Dishwashing Detergent Research Articles

AIUM Official Statement: Guidelines for Cleaning and Preparing External- and Internal-Use Ultrasound Transducers and Equipment Between Patients as Well as Safe Handling and Use of Ultrasound Coupling Gel.

AIUM Official Statement: Guidelines for Cleaning and Preparing External- and Internal-Use Ultrasound Transducers and Equipment Between Patients as Well as Safe Handling and Use of Ultrasound Coupling Gel.

Analysis of glycans in a Burnt-on/Baked-on (BoBo) model food soil using Microarray Polymer Profiling (MAPP) and immunofluorescence microscopy

Burning of food materials during cooking can increase the difficulty in removal from solid surfaces, forming residual food soils. Using molecular probe-based technologies, the aim of this work was to elucidate the composition and relative abundance of glycans within a Burnt-On/Baked-On (BoBo) model food soil and investigate enzyme systems that may facilitate soil breakdown. Microarray Polymer Profiling identified xylan, arabinoxylan, mixed-linkage glucan and mannan as target substrates for the enzymatic cleaning of BoBo residues from surfaces. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that burning resulted in extensive structural modifications and degradation of the three-dimensional architecture of constituent polysaccharide matrices. Results from high-throughput enzyme screening indicate that inclusion of xylan depolymerising enzymes in automatic dishwashing detergents may improve cleaning of recalcitrant, plant glycan-rich BoBo soils. Collectively, this study provides new insight into the composition and removal chemistry of complex, multi-component food soils.

Vacuum-Sealed Hot Water Bath Immersion for the Preparation of Anatomical and Surgical Cadaveric Bone Models

Bone models serve many purposes, including improving anatomical understanding, preoperative surgical planning, and intraoperative referencing. Several techniques for the maceration of soft tissues have been described, mainly for forensic analysis. For clinical research and medical use, these methods have been superseded by three-dimensional (3D) printed models, which require substantial equipment and expertise, and are costly. Here, cadaveric sheep vertebral bone was cleaned by vacuum sealing the specimen with commercial dishwashing detergent, immersing in a hot water bath, and subsequently manually removing the soft tissue. This eliminated the disadvantages of the previously existing maceration methods, such as the existence of foul odors, usage of hazardous chemicals, substantial equipment, and high costs. The described technique produced clean, dry samples while maintaining anatomical detail and structure to accurately model the osseous structures that can be useful for preoperative planning and intraoperative referencing. The method is simple, low-cost, and effective for bone model preparation for education and surgical planning in veterinary and human medicine.

Gut epithelial barrier damage caused by dishwasher detergents and rinse aids

The increased prevalence of many chronic inflammatory diseases linked to gut epithelial barrier leakiness has prompted us to investigate the role of extensive use of dishwasher detergents, among other factors. We sought to investigate the effects of professional and household dishwashers, and rinse agents, on cytotoxicity, barrier function, transcriptome, and protein expression in gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Enterocytic liquid-liquid interfaces were established on permeable supports, and direct cellular cytotoxicity, transepithelial electrical resistance, paracellular flux, immunofluorescence staining, RNA-sequencing transcriptome, and targeted proteomics were performed. The observed detergent toxicity was attributed to exposure to rinse aid in a dose-dependent manner up to 1:20,000 v/v dilution. Adisrupted epithelial barrier, particularly by rinse aid, was observed in liquid-liquid interface cultures, organoids, and gut-on-a-chip, demonstrating decreased transepithelial electrical resistance, increased paracellular flux, and irregular and heterogeneous tight junction immunostaining. When individual components of the rinse aid were investigated separately, alcohol ethoxylates elicited a strong toxic and barrier-damaging effect. RNA-sequencing transcriptome and proteomics data revealed upregulation in cell death, signaling and communication, development, metabolism, proliferation, and immune and inflammatory responses of epithelial cells. Interestingly, detergent residue from professional dishwashers demonstrated the remnant of a significant amount of cytotoxic and epithelial barrier-damaging rinse aid remaining on washed and ready-to-use dishware. The expression of genes involved in cell survival, epithelial barrier, cytokine signaling, and metabolism was altered by rinse aid in concentrations used in professional dishwashers. The alcohol ethoxylates present in the rinse aid were identified as the culprit component causing the epithelial inflammation and barrier damage.

