientific and technological advancements have been made in the research and development of oral drug delivery systems. The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate of orodispersible tablets by direct compression for fenofibrate by using super fast disintegrating agents like croscarmellose sodium. The use of super disintegrant and excipient for preparation of fast disintegrating is highly effective and commercially feasible. In the present investigation poorly water soluble drug is one of the most important parameters of oral formulations sucessfully developed fenofibrate was using solvent evaporation method drug: PEG 6000 in (1:5 w/w). The formulation F7 was the optimized formula that showed satisfactory results with various physicochemical evaluation parameters like thickness, hardness, weight variation, friability, drug content, % drug release almost 79.98% within 15 min. and it was follow the maximum higuchi release kinetics that regression coefficient values ‘r2’= 0.995.

In-vitro Functionality of Clozapine Biphasic Release Minitablet Using Advanced Statistical Tools

Background: The better control of the drug release with immediate effect is the major concern to achieve better therapeutic action and patient compliance. The failure of the solid dispersion complex during storage as well as in-vivo is another concern for the oral solid dosage form. Objective: The prime objective of the present study was to optimize the biphasic minitablet incorporating quality by design approach using the combination of waxy erodible and water-impermeable excipients. Exploration of Soluplus as a precipitation inhibitor and Dexolve as a solubility enhancer in oral solid dosage form was the secondary objective. Methods: The drug-Excipient compatibility study was assessed by FTIR. Clozapine was chosen as a model drug that has poor aqueous solubility. The complex was formulated using B-cyclodextrin or HP B-CD or Dexolve by kneading method. The screening of solubility enhancers and their amount were performed based on phase solubility study. The precipitation inhibitor was screened as per the parachute effect study. Immediate release minitablets were formulated using a direct compression method using different disintegrating agents. The IR minitablets were evaluated for different evaluation parameters. The sustained release minitablets were formulated by hot-melt granulation technique incorporating the Precirol ATO 5 as a waxy excipient and ethyl cellulose as water impermeable excipient. The SR minitablet was optimized using a central composite design. The amount of Precirol ATO 5 and ethyl cellulose were chosen as independent variables and % drug release at 1, 6, and 10 h was selected as responses. The designed batches were evaluated for different pre and post-compressional parameters. The IR and SR minitablets were filled in a capsule as per dose requirement and evaluated for in-vitro drug release. The in-vivo plasma concentration was predicted using the Back calculation of the Wagner - Nelson approach. Results: Drug - Excipient study revealed that no significant interaction was observed. Dexolve was screened as a solubility enhancer for the improvement of the solubility of clozapine. The Soluplus was chosen as a precipitation inhibitor from the parachute effect study. The immediate-release tablet was formulated using Prosolv EASYtab SP which yielded less disintegration time with better flowability. The sustained release mini-tablet was formulated using Precirol ATO 5 and ethyl cellulose. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional plots revealed significant effect of the amount of Precirol ATO 5 and ethyl cellulose. The overlay plot locates the optimized region. The in-vitro drug release study revealed the desired drug release of the final combined formulation. The in-vivo plasma concentration-time confirms the drug release up to 12h. Conclusion: The biphasic mini-tablets were formulated successfully for better control of drug release leads to high patient compliance. The use of soluplus as a precipitation inhibitor is explored in the oral solid dosage form for a poorly aqueous drug. Prosolv EASYtab SP was incorporated in the formulation as super disintegrant. The amount of Precirol ATO 5 and ethyl cellulose significantly affected drug release in sustained-release minitablet. The approach can be useful in the industry.

