Disinfectant Solutions Research Articles

Effectiveness of Disinfecting Caps for Intravenous Access Points in Reducing Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections, Clinical Utilization, and Cost of Care During COVID-19.

Intravenous (IV) access point protectors, serving as passive disinfection devices and a cover between line accesses, are available to help reduce the risk of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs). This low-maintenance disinfection solution is particularly valuable in situations with excessive workloads. This study examined the effect of a disinfecting cap for an IV access point on CLABSI rates, hospital length of stay, and cost of care in an inpatient setting during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The study utilized data from the Premier Healthcare Database, focusing on 200,411 hospitalizations involving central venous catheters between January 2020 and September 2020. Among these cases, 7423 patients received a disinfecting cap, while 192,988 patients did not use any disinfecting caps and followed the standard practice of hub scrubbing. The two cohorts, Disinfecting Cap and No-Disinfecting Cap groups, were compared in terms of CLABSI rates, hospital length of stay (LOS), and hospitalization costs. The analysis accounted for baseline group differences and random clustering effects by employing a 34-variable propensity score and mixed-effect multiple regression, respectively. The findings demonstrated a significant 73% decrease in CLABSI rates (p= 0.0013) in the Disinfecting Cap group, with an adjusted CLABSI rate of 0.3% compared to 1.1% in the No-Disinfecting Cap group. Additionally, the Disinfecting Cap group exhibited a 0.5-day reduction in hospital stay (9.2 days versus 9.7 days; p = 0.0169) and cost savings of $6703 ($35,604 versus $42,307; p = 0.0063) per hospital stay compared to the No-Disinfecting Cap group. This study provides real-world evidence that implementing a disinfecting cap to protect IV access points effectively reduces the risk of CLABSIs in hospitalized patients compared to standard care, ultimately optimizing the utilization of healthcare resources, particularly in situations where the healthcare system is under significant strain or overloaded.

Stem bending in cut gerbera under the condition of suppressing bacterial proliferation is associated with the weakening of the stem strength

Bacterial proliferation causes stem bending, which shortens the vase life of cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook. F.). We investigated the effect of an antimicrobial compound on the symptoms of ornamental value loss using 8 gerbera cultivars. In five different cultivars, the vase life of 11–44% and 11% cut flowers held in distilled water and antimicrobial solution, respectively, was terminated by stem bending. To explore in detail variations in the occurrence of stem bending under condition in which bacterial proliferation is suppressed, the occurrence of stem bending was investigated using cut flowers from 31 cultivars in the presence of the antimicrobial compound. The occurrence of stem bending varied significantly between cultivars. Following that, the stem diameter, stem elongation, and maximum breaking strength of stems were investigated using ‘Kentucky’, which is prone to stem bending, and ‘Kimsey’, which is less prone to it. The flower stem diameter of ‘Kentucky’ became smaller than that of ‘Kimsey’. In addition, the maximum breaking strength of the stem became lower in ‘Kentucky’ compared to ‘Kimsey’. Treatment with calcium chloride (CaCl2) suppressed the occurrence of stem bending in ‘Kentucky’. In ‘Kentucky’ and ‘Kimsey’, CaCl2 treatment suppressed transpiration and increased stem diameter and maximum breaking strength. These results suggest stem bending in cut gerbera ‘Kentucky’ may be caused by a decrease in flower stem diameter and a weakening of stem strength under conditions of suppressing bacterial proliferation.