Toxicity tests sought for plastic on detergent pods

A cleaning product company and environmental activists are asking the US Environmental Protection Agency to require health and safety tests on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). This water-soluble plastic is widely used to encase pods containing concentrated laundry and dishwasher detergents . They are also petitioning the EPA to remove PVA from the Safer Choice program ’s list of chemicals that the agency considers safer for human health and the environment than ingredients with similar functional properties. The EPA should keep PVA off this list until manufacturers complete health and safety testing under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) , the petition says. The company filing the petition is Blueland, a cleaning product manufacturer that makes pressed-powder pods for home and personal care products. Blueland’s products directly compete with PVA-based ones. Joining Blueland in the filing is the nonprofit Plastic Pollution Coalition . Citing a paper published in 2021, the petitioners say

Green Consumerism: Assessment Study among Rural People and Impact on Family Economy and Environment

The study was conducted with an objective to study the impact assessment of trainings on green consumerism in home and farm. The study was conducted in different villages namely Sulla, Surshettikoppa villages of Hubli taluk and Marewad and Kotur villages of Dharwad taluk. The total sample size comprised 239 farm women. The data was collected through self structured questionnaire with interview method. The extension method like training cum demonstration was used for imparting the knowledge regarding green consumerism. The preparation techniques of green consumer products like Paper bag making, Floor cleaner, Mosquito repellent and Dish washing liquid were imparted. The results revealed that significant knowledge difference was observed between pre test and post test scores regarding green consumerism - Paper bag making, Floor cleaner, Dish washer, Mosquito repellent among farm women of Sulla, Surshettikoppa, Marewad and Kotur villages indicated that there was no knowledge about green consumerism - Paper bag making, Floor cleaner, Dish washer, Mosquito repellent training programme there was gain in knowledge regarding green consumerism as per the post test scores after training programme women had gain knowledge about green consumption in home and farm and its positive impact on home environment and increases the family economy by adopted home green consumerism. It can promote environmental concern and enhance green consumption. Specifically, environmental responsibility has a positive impact on environmental concern and also has different positive effects on green consumption intention.

Solugen raises cash to build green chemical factories

After raising more than $350 million last year , the sustainable chemicals company Solugen has raised another $200 million to start building its next factories and expand into new markets. Solugen, one of C&EN’s 10 start-ups to watch in 2018, hopes to use a combination of enzymatic and catalysis manufacturing processes to make cheap, high-performance chemicals without fossil fuels. Solugen’s first factory has been operating in Houston, Texas, for about a year. It produces more than 10,000 metric tons per year of several different molecules from a corn sugar feedstock. The company’s first products were hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid, which are used in water treatment to prevent calcium phosphate scaling and metal corrosion. More recently, Solugen started selling glucaric acid –made by oxidizing gluconic acid with hydrogen peroxide. Glucaric acid reduces scaling and increases the cleaning power of automatic dishwasher detergents. CEO Gaurab Chakrabarti says the latest round of

Features of oral care in the treatment of periodontitis in patients who have undergone a new coronavirus infection COVID-19

A new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) leads to changes in the oral cavity, which makes it important to consider the optimal use of oral care products. The aim of the work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of preventive toothpastes with herbal components, along with the use of antiseptic rinses, in the treatment of elderly patients suffering from chronic generalized periodontitis and against the background of postcovid syndrome. 48 elderly patients with postcovid syndrome suffering from chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity were examined, who underwent the generally accepted complex treatment of periodontitis, but the methods of individual oral care differed due to the inclusion of rinses to the toothpastes used in the technique. It has been established that in elderly people suffering from periodontitis against the background of a new coronavirus infection, there are large violations of hemomicrocirculation in periodontal tissues, as well as a high incidence of periodontal pathogens. It was also noted that toothpastes in combination with mouthwashers are highly effective for individual oral hygiene in such patients. Despite the relatively identical clinical characteristics of oral hygiene and indicators of the condition of periodontal tissues, the use of a rinse aid with chlorhexidine during the week at the beginning of complex treatment helps to reduce the frequency of detection of periodontal pathogens, which is important for the secondary prevention of periodontitis and its recurrence.

