Digestive Tract Diseases Research Articles

Screening and Identification of Molecular Targets Involved in Preventing Gastric Precancerous Lesions in Chronic Atrophic Gastritis by Qilianshupi Decoction.

Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a common and possibly precancerous digestive tract disease. Development of drugs with effect of preventing precancerous lesions draws the eyes of global researchers. Qilianshupi decoction (QLSP) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that is commonly used to treat CAG, but few studies have explored the mechanism of QLSP on treating CAG. This study investigated the molecular targets of the component herbs of QLSP in preventing precancerous lesions based on network pharmacology. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that the 6 herbs regulated multiple CAG-related genes, among which the most important were cancer-related pathway (apoptosis, p53, and VEGF) and epithelial cell signaling in Helicobacter pylori infection. Further animal experiments showed that the expression of survivin and p53 in precancerous lesions of CAG rats was significantly increased which was suppressed by QLSP. Moreover, telomerase activity was inhibited in precancerous lesions of CAG rats, and telomere length of gastric mucosa was increased, which was reversed by QLSP. Our results suggest that the components of QLSP prevents gastric precancerous lesions through decreasing the expression of survivin and p53 and regulating telomerase activity and telomere length in CAG.

Comparison of Tissue Transglutaminase and Anti-Endomysial Antibody Tests in Diagnosis of Celiac Disease

Background: Although initially considered as a digestive tract disease, celiac disease (CD) can cause problems and complications in most other organs. Common serologic tests for the diagnosis of CD include anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and anti-endomysial Ab (EMA). A more recent test includes anti-deamidated gliadin peptide. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the values of tissue transglutaminase and endomysial antibodies in A and G Immunoglobin subtypes in patients with a definitive diagnosis of CD. Methods: Patients suspected of CD referring to a Gastrointestinal Pediatric Clinic were evaluated for CD using IgG and IgA for tissue transglutaminase and endomysial antibodies and total IgA. Endoscopy and biopsy were done based on the CD diagnosis protocol. The demographic data of children were recorded in a questionnaire and then analyzed. Results: Of the 54 patients diagnosed with CD, 29 were females and 25 were males. TTG-IgA had the highest positivity rate. Tests based on IgA were more positive than IgG tests. More than one test was positive in 81.5 of the patients. All four tests were positive in 16 patients. In 18.5 percent of patients, just one test was positive. In the latter group, TTG-IgA was positive in four patients. The coefficient of agreement between EMA-IgA and TTG-IgA was 0.435, which was statistically significant. Conclusions: We suggest tissue transglutaminase and endomysial antibodies in A and G Immunoglobin subtypes for the diagnosis of CD. In this method, the diagnostic sensitivity of CD is high and in the next step, endoscopy and sampling can increase the specificity value. If the tests are not available, preferable tests are IgA subtype antibodies. © 2019, Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.

Changes in intestinal microflora in digestive tract diseases during pregnancy

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the gut microbiome composition in pregnant women with digestive diseases to analyze the relationships between the microflora changes and digestive diseases during pregnancy.MethodsFecal samples obtained from 71 pregnant women [six acute fatty liver (AF group), 21 constipation (C group), 24 excessive vomiting (V group) and 20 normal pregnancy (CP group)] and 26 non-pregnant (NP group) women were subjected to 16 s rRNA sequencing. Differential analysis of intestinal flora at the genera level was performed.ResultsThe relative abundance of Coprobacillus, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, Weissella and Lysinibacillus was increased in the digestive diseases (AF, C and V) groups compared with CP group, whereas that of five common genera, including Terrisporobacter, Dysgonomonas, Adlercreutzia, Fusicatenibacter and Blautia, was decreased in digestive diseases groups. Additionally, in digestive diseases (AF, C and V) groups, the abundance of 13 common genera, such as Carnobacterium, Coprobacillus and Psychrobacter, was higher than NP group, whereas that of 27 common genera, such as Blautia and Terrisporobacter, was lower than NP group. About 69 genera were differentially abundant between AF and C groups; two genera (Aerococcus and Senegalimassilia) were identified between AF and V groups; moreover, total 63 genera were obtained between C and V groups.ConclusionOur data revealed that the abundance of Acinetobacter, Enterococci, Paenibacillus, Blautia and Collinsella might be associated with the digestive diseases during pregnancy. These findings further supported the idea that targeting the gut microbiota could be a new prevention or therapeutic approach for improving digestive diseases during pregnancy.