Comparative characteristics of disinfectants for dairy equipment and quality of dairy products under the influence of paratypical environmental factors

The parameters of the microclimate of the barn under the untethered method of keeping cows in the spring were studied. It was found that the temperature in the barn was on average 8.8±1.34 °C, the relative humidity and air velocity in the compared rooms were within the limits of hygienic standards. Microbiological indicators of bacterial air contamination correspond to the upper limits of hygienic standards and amounted to 116.64±6.32 CFU/sс3. The bacterial contamination of technological equipment averaged 119.33±14.71 thousand CFU/sc3. The content of harmful gases in the premises did not exceed the permissible sanitary and hygienic standards and was within the limits of the standards of VNTP-APC-01.05 Livestock enterprises (complexes, farms, small farms). The average number of MAFANM in the flushes from the study objects (teat rubber, collector, milk hose, milk pipeline) after washing with water was 368.4±9.8 thousand CFU/ sс3, and with 0.5% soda ash solution - 249.0±11.7 thousand CFU/sс3. The best level of microbiological cleanliness of the internal surfaces of dairy equipment was provided by sanitization using the disinfectant "Perfo Grif", with the number of MAFANM in the flushes averaging 139.7±7.0 thousand CFU/sс3. The best indicators of microbiological cleanliness of dairy equipment were obtained during sanitization with 0.5% Higienic-K solution. The average number of MAFANM was 126.2±1.5 thousand CFU/sс3. When using a solution of soda ash for sanitizing dairy equipment, the amount of MAFANM in freshly milked milk taken from the cooler was 198.3±12.16 thousand CFU/ sс3, which corresponds to the first grade according to DSTU 3362:2018 "Cow's milk". Technical conditions. At the same time, during the sanitization of equipment with acidic detergents and disinfectants "Perfo Grif" and "Higienic-K", the amount of MAFANM in milk was 114±8.14 and 102.0±16.3 thousand CFU/sс3, respectively, which corresponds to the highest grade. At the same time, the BCCP titer was more than 1.0, and the number of somatic cells (SCC) was within the permissible range (400 thousand/ml). Therefore, for effective sanitary and hygienic treatment of milking equipment, working solutions of disinfectants based on peracetic, nitric and phosphoric acids should contain 0.5% of the active ingredient, which will ensure the destruction of microorganisms during exposure for 5 – 15 minutes. Key words: dairy equipment, dairy products, disinfection, milk production hygiene, microbiological indicators of milk, milk production technology, milk quality.

180. Did The National Ban On Bacitracin Irrigation Affect Infection Rates In Implant-based Breast Reconstruction? An Analysis Of A National Database

PURPOSE: The current standard of practice in implant-based breast reconstruction is irrigation of the mastectomy pocket with antimicrobial solution before implant placement. Prior to being banned and formally recalled in January 2020, bacitracin was a very commonly utilized antibiotic. This study characterizes the effects of the national bacitracin ban on implant-based breast reconstruction infection rates by using a nationwide database to compare complication rates before and after bacitracin was banned. METHODS: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement (ACS-NSQIP) database was queried retrospectively for all patients who underwent implant-based breast reconstruction before the bacitracin ban (2012-2019) and afterwards (2020). Demographics, comorbidities, and complications were collected. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were conducted to determine if there were significant changes in wound complications, local wound infections, and systemic infections between the two case-control matched cohorts. RESULTS: A total of 37,126 patients were in the pre-ban cohort and 6,333 patients were in the post-ban cohort. Before matching, there were significant differences in race distribution, BMI, ASA class, inpatient versus outpatient status, preoperative smoking, and preoperative diabetes mellitus (all p<0.05). After case-control matching, there were 6,313 patients in each cohort. Univariate analysis revealed differences in postoperative superficial and organ space surgical site infection, wound complications/infections, all cause complications, and reoperations (all p<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that patients who underwent breast reconstruction before the ban had decreased odds of having wound infections, related infections, all cause complications, and reoperations (all p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study provides a macroscopic view into the effects of the formal injectable bacitracin ban on breast reconstruction outcomes. Patients who underwent implant-based breast reconstruction after the ban of injectable bacitracin had higher odds of developing wound infections, related infections, and reoperations. More study into suitable alternatives to injectable bacitracin for surgical site antimicrobial irrigation is warranted.

Effect of Immersion in Disinfectants on Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Nickel-Titanium Instruments: An in Vitro Study.