A comparative study of efficacy of coconut oil, lemon water and dishwashing liquid as surrogates to xylene.

Histopathology is the field of science that helps in analyzing the architectural pattern of cells under the microscope. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections are used for routine histopathological examination. Xylene being a biohazardous hydrocarbon is used in many steps of tissue processing and laboratory personnel are exposed to this toxic substance. Maximum exposure to xylene occurs in the step of deparaffinization, for which alternate safer methods should be introduced. This study compares the efficacy of natural products like coconut oil, lemon water, less chemical substance like dish wash liquid with xylene as deparaffinizing agent. 50 paraffin embedded sections were used in each of the groups using xylene, coconut oil, diluted lemon water and dish wash liquid as deparaffinizing agents. 80% of slides using dishwashing liquid, 64% using lemon water and 42% of slides using coconut oil showed excellent cellular features. 96% of slides using xylene showed good quality staining, 54% of slides using dishwashing liquid and 40% slides using lemon water showed good quality staining. Only 4% of slides prepared using coconut oil showed good quality staining. Dishwashing liquid is the best surrogate and among the natural products, diluted lime water yields a better result and coconut oil, the least productive as deparaffinizing agent in this study.

СТАБИЛИЗАЦИЯ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ СМЕШАННОЙ СЛЮНЫ ЧЕЛОВЕКА ПОД ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕМ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ ПЕРСОНАЛЬНОГО КОМПЬЮТЕРА

Subject is oral fluid and its changes under the influence of electromagnetic radiation from a personal computer.
 Purpose of research is to identify changes in the physicochemical parameters of the mixed saliva of users before and after working on the computer; to determine the protective properties of the mouthwash against the impact of computer electromagnetic radiation on the oral fluid. 
 Methodology. The research work involved 20 men aged 20–24 years. The study consists of two blocks. The first block is aimed at identifying changes in the physicochemical parameters of mixed saliva under the influence of electromagnetic radiation from a personal computer. The second block is focused on determining the protective properties of the rinse aid of a well-known Russian brand from the effects of electromagnetic radiation from a personal computer on the oral fluid. The material of the study is oral fluid, which was used for potentiometric determination of pH, acid and alkaline buffer capacities, surface tension, total protein concentration, inorganic phosphorus, ammonium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and α-amylase activity. The obtained data were processed in the Statistica 8.0 program. Basic statistics are applied, multiple comparison of fees using the Friedman criterion. Pairwise comparison of collections was carried out using the Wilcoxon test. The result is presented as the median (lower and upper quartiles). Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.
 Results. The action of the electromagnetic field of a personal computer caused a decrease in the level of most of the physicochemical parameters of mixed saliva. The use of a mouthwash from a well-known Russian commercial and industrial company helped to reduce the number of saliva components exposed to electromagnetic radiation from a personal computer.
 Conclusion. The electromagnetic radiation of a personal computer has an adverse effect on the physicochemical parameters of mixed saliva. The rinse aid makes it possible to stabilize the changes in the mixed saliva of a person, caused by the action of the electromagnetic field of a personal computer. This hygienic product can be considered as a way to protect the oral fluid of computer users from the adverse effects of electromagnetic radiation from a personal computer.

Using Biosurfactants from Plants to Treat Chicken Feathers into a Green Oil Absorbent Material