Formulation and Evaluation of Salbutamol Sulphate Taste Masked Oral Disintegrating Tablets

Salbutamol is a short acting, selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used in the treatment of astama and COPD. The aim of this study is to formulate oral disintegrating tablets of salbutamol sulphate to achieve rapid dissolution, absorption and further improving the bioavailability of the drug. Oral disintegrating tablets of salbutamol sulphate were designed with a view to enhance the patient compliance and provide a quick onset of action. The oral disintegrating tablets were prepared by using different synthetic polymers by direct compression method. Development of the formulation in the present study was based on the concentration of superdisintegrants and the properties of the drug. Nine batches of tablets were formulated and evaluated for various parameters: drug content, weight variation, water absorption ratio, wetting time, in vitro disintegration, hardness, friability, thickness uniformity, and in vitro dissolution. A fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) study showed that there were no significant interactions between the drug and the excipients. The prepared tablets were good in appearance and showed acceptable results for hardness and friability. The in vitro disintegrating time of the formulated tablets was found to be 14.39-32.41 sec and the drug content of tablets in all formulations was found to be between 87.48-99.96 %, which complied within the limits established in the Indian pharmacopeia. The study concluded that taste of the drug was masked with the help of sodium saccarhin, flavor and the concentration of super disintegrating agent increases the disintegration time of tablets get decreases. The formulation (F9) had a minimum disintegration time of 14.39 sec and 99.96 % of the drug was released within 20 min.

Mini-review on Natural Disintegrants in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Disintegrants are agents which are integrated to tablets and some encapsulated formulations in order to promote the breakup of the tablet and capsule “slugs” into more small fragments in an aqueous environment which thereafter increment the available surface area and promoting a more rapid release of the drug substance. The development of new excipients for potential use as disintegrant agent in tablet formulations continues to be of interest. This is because different disintegrant agents can be useful in promoting penetration of moisture and dispersion of the tablet matrix and disintegration of tablet has received considerable attention at present as an essential step in obtaining fast drug release. Natural polymers such as starches, gums, mucilage, and dried fruits utilized as binder, diluent, and disintegrants to increase the solubility of poorly water-soluble drug, decrease the disintegration time, and provide nutritional supplement. Natural disintegrants are safe and economical than synthetic disintegrants such as Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Therefore, in the present review, an attempt has been made to reveal the importance of the natural disintegrants in the pharmaceutical formulations.

A review: An overview of Natural Superdisintegrants

The oral route is the most convenient route of administration for various drugs. It is viewed as the most convenient, most secure, and economical route for patients. Fast disintegrating tablets are popular these days as they disintegrate in the mouth within a few seconds without the use of water. The burdens of regularly used medications in pediatric and geriatric patients have been overwhelmed by quick-dissolving tablets. Natural superdisintegrants have been used for fast-dissolving tablets because they are biodegradable, chemically inert, non-harmful, more affordable, and generally accessible. Natural polymer improves the properties of the tablet as it is commonly used as diluents and binders. Natural super disintegrants decrease the release time and give healthful results to the patients. Most polymers are obtained from nature, they are cost-effective, non-toxic, and non-irritants. Disintegration is the most important step for releasing the drug from the tablet matrix to decrease the disintegration time. In this, drug and polymers come in contact with water, it swells, hydrate, and react chemically to release the drug in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. Superdisintegrants are those substances that encourage the quick breaking down with a lesser amount contrasted with disintegrants. The quick disintegrants tablets are set up by utilizing suitable polymers which rely on the Physico-Chemical properties of drugs and excipients, for example, drug and polymer compatibility, hardness and thickness of tablet, nature of drug and excipients, PH of drug and release parameters of drug formulation. Superdisintegrants are the vehicles added to tablet formulation to advance the breaking of tablets and capsules into small microparticles in aqueous media resulting in to increase in the surface area and promote quick drug release. The disintegrants have a significant capacity to oppose the efficacy of tablet binders and compression forces to form the tablet. Commonly there are three methods to incorporate disintegrants into the tablet: A. Inner addition, B. External expansion, C. Internal, and external addition. Most of the regularly based tablets are those expected to be swallow, disintegrate and release medicaments in the gastrointestinal tract but over a while tablets are manufactured to deliver medicaments in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract within few seconds of swallowing. It has been demonstrated that characteristic polymers are more effective than synthetic polymers. Some research is going to develop safe and effective medication with super disintegrating agents that can be dissolved rapidly to treat the disease.