Objectives: The current study aimed to assess the cyclic fatigue resistance of two nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files after immersion in 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and Deconex. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 90 new M3 Pro Gold size 25.06 and size F2 SP1 files were tested. Forty-five files of the same brand were randomly distributed into three groups (n=15) and submitted to the following immersion protocol for 5 minutes at room temperature: no immersion (control group), immersion in 5% NaOCl, and immersion in Deconex. The cyclic fatigue resistance of the files was then measured in a custom-made tester. Two-way ANOVA was applied to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of SP1 and M3 NiTi rotary files based on the type of disinfectant solution. Post-hoc LSD test was used for pairwise comparisons and P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Two-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference in the mean cyclic fatigue resistance of M3 and SP1 NiTi rotary files. The M3 files immersed in NaOCL displayed the lowest and the SP1 files immersed in Deconex showed the maximum cyclic fatigue resistance. The effect of type of disinfectant solution (P<0.001) and type of NiTi file (P<0.001) on cyclic fatigue resistance was statistically significant. Conclusion: The cyclic fatigue resistance of NiTi rotary instruments can be affected by immersion in disinfectants, and the specific type of file and disinfectant used will ultimately determine the extent of this impact.

Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Application in Endodontics.

The failure of endodontic treatment is frequently associated with the presence of remaining microorganisms, mainly due to the difficulty of eliminating the biofilm and the limitation of conventional irrigation solutions. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTPP) has been suggested for many applications in the medical field and can be applied directly to biological surfaces or indirectly through activated liquids. This literature review aims to evaluate the potential of NTPP application in Endodontics. A search in the databases Lilacs, Pubmed, and Ebsco was performed. Seventeen manuscripts published between 2007 and 2022 that followed our established inclusion criteria were found. The selected manuscripts evaluated the use of NTPP regarding its antimicrobial activity, in the direct exposure and indirect method, i.e., plasma-activated liquid. Of these, 15 used direct exposure. Different parameters, such as working gas and distance from the apparatus to the substrate, were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo. NTPP showed a disinfection property against important endodontic microorganisms, mainly Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial potential was dependent on plasma exposure time, with the highest antimicrobial effects over eight minutes of exposure. Interestingly, the association of NTPP and conventional antimicrobial solutions, in general, was shown to be more effective than both treatments separately. This association showed antimicrobial results with a short plasma exposure time, what could be interesting in clinical practice. However, considering the lack of standardization of the direct exposure parameters and few studies about plasma-activated liquids, more studies in the area for endodontic purposes are still required.

Chemical Resistance Property of Electroless Deposited Ni–Sn–P Layers Having High Sn Content

Chemical resistance of electroless-deposited nickel–tin–phosphorus (Ni–Sn–P) with a high Sn content (>30 at. %) and Ni–P layer on a cold-rolled commercial steel plate (SPCC) against a 5% aq solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO aq), which was used as a disinfectant solution, was examined. After immersion of Ni–Sn–P and Ni–P layers at 25 °C for 72 h to NaClO aq, the surface of the Ni–P layer showed a clearly corroded surface. On the other hand, the Ni–Sn–P layers were not corroded, so the Ni–Sn–P layers have chemical resistance properties against NaClO aq. The importance of the Sn addition to Ni layers for NaClO chemical resistance was confirmed. In addition, the chemical resistance of the Ni–Sn–P layers against hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas and nitrogen acid (HNO3) vapor was also determined.