A case of transverse colon artery malformation with multiple digestive tract diseases

胃肠道血管畸形(GIVM)是胃肠道常见的血管异常病变，表现为管壁变薄、血管扩张，病变可位于整个肠道，以胃、十二指肠、右半结肠和小肠多见，以横结肠动脉畸形破裂出血的病例报道较少见。本文报道1例横结肠动脉畸形合并多种消化道疾病的老年患者临床资料及经验教训，结合文献分析横结肠动脉畸形在对该类患者进行诊疗过程中的影响及预后。患者经局部金属钛夹止血后疗效显著。

A Fast and Accurate Way to Determine Short Chain Fatty Acids in Human Serum by GC–MS and Their Distribution in Children with Digestive Diseases

Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) represent the largest group of metabolic nutrients produced by gut microbiota, and can be considered potential biomarkers for digestive tract diseases. A fast, cost-effective, and reproducible analytical method for the analysis of SCFAs is highly required. This work developed a one-step extraction of 14 SCFAs using a mixture of ethanol and n-hexane in human serum samples by GC–MS without derivatization. The recoveries of the 14 SCFAs ranged from 62.4% to 129.2% in human serum samples. The LODs and LOQs of the 14 SCFAs were 0.12–0.48 mg/L and 0.40–1.61 mg/L, respectively. The application of this method was carried out by comparing SCFAs in serum samples from children with health and digestive tract diseases, and the results demonstrated that SCFAs in the serum of children with digestive disorders were significantly higher than those of healthy children, implying that digestive tract diseases affect gut microbiota and their metabolisms.

Antithrombotic therapy and digestive endoscopy: a difficult management.

Antithrombotic therapy (antiplatelet and anticoagulant) is frequently used in clinical practice for the prevention of thromboembolic events in patients at risk, such as those with atrial fibrillation or pro-thrombotic conditions. On the other hand, endoscopic investigations on the upper digestive tract (gastroscopy, endoscopic retrograde colangiopancreatography) and lower (colonoscopy) are increasingly performed to prevent, diagnose and treat different diseases of digestive tract. Therefore, it is not uncommon for a patient to undergo endoscopic examination while taking antithrombotic therapy. The pharmacological management of these patients requires a careful balance between the haemorrhagic risk linked to the continuation of therapy and the hemorrhagic risk inherent to the endoscopic procedure, particularly when an operative procedure (polypectomy, sphincterotomy, etc.) is required. Beyond classical anticoagulants (vitamin K antagonists, dicumarolici), the so-called "direct-acting anticoagulants" have been recently introduced, and management of these drugs in before an endoscopic examination is different. Since endoscopic procedures are largely scheduled as "open access" directly by general practitioner, she/he is clearly involved in the management of these patients. This review aims to report the recommendations of international guidelines on this field, and to provide some schematic tools for performing a correct management of patients on antithrombotic therapy before gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Analysis on the compatibility of Inonotus obliquus in the treatment of gastrointestinal disordersin Russia

Inonotus obliquus is a commonly used edible fungus in Russia. For centuries, it has been used to treat digestive tract diseases and tumors in the northern Russian countryside. Based on the relevant researches of the Soviet Union and Russia, this paper summarizes and analyzes the compatibility application of inonotus obliquus in the rehabilitation of gastrointestinal diseases. In the rehabilitation treatment of various gastrointestinal diseases, inonotus obliquus can be used alone or in combination with other drugs. In China, the difference in the source and the dosages should be paid the attention before the application.. Key words: Medicinal fungi; Inonotus obliquus; Abdominal disease; Compatibility; Russia

Effects of slough clearance rates post adult tonsillectomy in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux disease