While feathers are still commonly regarded in many places as waste, in many developed countries it has been considered a valuable by-product of the poultry industry. The poultry industry of Vietnam has achieved encouraging achievements in the past 10 years. The total flock of poultry from 100 million to now has reached nearly 467 million. Though light as a feather, with the vast quantities of chickens produced annually, the number of feathers produced is considerable. Research has shown that the feathers have hydrophobic properties and can therefore be used to make products that absorb oil. However, the use of large amounts of toxic detergents to clean chicken feathers in reported studies has reduced the environmental significance of agricultural waste reuse. In this study, we evaluated the possibility of replacing toxic cleaning agents with eco-friendly natural cleaners in the handling of chicken feathers. Water-based extracts of soapnuts and bo-ket fruits have been selected for our study due to their high saponin content - an effective cleaning agent, and have been used as a dishwashing liquid or shampoo for a long-time by local housewives. Our study showed that natural detergents derived from soapnuts have been shown the ability to remove lards on the plastic surface, and to clean chicken feathers, thereby increasing their capacity to absorb various oils including cooking oil, used cooking oil, and lubricant oil. We have also created an oil-absorbing pillow containing soapnut extract-treated chicken feathers with a maximum efficiency of 16.8 g/g in absorbing lubricant oil. Our research opens new avenues for the use and treatment of poultry feathers, contributing to the reduction of solid waste from the poultry industry by methods which is friendlier to the environment. The greenness of the created absorber is guaranteed.

Is Lipid Specificity Key to the Potential Antiviral Activity of Mouthwash Reagent Chlorhexidine against SARS-CoV-2?

Chlorhexidine (CHX), a popular antibacterial drug, is widely used for oral health. Emerging pieces of evidence suggest that commercially available chlorhexidine mouthwash formulations are effective in suppressing the spread of SARS-CoV-2, possibly through destabilization of the viral lipid envelope. CHX is known for its membrane-active properties; however, the molecular mechanism revealing how it damages the viral lipid envelope is yet to be understood. Here we used extensive conventional and umbrella sampling simulations to quantify the effects of CHX on model membranes mimicking the composition of the SARS-CoV-2 outer lipid membrane as well as the host plasma membrane. Our results show that the lipid composition and physical properties of the membrane play an important role in binding and insertion, with CHX binding favorably to the viral membrane over the plasma membrane. Among the simulated lipids, CHX preferentially binds to anionic lipids, PS and PI, which are more concentrated in the viral membrane. The deeper and stable binding of CHX to the viral membrane results in more pronounced swelling of the membrane laterally with a thinning of the bilayer. The overall free energies of pore formation are strongly reduced for the viral membrane compared to the plasma membrane; however, CHX has a larger concentration-dependent effect on free energies of pore formation in the plasma membrane than the viral membrane. The results indicate that CHX is less toxic to the human plasma membrane at low concentrations. Our simulations reveal that CHX facilitates pore formation by the combination of thinning the membrane and accumulation at the water defect. This study provides insights into the mechanism underlying the anti-SARS-CoV-2 potency of CHX, supporting its potential for application as an effective and safe oral rinse agent for preventing viral transmission.

PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN SABUN CUCI PIRING SEBAGAI PEMBEKALAN KETERAMPILAN KEPADA WARGA BINAAN LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN KHUSUS ANAK KLAS IIB TANJUNG PATI

ABSTRACT The skills improvement is a crucial aspect by the children/teenagers in Lembaga Pendidikan Khusus Anak (LPKA) Klas IIB Tanjung Pati, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, the Province of West Sumatra. These children really need education and trainings that could be used for their life when they are come into community. One of training has been conducted for them by the lecturer Fakultas Teknologi Industri Universitas Bung Hatta and some students. The training was about how to makedish washing liquid . Dish washing liquid is a product that always needed in daily life. This kind of dish washing is more popular than other types. The process of making this washing liquid is very simple and the materials can be obtained easily and the price of the materials are also very cheap. These are the reason why the training was conducted. The training ws followed by a discussion relating to the business of selling the dish washing liquid. Hope the trainingis very useful for the children at PLKA Klas IIB Tanjung Pati.

Consequences of Implementing Neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water in Commercial Poultry Processing on the Microbiota of Whole Bird Carcass Rinses and the Subsequent Microbiological Analyses.