Impact of gas ultrafine bubbles on the efficacy of antimicrobials for eliminating fresh and aged Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on dairy processing surfaces

AbstractUltrafine bubbles (UFB) are a novel concept that has the potential to enhance the potency of antimicrobials to eliminate biofilms. This study investigated the impact of incorporating gas (air, CO2, and N2) UFB on the potency of chlorine (Cl2; 50, 100, and 200 ppm) and peracetic acid (PAA; 20, 40, and 80 ppm) antimicrobial (AM) solutions against fresh (3 days) and aged (30 days) Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on polypropylene, silicone, and stainless steel surfaces. Listeria monocytogenes biofilms were statically grown on polypropylene, silicone, and stainless steel coupons (7.62 × 2.54 cm) at 25°C for 3 or 30 days, by immersing in a three‐strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. The coupons were treated by submerging in AM solutions with or without UFB for 1 min, then swabbed into Dey‐Engley neutralizing broth and enumerated on BHI agar. Incorporation of air, CO2, and N2 UFB in AM solutions resulted in significantly increased log reductions (0.4–1.5 logs) of fresh and aged L. monocytogenes biofilms on polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces, whereas incorporation of CO2 UFB in AM solutions resulted in ~1 log greater reductions of fresh and aged L. monocytogenes biofilms on silicone surfaces compared with AM solutions without UFB. This study also demonstrated that 200 ppm Cl2 was most effective against fresh and aged L. monocytogenes biofilms on polypropylene, silicone, and stainless steel surfaces compared with 50 ppm Cl2, 20 ppm PAA, and 40 ppm PAA.

Surface Disinfection Practice in Public Hospitals in the Era of COVID-19: Assessment of Disinfectant Solution Preparation and Use in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Surface disinfection of healthcare facilities with appropriate disinfectants is among the infection control strategies against the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As sodium hypochlorite solution (SHS) is a commonly used surface disinfectant, its preparation and proper use should be given a due attention. The current study aimed at assessing the practice of Addis Ababa public hospitals in the preparation and use of SHS. A cross-sectional observational study was employed to assess the adequacy of disinfectant solution preparation and use. Checklists were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used for data analyses, and categorical variables were described by frequencies and percentages. Out of the twelve public hospitals included in the study; only three hospitals checked the potency of the working SHS. Majority of the hospitals (8 hospitals) stored the concentrated SHS products in cool, dry, and direct sunlight protected places. It was only in one hospital where appropriate personal protective equipment was used during the preparation and quality control activities. Surfaces were not cleaned in all hospitals before disinfection; and the rooms were ventilated only in 2 hospitals during the application of the disinfectant solution. The study revealed that the preparations of SHS in the public hospitals did not comply with most of the requirements of good compounding practice. Moreover, standard practices were not maintained in majority hospitals during the use of SHS for surface disinfection. As a control strategy in the spread of COVID-19 and other infections, appropriate corrective actions shall be implemented in the studied hospitals to mitigate the limitations observed in the preparation and use of SHS.

The Role of Technology Advancement in Improving the Current Practice of Ambulance Decontamination in Malaysia: A Scoping Review

Abstract&#x0D; In Malaysia, the current methodology for decontaminating ambulances is by manually cleaning surfaces with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved disinfecting solutions as contrast to previous practice using water and soap. The solutions used are registered with National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA) Ministry of Health Malaysia (NPRA) to ensure adherence to international standard of practice. The manual decontamination practices are effective if strictly conducted following guidelines. However, the proper cleaning and decontamination of an ambulance is an important task that frequently overlooked. It creates a risk to healthcare providers and their patients for subsequent ambulance trip. To ensure the patient compartment is absent from multitudes of infectious pathogen especially Covid-19, is not only an escalating challenge for healthcare providers as it is an unseen, but also poses a real threat to them and their patient. The healthcare managers should consider technologies that can provide a safer, effective and more efficient cleaning and decontamination of an ambulances. We proposed to adapt a new approach of decontamination by using a vapour based disinfection method coupled with germicidal enhancement using ultra violet. It utilizes an EPA-approved hospital disinfectant to decontaminate surfaces in the patient care compartment after every patient transport. A nozzle, placed inside the patient care compartment, disperses a mist of disinfectant solution that designed to meet standard requirement. The enhancement of germicidal effect using an ultra violet ray will disinfect and ensure a free patient compartment from an infectious organism. This decontamination system directly integrated into a new or existing ambulance. It is convenient, timesaving, hands-off solution for decontaminating of an ambulance and importantly creates a safer practice.&#x0D; Keywords: Ambulance service, decontamination, Vapour-based, safe practice.