The Effect of Chitosan Concentration on Disintegration Time of Amoxicillin Tablet

The most often prescribed antibiotics by dentists to patients is Amoxicillin. It is usually in the form of capsules and tablets which are hard to swallow, especially for geriatric and pediatric patients. Orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) with the capability to disintegrate inside oral cavity without the need of water required disintegrant agent in its formulation. In this study, chitosan as the product of deacetylation of chitin which originated from exoskeleton of crustacean shells was considered as suitable disintegrant because its swelling characteristic. The aim of this research was to study the effect of chitosan concentration on disintegration time of Amoxicillin tablet. Seventy tablets were made with direct compression method. Five formulas of 250 mg Amoxicillin with chitosan concentration of 2%, 5%, 8%, 11%, and 14% were prepared, with two control groups, i.e. the group of sodium starch glycolate as disintegrant at concentration of 5% as positive control and the group without adding disintegrant into the formula for negative control. Each tablet was tested for their disintegration time using disintegration tester (Erweka). The data of disintegration time of each tablets were recorded and analyzed using non-parametric hypotheses test of Kruskal Wallis. The result of Kruskal Wallis’s test showed significant difference of chitosan concentrations on disintegration time of Amoxicillin tablet (p<0.05). The shortest disintegration time was found at 11% concentration of chitosan. Higher concentration of chitosan (14%) increased the disintegration time of Amoxicillin tablet due to gel-like formation that prolonged tablet disintegration. It was concluded that different concentration of chitosan can affect the disintegration time of Amoxicillin tablet. Further studies were recommended to provide best candidate of ODT for Amoxicillin.

Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablets of an Anti-Inflammatory Drug using Natural Super Disintegrating Agens

Fast disintegrating tablets are defined as solid dosage forms containing medicinal substances which disintegrate rapidly usually within seconds when placed upon the tongue. The present work is concerned with the formulation and in vitro evaluation of fast disintegrating tablets of an inflammatory drug using natural super disintegrating agents like jackfruit seed powder and oats powder. The objective of this study was to develop the aceclofenac tablets with rapid disintegration employing natural super disintegrants and to enhance the patient compliance by providing rapid therapy in the inflammation conditions. Natural super disintegrants were employed in the study as they are devoid of toxic effects. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Ten formulations were developed with different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%) of natural disintegrants like jackfruit seed powder and oats powder. FTIR and DSC studies showed no evidence of interaction of drugs with natural super disintegrating agents and other excipients. Precompression parameters were evaluated for all the formulations and were in the acceptance limits. The results of flow properties such as angle of repose, carr’s index and hausners ratio ensured that all the formulations exhibited good flow. Post compression parameters like hardness, friability, disintegration test and dissolution test were evaluated. Among all the formulations, tablets developed using jackfruit seed powder showed best results with respect to disintegration and drug release. The in vitro drug release profile shows that formulation F5 which contains jack fruit seed powder exhibited 98.7% of drug release at the end of 30 min and the disintegration time was found to be 32 seconds. The drug release from F5 formulation follows first order kinetics. F5 formulation is considered as the promising formulation which ensures the patient compliance by providing rapid disintegration.

Evaluation of Micro-Mechanism and High- and Low-Temperature Rheological Properties of Disintegrated High Volume Crumb Rubber Asphalt (DHVRA).