In 2016, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) established guidelines which modified the Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) rinsate material to include additional compounds that would better neutralize residual processing aids and allow for better recovery of sublethal injured Salmonella spp. cells. While the added compounds improved the recovery of Salmonella spp., specific data to understand how the new rinse agent, neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water (nBPW), impacts the recovery of other microorganisms such as Campylobacter spp. and indicator microorganisms are lacking. Therefore, this study evaluated the impact of rinse solutions (BPW or nBPW) used in Whole Bird Carcass rinsate (WBCR) collections on the subsequent microbiome and downstream culturing methodologies. Carcasses exiting a finishing chiller were rinsed in 400 ml of BPW or nBPW. Resulting rinsates were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae (EB), Salmonella, and Campylobacter spp. prevalence and total aerobic bacteria (APC) and EB load. The 16S rDNA of the rinsates and the matrices collected from applied microbiological analyses were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq®. Log10-transformed counts were analyzed in JMP 15 using ANOVA with means separated using Tukey’s HSD, and prevalence data were analyzed using Pearson’s χ2 (P ≤ 0.05). Diversity and microbiota compositions (ANCOM) were analyzed in QIIME 2.2019.7 (P ≤ 0.05; Q ≤ 0.05). There was an effect of rinsate type on the APC load and Campylobacter spp. prevalence (P < 0.05), but not the quantity or prevalence of EB or Salmonella spp. prevalence. There were differences between the microbial diversity of the two rinsate types and downstream analyses (P < 0.05). Additionally, several taxa, including Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Clostridium, Enterococcaceae, Burkholderiaceae, and Staphylococcaceae, were differentially abundant in paired populations. Therefore, the rinse buffer used in a WBCR collection causes proportional shifts in the microbiota, which can lead to differences in results obtained from cultured microbial populations.

Lack of Evidence for Microplastic Contamination from Water-Soluble Detergent Capsules

This study investigates the ability of water-soluble detergent capsules to effectively release microplastics from their composition. A total of 39 different brands of water-soluble capsulated detergents were tested, 20 of them for washing machines and 19 for dishwashers, from four different countries in the EU, i.e., Spain, Portugal, Belgium, and Italy, as well as two different devices for microplastic recovery from laundry wastewater. Wastewater samples from all laundry capsules reported microplastics, mainly as entangled fibers from PET blankets, although none could be associated to capsule itself. This paper displays, through a calculated rate for microplastics, that fiber shedding from clothing maybe related to different detergent characteristics. Wastewater from both catching devices reported microplastics after their use, although samples from Guppyfriend bag displayed less fibers than those collected after the use of Cora Ball. Eventually, wastewater samples form dishwashing detergent capsules were much less contaminated with microplastics than those from laundry ones.

Assessment of antimicrobial activity of bioflavonoid CITROX and chlorhexidine combination against P. gingivalis (in vitro)

The aim of the study - evaluation of the antiseptic properties of the combination of chlorhexidine and bioflavonoid CITROX against P. gingivalis. Clinical isolates of microbial cultures from the collection of the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Virology of the Moscow State Medical University named after A.I. Evdokimov: P. gingivalis. Primary seeding of the studied material was carried out on nutrient media produced by Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Limited (India): Colombian agar with the addition of 5% defibrinated blood and a selective additive for the isolation of non-spore anaerobes. To conduct the experiment, a thermostatic rotary system - RTS-1 (Biosan, Latvia) was used, which performs a modern type of mixing due to the formation of a vortex-type diffusing effect. The interpretation of the results was carried out by changing the optical density index (the indicator in McFarland units) at a wavelength of λ = 850 nm. The combination of CITROX + chlorhexidine 0.05% more effectively suppresses the growth of periodotopathogenic bacteria than chlorhexidine 0.05%, prolonging the adaptive phase (lag phase) of the growth of P.gingivalis bacteria and can be considered as an alternative to chlorhexidine without additives. Prolongation of the lag phase increases the time until the first clinical symptoms appear, as a result, the body has more time to form an immune response. The combination of the complex of bioflavonoids CITROX and chlorhexidine bigluconate in concentrations of 0.05% and 0.2% is active against P. gingivalis and can be considered as an alternative to chlorhexidine without additives. The inclusion of CITROX in the rinse aid reduces the concentration of chlorhexidine in the rinse aid, which can lead to a decrease in the severity of undesirable effects and be considered as an alternative remedy in the treatment of periodontal diseases.