Dental Pulp Response to Silver-Containing Solutions: A Scoping Review.

Dentists used silver-containing solutions for deep cavity disinfection before restoration. This review aims to identify the silver-containing solutions reported in the literature for deep cavity disinfection and summarize their effects on dental pulp. An extensive search was performed using the search words "(silver) AND (dental pulp OR pulp)" in ProQuest, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science to identify English publications on silver-containing solutions for cavity conditioning. The pulpal response to the included silver-containing solutions was summarized. The initial search identified 4112 publications and 14 publications met the inclusion criteria. Silver fluoride, silver nitrate, silver diamine nitrate, silver diamine fluoride, and nano-silver fluoride were used in deep cavities for antimicrobial purposes. Indirect silver fluoride application induced pulp inflammation and reparative dentine in most cases, and pulp necrosis in some cases. Direct silver nitrate application caused blood clots and a wide inflammatory band in the pulp, whilst indirect silver nitrate application caused hypoplasia in shallow cavities and partial pulp necrosis in deep cavities. Direct silver diamine fluoride application induced pulp necrosis, while indirect silver diamine fluoride application induced a mild inflammatory response and reparative dentine formation. No evidence of the dental pulpal response to silver diamine nitrate or nano-silver fluoride was available in the literature.

Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Lock Therapy for the Treatment of Catheter-Related and Central-Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Children: A Single Center Retrospective Study.

Antimicrobial lock solutions (ALT) in combination with systemic antibiotics can represent a valid option to attempt central venous catheter (CVC) salvage in the case of catheter-related and central-line-associated bloodstream infections (CRBSI and CLABSI). However, data concerning the effectiveness and safety of ALT in children are limited. We aimed to share our center's experience in order to contribute to investigations into the causes of ALT failure in the pediatric population. All children consecutively admitted to Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy, from 1 April 2016 to 30 April 2022, who received salvage ALT to treat an episode of CRBSI/CLABSI, were reviewed. According to ALT failure or success, children were compared with the aim of identifying the risk factors for unsuccessful ALT outcome. Data from 28 children, 37 CLABSI/CRBSI episodes, were included. ALT was associated with clinical and microbiologic success in 67.6% (25/37) of children. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups, successes and failures, considering age, gender, reason for use, duration, insertion, type and presence of insertion site infection of the CVC, laboratory data and number of CRBSI episodes. Nevertheless, a trend towards a higher success rate was observed for a dwell time of 24 h for the entire duration of ALT (88%; 22/25 vs. 66.7%; 8/12; p = 0.1827), while the use of taurolidine and the infections sustained by MDR bacteria were associated with a tendency toward greater failure (25%; 3/12 vs. 4%; 1/25; p = 0.1394; 60%; 6/10 vs. 33.3%; 8/24; p = 0.2522). No adverse events, except one CVC occlusion, were observed. ALT combined with systemic antibiotics appears to be an effective and safe strategy for treating children with CLABSI/CRBSI episodes.

Application of electrochemically activated solution to control pathogens of hydroponic solution