The aims of this paper are to prepare disintegrated high volume crumb rubber asphalt (DHVRA) with low viscosity, good workability and low-temperature performance by adding disintegrating agent (DA) in the preparation process, and to further analyze the disintegrating mechanism and evaluated high-temperature and low-temperature rheological properties. To obtain DHVRA with excellent comprehensive performance, the optimum DA dosage was determined. Based on long-term disintegrating tests and the Fluorescence Microscopy (FM) method, the correlations between key indexes and crumb rubber (CR) particle diameter was analyzed, and the evaluation indicator and disintegrating stage division standard were put forward. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) was used to reveal the reaction mechanism, and the contact angle test method was adopted to evaluate the surface free energy (SFE). In addition, the high-temperature and low-temperature rheological properties were measured, and the optimum CR content was proposed. Results indicated that the optimum DA dosage was 7.5‰, and the addition of DA promoted the melt decomposition of CR, reduced the viscosity and improved the storage stability. The 135 °C rotational viscosity (RV) of DHVRA from mixing for 3 h could be reduced to 1.475 Pa·s, and the softening point difference was even less than 2 °C. The linear correlation between 135 °C RV and the diameter of CR particle in rubber asphalt system was as high as 0.968, and the viscosity decay rate (VDR) was used as the standard to divide the disintegrating process into a fast disintegrating stage, stable disintegrating stage and slight disintegrating stage. Compared to common rubber asphalt (CRA), DHVRA has an absorption peak at 960 cm−1 caused by trans olefin = C-H, and higher molecular weight and polar component of surface energy. Compared with CRA, although the high-temperature performance of DHVRA decreases slightly, the low-temperature relaxation ability can be greatly improved.

PENGARUH VARIASI KONSENTRASI AMILUM Zea mays (L) SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGHANCUR SECARA GRANULASI BASAH TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK TABLET PARASETAMOL

This research is aims to determine the effect of variation concentration starch Zea mays (L) as disintegration agent in wet granulation to physical characteristics paracetamo. This research used eperimental method by one shot case study. Paracetamol as active ingredient, starch zea mays (L)as desintegrant agent, PVPK30 as binding agent, avicel as filler and Mg stearat as lubricants. The result of SPSS showed significant (p0,05), that means no difference in the three formulation. The first test is weight uniformity show that from column A and B qualify weight requirement range, hardness test. Showed significant (p0,05) that means nodifference in the three formulation. Friability test showed significant (p 0,05) the last is disintegration time test showed that significant (P0,05) no difference in the three formulation. The research of physic characteristic of the tablet showed that hardness test and time test not qualif. Analysis SPSS showed (p0,05) no difference in the three formulation and amilum had no effect on physical test of paracetamol tablet.Keywords: zea mays (L),paracetamol,physicial characteristic

Natural Super-Disintegrant Agents Used in Various Oral Solid Dosage Forms

Super-disintegrating agents are one of the ingredients used in pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. These substances play a vital role in formulation design. Natural super-disintegrants have gained more popularity due to their oral bioavailability. It disintegrates the tablets into smaller particles to enhance the dissolution rate. Fast dissolving, chewable tablets, and other orally administered dosage forms consist of super-disintegrating agents which shows rapid and quick action. Natural super disintegrating agents in pharmaceutical dosage forms are very effective due to their ecofriendly nature as well as these are biocompatible and biodegradable. These are abundantly and cheaply available from nature.Today the researchers are focusing on naturally available excipients.
 Keywords: Natural Superdisintegrants, Disintegration, Bioavailability, Biocompatible, Biodegradable.

The elastic recovery, ejection work, strength and dissolution of instant coffee tablet containing croscarmellose sodium disintegrant

Croscarmellose sodium disintegrant agent, commonly used in the pharmaceutical tablet formulation was employed in the instant coffee tablet formulation. Various compositions of croscarmellose sodium were added to the instant coffee tablet formulation; 20% w/w, 40% w/w, 60% w/w and 80% w/w respectively. These mixtures were then compacted through the uniaxial die compaction process forming 1 g tablets having 13 mm diameters each at various compaction pressures of 37.7 MPa, 75.4 MPa, 113.0 MPa and 150.7 MPa. The ejection work done when ejecting the tablet from the die was calculated to represent the frictional resistance to tablet motion during ejection. The tablet elastic recovery was measured as a quantitative measure of the tablet physical dimensional stability. Meanwhile, the mechanical strength, as well as the tablet dissolution, were also measured. The results showed that the croscarmellose composition and the compaction pressure affected all the studied tabletting properties. Generally, croscarmellose sodium increased the tablet elastic recovery and lowered the tablet ejection work, tensile strength and dissolution time in experimental conditions employed in this work. However, the extent of the croscarmellose sodium influence was clearly dependent upon the compaction pressures used for instant coffee tablet formation.