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Laryngopharyngeal reflux is known to be associated with multiple disease of the upper aero digestive tract and can cause serious injury to the mucosa long term.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Patients diagnosed with chronic tonsillitis and indicated for surgery were evaluated for laryngopharyngeal reflux using reflux symptom index score. When score greater than 13 was suggestive of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) and counselled for 24 hours ambulatory dual probe pH monitoring. When the reflux event was 7 or more were diagnosed having LPR. Patients were divided into two groups Group A patients with chronic tonsillitis and without LPR and Group B patients with chronic tonsillitis and LPR. Postoperatively there slough percentage was calculated as 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% on the postoperative day (POD) 7, 14 and 21. Slough clearance rates were calculated as 100- slough percentage. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> There were 40 patients in Group A and 40 patients in Group B. The slough clearance rates of Group A were 46.3, 73.8 and 96.9 on post-operative days 7, 14, 21 respectively. The slough clearance rates of Group B were 30.1, 57.6, 90.1 on POD 7, 14, 21 respectively. The p values comparing slough clearance rates showed 0.00, 0.002, 0.013 on POD 7, 14, 21 which was statistically significant. Group B with laryngopharyngeal reflux had delayed healing than Group A.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Laryngopharyngeal reflux seems to adversely affect healing and complication following tonsillectomy due to lowering of slough clearance rates. Hence we recommend the need for assessment and treatment pre/post operatively of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease in adult patients undergoing tonsillectomy.</p>

Les vitamines du groupe B : structures et rôles dans le métabolisme, déficits nutritionnels

B vitamins are cofactors of enzymes controlling the metabolism of energetic nutriments. Under the term of B vitamin, you can find 8 vitamins from B1 to B12, i.e. B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B8, B9 and B12. Selective avitaminosis concern mainly vitamins B1, B2, B3, B9 and B12. Total deficiency in vitamin B1 gives beriberi with heart failure and generalized polyneuritis; the defect in vitamin B2 is rare, associating troubles of skin and mucous membranes. The deficiency in vitamin B3 gives pellagra. The defects in B9 and B12 vitamins, sometimes both, are the cause of megaloblastic anemia. Chronic alcoholism as well as diseases of digestive tract with malabsorption are frequently the cause of defects in B vitamins. You can find B vitamins in cereals, fruits and vegetables, meat and fish, dairy products and eggs. Most of B vitamins can be used as drugs for the treatment of some diseases not predictable by their role in metabolism. We also use polyvitamins after surgery of the digestive tract and for patients confined to bed for a long time.

Arginase-1 and Treg Profile Appear to Modulate Inflammatory Process in Patients with Chronic Gastritis: IL-33 May Be the Alarm Cytokine in H. pylori-Positive Patients.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a highly prevalent bacterium in our environment, directly involved in various upper digestive tract diseases, such as gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. Several molecules activating the immune system have been reported to be involved in containing H. pylori infection. This study is aimed at analyzing the mRNA expression of the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-6, IL-22, IL-23, and IL-33; transcription factors T-bet, RORC, and FOXP3; enzymes ARG1, ARG2, and NOS2; and neuropeptides VIP and TAC and their respective receptors VIPR1 and TACR1 in the stomach lining of patients with severe digestive disorders. One hundred and twenty six patients have been evaluated, presenting with symptoms in the upper digestive tract, with the clinical indication for an Upper Digestive Endoscopy exam. Two fragments of the mucosa of the gastric body and antrum have been collected for anatomopathological examination and to analyze the expression of enzymes, cytokines, and transcription factors using qPCR. Expression of the ARG1 gene was seen as significantly higher in the group of patients with chronic inactive gastritis than in the control group. Expression of the TGF-β gene and its FOXP3 transcription factor was significantly higher in the group of chronic inactive gastritis patients than in the control. Expression of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, and TGF-β and the transcription factors, T-bet and RORC, in the presence or absence of H. pylori showed no significant difference. However, the expression of FOXP3 was significantly lower in H. pylori-positive patients than that in H. pylori-negative patients. ARG1 and Treg profile appeared to be modulating the inflammatory process, protecting patients from the tissue lesions with chronic inactive gastritis. Furthermore, we suggest that IL-33 may be a crucial mediator of the immune response against an infection, after gastric mucosal damage.

Some Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Findings of Human Gigantica Fascioliasis in Pregnant Women and Children in Central-Coastal Provinces, Vietnam, 2003-2017