In the current integration trend, high-tech agriculture is an inevitable direction for agricultural developing countries. In particular, hydroponics is a commonly used farming technique due to many advantages: no soil, space saving, no weeds, easy control of influencing factors, double yield. Hydroponic crop production systems are used worldwide to grow flowers, foliage, litter, and fruit and vegetable crops. Like other farming methods, hydroponics still has problems with pests and diseases that cause serious damage to the harvest that have not been completely resolved. One of the sources of pathogens is the hydroponic solution. Many methods to kill bacteria and fungi in hydroponic solutions have been studied. However, some methods gave low efficiency, others gave high efficiency but it caused secondary environmental pollution. Electrochemical activated solution (EAS), produced from dilute sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, has been wide known as a super disinfectant solution with high ability to kill most bacteria and fungi and is safe for humans. In this study we were forced on determine the ability to control pathogens in hydroponic solution of EAS, the effects of EAS on hydroponic solution properties and the growth of Brassica juncea in the mixed of EAS – hydroponic solution. Difference volume of EAS were added into hydroponic solutions and mixed for 30, 45, 60, 120 or 180 min. The most effective mixed solution (mixed ratio and time) was selected to apply to cultivate Brassica juncea. The results show that EAS has the ability to control pathogens in hydroponic solution very effectively, replacing other harmful chemicals. When increasing the volume EAS added (higher ACC of mixed solution) or the exposure time the TDS and ORP index of hydroponic solution were raised slightly while pH value was slightly dropped and the total coliform counts decreased significantly. The total coliform counts of mixed solutions reduced over the exposed time. However, the increasing rate of killing ability of EAS was decreased (along with ACC of solutions). Meanwhile, there was no obvious change in the nitrate concentration. The most effective mixed ratio EAS: hydroponic solution and exposure time for pathogens control were 2.5:500 with 30 min or 1.5:500 with 90 min. The mixed ratio of 1.5:500 with 90 min of exposure time were recommended because of its lesser changes on the properties of hydroponic solution. The mixed EAS - hydroponic solution did no negative effect to the growth of Brassica juncea in comparison with original hydroponic solution.

Antimicrobial Effect of German chamomile Extractas Root Canal Irrigant (in vitro Study)

Aims: To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of German chamomile extract as a root canal irrigant in vitro, and comparing its effect with chlorhexidine 0.2% irrigant solution.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Twenty adult patients with age range 18-40 years attending dental school with symptomatic uniradicular teeth with necrotic pulp diagnosed by radiograph with no fistula or sinus tract were chosen; 10 subjects for each irrigant solution (the test and the control groups). Microbiological samples were obtained from the root canal at the beginning of the first appointment, and then moistened paper point is placed in a screw capped vial containing 5 ml Thioglycolate broth for anacrobic bacteria and the other containing Brain Heart Infusion broth for aerobic bacteria, which is incubated directly for 18 hours at 37 °C. Turbidity test was used to compare antimicrobial effect of German chamomile extract with chlorhexidine 0.2%.&#x0D; Results: Mean reduction in bacterial count (0.36 + 0.09 for acrobic and 0.19 + 0.02 for anacrobic) for German chamomile and chlorhexidine 0.2% (0.084 + 0.03 and 0.052 + 0.016 respectively) were determined by using onc sample t-test, which was much lower for German chamomile than for chlorhexidine 0.2% with significant difference. For comparison between two materials for acrobic and anacrobic, unpaired t-test was used. Results were considered significant at p &lt; 0.05.&#x0D; Conclusion: German chamomile extract is effective antimicrobial irrigant solution especially on anaerobic bacteria but much lower than chlorhexidine 0.2% irrigant solution.

Intermediate Cluster Disinfection: Which Disinfection Solution Is Most Effective on Milking Liners? A Comparison of Microorganism Reduction on Liner Inner Surfaces Using Quantitative Swab Sampling Technique.