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE TELEVISION COMMERCIALS

Environmental problems have been increasingly relevant for consumers and companies. Consumers with strong ecocentric attitudes prefer to purchase green products. Companies that are aware of the change develop new marketing strategies. Some of these companies focus on innovation in the products, while others focus on promotion. While it may not be possible for companies to convert every product to a green product, every company can carry out a green marketing promotion strategy. The commercial is the most effective of these strategies with many functions, including raising awareness and providing information. The aim of this research is to examine the relationships between variables on the basis of environmental attitudes and to investigate the effect of a TV commercial with an emphasis on environmental sensitivity through a structural model. A survey was conducted with 579 participants within the scope of the research. The partial least squares (PLS) method was used to examine the relationships within the models established during the analysis phase. In this study, the Finish brand dishwasher detergent commercial shown on TV channels in Turkey was evaluated within the scope of a structural model. The commercial variable was used as a moderator in the model. The content of the commercial subject to the research is related to environmental sensitivity. In the commercial, it is recommended that consumers place dishes in the dishwasher without prewashing the dishes for less water consumption. Our research results reveal that the environmentally sensitive commercial has a moderating effect between ecocentric attitude and brand trust.

The use of the rinse aid based on a complex of natural citrus bioflavonoids for gingivitis. Clinical study

According to the Federal State Program of Primary Prevention of dental Diseases among the population of Russia in 2011 in the age group of 35–44 years, conducted by STAR, the prevalence of periodontal diseases is high – more than 80%. The high prevalence is due to the low level of oral hygiene. In addition to the standard protocol for the treatment of periodontal diseases, dentists prescribe antibacterial mouthwashes for home use. The combination of chlorhexidine 0.05% + CITROX can act as an alternative to pure chlorhexidine. This combination contributes to less plaque formation, reduces bleeding gums and has an anti-inflammatory effect. It was also noted that this rinse aid has a more pleasant taste and less pronounced side effects.

Exploring Natural Alternatives for Annual Bluegrass Control

A field experiment was conducted to identify and examine the effectiveness of potential non-traditional chemical products and alternatives for controlling annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), a plant with increasing herbicide resistant problems. In managed turf systems annual bluegrass can be a difficult winter annual weed to control having negative impacts on turfgrass quality. This study included 12 different treatments [untreated check, baking soda, white vinegar + lemon juice, Suppress herbicide, superphosphate (0-20-0), clove oil, Weed Zap, Avenger Weed Killer, Fiesta Turf Weed Killer, Ecologic Weed &amp; Grass Killer, Alcohol (43% ethanol), and Pool Time Algicide] applied to a TifEagle bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. traansvalensis) putting green where a natural infestation of annual bluegrass was present. Treatments were assessed visually for annual bluegrass control and turf phytotoxicity 1, 2, and 4 weeks after application. Overall, no treatment provided long-term control which was non-selective. Control was short-lived with annual bluegrass recovery beginning approximately two weeks after applying treatments. Greatest Poa burndown (~85%) was temporarily (1 to 2 weeks after application) with a combination of caprylic and capric acids (Suppress Herbicide) and a combination of clove oil and dishwashing detergent but plants fully recovered by three weeks after application. These products also produced similar temporary turf phytotoxicity. Bermudagrass turf phytotoxicity from selective treatments was most evident one week after applying treatments and turf had mostly fully recovered by four weeks after treatment. Suitable alternatives were not identified from products tested.

The use of different detergents in skeletal preparations

Skeletal preparation has become an integral component within the field of forensic anthropology. The aim of this study was to determine which commercial detergent was most effective and efficient for use in skeletal preparation. The hind limbs of 24 pigs (Sus scrofa) and five detergents with bleaching agents and enzymes (Surf and Ariel), only enzymes (OMO Auto and Sunlight powder) or only bleaching agents (Sunlight dishwashing liquid) were used. Specimens were skinned and immersed into a pre-heated 6 L detergent solution or tap water and macerated at either 45 °C, 50 °C, 55 °C and 60 °C. When maceration was deemed complete any remaining soft tissue was manually removed under running tap water and the remains left to dry. A scoring system was utilized to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of each detergent. OMO Auto specimens only required a single day to complete macerate regardless of the temperature and these specimens constantly scored better than the other detergents used, thus making it the most effective and efficient detergent tested.