Introduction: Fascioliasis is a disease of the hepatobiliary system, caused by Fasciola spp that are increasing and threating of public health in the tropic areas, including of Central coastal of Vietnam. World Health Organisation estimates that at least 2.4 million people are infected in more than 70 countries worldwide, with several million at risk, and particularly, no continent is free from fascioliasis. This study carried out to evaluate several typical clinical and paracinical aspects in the pregnant women and children groups with fascioliasis. Methods: With the descriptive cross-sectional study design, and sample size in line with hospital based data. Results: the data post-analysis showed that total of 94 pregnant women and 212 child with gigantica fascioliasis were enrolled:- In the pregnant women group: the major clinical symptoms of epigastric and Chauffard Rivet triangle pain (95.74%), subshoulder muscle pain (97.87%), gastrointestinal disturbances as abdominal pain plus constipation (14.89%), loosed stool (22.34%), nausea and/or vomit (29.78%), mild fever (68%), allergic reaction with pruritis and urticaria (64.89%), mild anemia (4.26%), rare symptoms may be hepatomegaly (6.38%), chest pain, dyspnoea (43.62%), jaundice (2.13%); Laboratory parameters were positive ELISA test with Fasciola gigantica antigen (95.74%), hepatobiliary lesions by ultrasound (97.87%), majority in right liver (90.32%), eosinophilia is the predominant indicator (90.42%), In the children group: the clinical manifestations included of epigastric and Chauffard-Rivet area pain (94.34%), flatuence, nausea and intermittent vomiting (76.41%), digestive disoders (40.57%), allergy (30.66%), fatigue plus weight loss (12.74%); laboratory findings included of hepatobiliary lesions by US (100%), positive ELISA with Fasciola gigantica antigen (96.70%), eosinophil of 93.39% and 1.90% positive copro-examination with Fasciolae eggs. Conclusions: In pregnant women, symptoms are indistinguishable from hepatobiliary, digestive tract diseases or overlap with gestation terrains, and clinical signs of paediatric fascioliasis may mimic a wide spectrum of hepatobiliary disorders laboratory parameters and imaging diagnostics, especially in FasELISA, hypereosinophilia and liver lesions by ultrasound were very useful in positive diagnosis.

The hollow adrenal gland sign: a newly described enhancing pattern of the adrenal gland on dual-phase contrast-enhanced CT for predicting the prognosis of patients with septic shock.

To investigate the incidence, CT appearance, and implication for prognosis of the hollow adrenal gland sign (HAGS). A total of 194 patients with septic shock and 24 patients with hemorrhagic shock (as control group) were retrospectively included in this study and the patients with septic shock were further divided into four subgroups (digestive tract diseases, DTD, n = 49; biliary and pancreatic diseases, BPD, n = 41; postsurgical infection, PI, n = 64; and other diseases, OD, n = 40). All patients underwent a dual-phase contrast-enhanced CT within 1week after diagnosis. CT findings and clinical records were reviewed. If in the arterial phase the central zone of adrenal gland showed temporally much lower attenuation than the peripheral zone, it was defined as HAGS positive. The incidence of the HAGS in patients with septic shock and hemorrhagic shock, the demographic features, and mortality between HAGS-positive and HAGS-negative patients in each group were respectively compared. The incidence of the HAGS in the septic shock group was nearly 30%, while it was 0 in the hemorrhagic shock group. There was no significant difference in age or gender between HAGS-positive and HAGS-negative patients in all groups, while the mortality of HAGS-positive patients was significantly higher than that of HAGS-negative patients in each group (p < 0.05). The concordance correlation coefficient value showed excellent reproducibility of the two observers (κ = 0.977). The HAGS is specific and common on dual-phase contrast-enhanced CT in patients with septic shock and predicts a poor prognosis. • The hollow adrenal gland sign (HAGS) newly described in this study is a special enhancing pattern of adrenal gland on dual-phase contrast-enhanced CT in patients with septic shock. • The HAGS is characterized by the much lower-attenuated central zone of the adrenal gland in arterial phase and it showed excellent reproducibility between different observers. • The HAGS is specific and common on dual-phase contrast-enhanced CT in patients with septic shock and predicts a poor prognosis.

The Use of Naive Bayes for Broiler Digestive Tract Disease Detection

Broiler chicken is a species of chicken that have high productivity. In order to get a good quality of chicken, good treatments of the breeding factors is needed, so the chicken will not easily infected by diseases. Gastrointestinal diseases are common disease that infects chickens. The mortality level caused by gastrointestinal diseases is considered high. This study is designed to address the problem by developing a system using the Naive Bayes algorithm. 60 chicken data samples were used, and the result shows that Naive Bayes might be used to detect gastrointestinal diseases among chickens with accuracy level of 93.3%. The number was confirmed by using confusion matrix evaluation method, and gave same level of accuracy compared to the expert judgments.