During machine milking, pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted from cow to cow through liners. Therefore, in Germany, a spray method for the intermediate disinfection of the milking cluster is often used for prevention. This method of cluster disinfection is easy to perform, requires little time and no extra materials, and the disinfection solution is safe from outside contamination in the spray bottle. Since no data on a systematic efficacy trial are available, the aim of this study was to determine the microbial reduction effect of intermediate disinfection. Therefore, laboratory and field trials were conducted. In both trials, two sprays of 0.85 mL per burst of different disinfectant solutions were sprayed into the contaminated liners. For sampling, a quantitative swabbing method using a modified wet-dry swab (WDS) technique based on DIN 10113-1: 1997-07 was applied. Thus, the effectiveness of disinfectants based on Peracetic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxide and Plasma-Activated Buffered Solution (PABS) was compared. In the laboratory trial, the inner surfaces of liners were contaminated with pure cultures of Escherichia (E.) coli, Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, Streptococcus (Sc.) uberis and Sc. agalactiae. The disinfection of the contaminated liners with the disinfectants resulted in a significant reduction in bacteria with values averaging 1 log for E. coli, 0.7 log for S. aureus, 0.7 log for Sc. uberis and 0.8 log for Sc. agalactiae. The highest reduction was obtained for contamination with E. coli (1.3 log) and Sc. uberis (0.8 log) when PABS was applied and for contamination with S. aureus (1.1 log) and Sc. agalactiae (1 log) when Peracetic Acid Solution (PAS) was used. Treatment with sterile water only led to an average reduction of 0.4 log. In the field trial, after the milking of 575 cows, the liners were disinfected and the total microorganism count from the liner surface was performed. The reduction was measured against an untreated liner within the cluster. Although a reduction in microorganisms was achieved in the field trial, it was not significant. When using PAS, a log reduction of 0.3 was achieved; when using PABS, a log reduction of 0.2 was obtained. The difference between the two disinfection methods was also not significant. Treatment with sterile water only led to a reduction of 0.1 log. The results show that spray disinfection under these circumstances does result in a reduction in the bacteria on the milking liner surface, but for effective disinfection a higher reduction would be preferred.

The Effect of Disinfection Methods on C. Albicans in Three Types of Denture Base Materials

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of disinfectant solutions on Candida albicans (C. albicans) for different types of denture materials. A total of 144 specimens (10x10x2 mm) were obtained from three different materials: autopolymerized acrylic resin, heat-cured acrylic resin, and hard relining material (n = 6). Three disinfectant solutions were used: 100% white vinegar, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (Saver) and denture cleaning tablets (Corega). The specimens were placed on Eliza plates and 1.5 mL of Yeast Extract Peptone (YPD) was added to each well. Then, 30�L of candida culture was added to the wells. Next, the specimens were incubated at 37�C at 80 rpm for 48 h. Disinfectants were added to the Eliza plates. For all specimens, the disinfectants were replaced with 2 mL of sterile water and kept at 100 rpm for 30 min. Then, 0.1 mL of the liquid was taken and inoculated into the pads containing YPD medium. After incubation, the candida colony growth on the pads was measured. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken from randomly selected specimens from each group. Statistically significant differences (𝑃 [ 0.05) were found between the disinfectant method groups and the control group for the three types of denture materials. The 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (Saver) disinfectant was the most effective for C. Albicans ATCC 60193 and oral isolate of C. Albicans for all three of the tested denture materials. The effect of cleaning of tabs (Corega) and white vinegar was found to be similar.

Ex vivo study of the effect of different antimicrobial solutions on apical extra-radicular biofilm: A CLSM study

Ex vivo study of the effect of different antimicrobial solutions on apical extra-radicular biofilm: A CLSM study

Efficacy of two contact lens disinfecting solutions in reducing growth rate of bacteria and eradication of biofilms

Efficacy of two types of contact lens disinfecting (CLD) solutions, most frequently purchased from Jordanian pharmacies by contact lens wearers, was investigated for reducing growth rate of methicillin resistant and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcesence, S. liquefacience and Acinetobacter spp., previously isolated from In-use disinfecting solutions in CL cases. Each species was cultured in a clean and dirty conditions (to mimic real situation) of two fresh CLD solutions separately: A and B whose active agents are: Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride and Polyaminopropyl biguanide respectively. Log reduction of these bacteria have exceeded ISO 14729 acceptable criteria (3 log) and reached up to 5 log reduction. Dirty conditions have marked effect in reducing efficacy of CLD solution (A) to kill bacterial species under test. Biofilms produced by S. marcescens and S. liquefaciens were reduced by more than 50% after 24 hrs. using either CLD solutions, though it was less than that reduced after 4 hrs. Biofilm of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the most affected by either CLD solutions after 4 hours. This study concluded that CL wearers should pay great consideration to cleaning and disinfection practices to decrease bacterial growth, reduce chances of biofilm formation.

Betadine Soaking of Silicone Coupons Minimally Impacts Acellular Dermal Matrix Incorporation in a Preclinical Primate Model.

Microbial pathogens local to prosthetic breast devices may promote infection, inflammation, and capsular contracture. Although antimicrobial solutions have been used, their effects on human acellular dermal matrix (HADM) incorporation when used with prosthetic devices are unknown. The authors' objective was to histologically assess the effect of 10% povidone iodine (PI)-saturated tissue expander (TE) exposure on HADM biological response in a primate model. They hypothesized that PI exposure would not negatively affect the HADM biological response. Samples (1.5 × 1.5 cm) from smooth silicone TEs were saturated in saline or PI for 2 minutes and sutured to HADM to create HADM/TE constructs. Primates implanted subcutaneously with saline ( n = 9) and PI-treated HADM/TE ( n = 9) construct pairs were evaluated histologically for biological response after 2 or 4 weeks by means of a host response scoring scale (1 to 9), including recellularization, neovascularization, and inflammation. Inflammatory cells (eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, histiocytes, foreign-body giant cells) and evidence of HADM remodeling (fibroblasts, vessels) were further evaluated by means of a cell-specific scoring scale (0 to 4) and corroborated by immunostaining (CD3, CD20, CD68, FSP-1, collagen type IV). Mean histology scores were similar between saline- and PI-exposed HADM at 2 weeks (5.3 ± 0.9 and 5.6 ± 0.5; P = 0.52) and 4 weeks (4.6 ± 1.0 and 4.2 ± 0.9; P = 0.44). There was no difference in inflammatory cell presence at 2 and 4 weeks between groups. Fibroblast infiltration differences were insignificant between groups but exhibited trends toward an increase between time points for saline (1.6 ± 0.7 to 1.8 ± 0.8) and PI (1.3 ± 0.8 to 1.8 ± 1.0) groups, suggesting HADM incorporation over time. Data suggest that HADM exposure to PI-treated TEs does not negatively affect inflammation, vascularization, recellularization, incorporation, or host response to HADM in this model. PI is a surgical pocket irrigant used to address bacterial colonization, but its impact on ADM incorporation is unknown. This study demonstrates similar biologic response to ADMs adjacent to PI- or saline-saturated TEs in a primate model.

Microalgal Systems, a Green Solution for Wastewater Conventional Pollutants Removal, Disinfection, and Reduction of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Prevalence?

The low-efficiency rate of urban wastewater (UWW) treatment generates tons of discharged water with a high concentration of pollutants, pathogens and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs). Microalgal systems may be a green alternative to be implemented as a UWW polishing treatment. This study assessed the ability of Chlorella vulgaris and UWW autochthonous microalgal species (AMS) to simultaneously remove PO4–P, and reduce the proliferation of coliforms and ARGs. AMS seems to be more promising due to: (i) the higher specific growth rate, μmax (0.687 ± 0.065 d−1); (ii) efficient PO4–P removal (92.62 ± 0.10%); (iii) faster reduction of coliforms proliferation achieving concentrations below the limits of quantification (6 d); (iv) the reduction of intl1 and the ARGs sul1 and blaTEM abundance in ca. of 70.4%, 69.2%, and 75.7%, respectively (9 d); and (v) the additional reduction of these genes in ca. of 97.1%, 94.2%, and 99.9%, respectively, after 5 d storage in the dark and at room temperature. Results also revealed that the high pH values in both microalgal systems (due to microalgal growth) were highly correlated with a reduction in the proliferation of coliforms, including Escherichia coli. In conclusion, using AMS as a final polishing treatment of UWW seems to be very promising.