Protective effects of HTD4010, a Reg3α/PAP-derived peptide, in mouse model of acute pancreatitis via toll-like receptor 4 pathway

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common digestive tract diseases, but effective drug therapy is still lack. Regenerating gene protein 3α (Reg3α) administration significantly reduced the severity of AP in mice. HTD4010 is a new 15 amino acid long synthetic peptide and its biological activities are similar to Reg3α. This study aimed to explore whether HTD4010 could protect pancreatic acinar cells against necrosis and decrease the inflammatory response in AP, and thus to explore underlying mechanisms. It was shown that administration of HTD4010 alleviated significantly the severity of biliary AP (BAP), characterized as less degree of pancreatic histological damage and acinar cell injury (both apoptosis and necroptosis), lower levels of serum amylase and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, HTD4010 down-regulated the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein, and TLR4 deficiency eliminated the protective effect of HTD4010 on BAP in mice. In conclusion, these results showed that HTD4010 could alleviate the severity of pancreatitis, reduce the acinar cells necrosis and inflammatory response possibly by TLR4 signaling pathway in AP.

Escherichia Coli Outer Membrane Vesicles Induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells.

BackgroundRecent studies have shown that Escherichia coli induced digestive tract diseases may be related to outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) induced intestinal double-strand breaks (DSBs) in intestinal epithelial cells. This study aimed to compare the impact of OMVs forces on DSBs in intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells, and provide a new treatment for digestive diseases caused by E. coli.Material/MethodsE.coli OMVs were prepared and co-cultured with Caco-2 cells. The uptake of OMVs by Caco-2 cells was observed by confocal microscopy. The γ-H2AX protein was detected by western-blots. The DSBs caused by OMVs was detected by single cell gel electrophoresis.ResultsThe particle size analyzer showed that the average diameters of OMVs centrifuged at 20 000×g and 50 000×g were 217.5±7.29 nm and 186.3±6.59 nm (P<0.05), respectively. Transmission electron microscopy of the OMVs revealed a lipid bilayer structure with a variety of different sizes. Confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed that OMVs almost completely entered Caco-2 cells after 24 hours. The ratio of γ-H2AX protein band gray value normalized data in the OMVs centrifuged at 20 000×g and 50 000×g, and the control group (without OMVs) were 2.23±0.18, 1.58±0.20, 1±0.30 (P<0.05), respectively, while DNA levels of the comet tail (TailDNA%, TDNA%) were 72.21±14.61%, 23.11±4.98%, and 1.02±1.41% (P<0.05), respectively. The corresponding DNA damage was categorized as high (grade 3), moderate (grade 2), and no damage (grade 0).ConclusionsDifferent sizes of OMVs induced different degrees of DNA damage in intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells.

СТАН СПАДКОВОСТІ У СТУДЕНТІВ ТА ЙОГО ЗВ’ЯЗОК ІЗ САМООЦІНКОЮ ЗДОРОВ’Я

Aim is to study heredity state among the university students and determine its relation to self-assessment of health.Methods. There are the results of examination of 66 Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University students. These were 30 males (45,5 %), and 36 females (54,4 %). Average age was 19,47±1,94 (95 % C.I.: 18,99–19,95) years old. Heredity state was investigated by survey of students using special questionnaire containing questions about closest or distant genetic relatives having been diagnosed different diseases or pathological conditions. For self-assessment the V.P. Voitenko questionnaire (1991) was used.Results. Heredity state among the university students is characterized with closest relatives having been diagnosed hypertension – 45,5 % (30/66), allergic reactions and/or bronchial asthma – 27,3 % (18/66), and digestive tract diseases – 27,3 % (18/66) of cases, and with distant relatives having been diagnosed malignant states (cancer) and allergic reactions, and/or bronchial asthma – 10,6 % (7/66) of cases for both indicators. According to the students’ self-assessment, among most of them (54,5 %; 36/66) poor or ill health states were revealed. Current health state of those surveyed substantially depended on closest relatives having been diagnosed hypertension (χ2=18,48, p=0,02991), and respiratory diseases (χ2=25,53, p=0,00242).Conclusions. Heredity state among students is characterized with closest relatives having been diagnosed hypertension, allergic reactions and diseases, and digestive tract diseases, and current health state is characterized as poor and ill (54,5 %; 36/66) being substantially related to genetic relatives having been diagnosed hypertension and respiratory diseases.

Желчнокаменная болезнь в структуре нозологии педиатрического отделения городского стационара

The purpose of the study was to reveal the frequency and characteristics of the course of the cholelithiasis on the basis of studying the histories of children hospitalized in the Department of Gastroenterology of the State Children’s Hospital No. 9 named after GN Speransky in 2016-2017. Materials and methods: 3200 case histories of children were analyzed; in 32 children, cholelithiasis was diagnosed, among them 11 boys and 21 girls aged 1-9 months to 17 years 8 months. Anthropometric data, family history, duration of the disease, presence of abdominalgia, episodes of a sharp decrease in body weight were evaluated. Laboratory and instrumental studies were conducted. Results: cholelithiasis occurs in 10% of children with digestive tract diseases, mostly in girls, about half of patients had normal body weight and heredity of cholelithiasis, and in every fifth child, relatives suffered from excessive body weight. In 28% of cases, cytolysis syndrome (> 10 norms) and cholestasis (> 3 norms) were detected, clinical symptoms of cholelithiasis were noted within 3 months, in half of the children developmental abnormalities and a suspension in the gallbladder cavity were diagnosed. 25% of adolescent girls deliberately reduced body weight. Conclusion: when detecting stones in the gallbladder, it is necessary to determine the indicators of liver and pancreas function, despite the possible absence of complaints of pain in the right hypochondrium.

Оценка физиологических изменений у ликвидаторов последствий аварии на Чернобыльской атомной электростанции, проживающих в условиях высокогорья

Here, we study the effects of hypoxia, elevated background radiation and other factors of the highlands residency on the Chernobyl nuclear disaster liquidators, such as respiratory and cardiovascular systems dysfunction. We have determined that from year 1995 to 2010 in liquidators living in highlands the significant decrease in the occurrence of cardiovascular system disorders, chronic nonspecific lung diseases, and digestive tract diseases was observed, which points to the presence of the defensive mechanisms in individuals living in highlands. Only the nervous diseases were more prevalent in “highlanders” than in liquidators living in lowlands during the whole studied period. The significant difference in the lung functional metrics between the liquidators living in lowlands and highlands was also observed in the early post-disaster period. The liquidators living in the highland regions of Armenia showed significantly fewer cases of myocardial malnourishment, ventricular hypertrophy, asequences, cardiac impairment and myocardial infarction. The right ventricle hypertrophy was observed in 68% of liquidators living in highlands, which is an adaptational mechanism. The significant differences were observed in the erythrocytes and the immunological metrics between the 2 aforementioned groups.

Use of functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia.

Functional brain imaging (positron emission tomography – PET, functional magnetic resonance imaging – fMRI), allowing in vivo analysis of the brain-digestive tract interaction and the neurological mechanisms underlying visceral hypersensitivity, significantly advanced research and helped in the understanding of the interrelations in this field. Differences in this parameter can result from alterations in task-related cognitive states or from resting state processes. Nowadays, advanced imaging techniques such as fMRI are more frequently used and are acknowledged among both clinicians and radiologists in the diagnostic algorithm of digestive tract diseases. Functional dyspepsia is a condition in which neuroimaging allows for analysis of dysfunctions within the brain-gut axis (BGA) engaged in processing of visceral discomfort and pain. The results of studies in patient groups with irritable bowel syndrome prove that psychosocial factors significantly affect the mechanisms regulating visceral sensitivity within the brain. The BGA includes neuronal pathways (autonomic nervous system), neuroendocrine (hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis), and neuroimmunological ones. Psychological processes affect the functioning of the digestive system and can cause dyspeptic symptoms. A patient’s mental condition associated with stress can affect processes taking place in the central nervous system and trigger somatic reactions in the digestive tract through the autonomic visceral system.

Probiotic using as a part of complex therapy of disbiotic violations at some intestinal diseases

Diseases of intestines are among the most widespread in this connection their effective prevention and treatment represents a priority problem of practical health care. Nowadays the set of the indisputable evidence that the microbiota of intestines played a key role in pathogenesis of many diseases has been obtained. Aim - the analysis of the available data on a role of microflora and efficiency of probiotic cultures for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, the necrotic enterocolitis, Krone's disease. Based on the data, which is available in literature, the main aspects of biological properties of probiotic bacteria, first in the context of their regulating influence on inflammatory immune reaction have been discussed. The question of strain-specific effect of probiotics has been considered. The basic provisions concerning change of a fecal microbiota, prospect and difficulty of realization of this technique have been presented in the article. Conclusion. Despite of wide use of pro- and prebiotics in clinic for treatment of diseases of digestive tract, a large number of the questions connected with selection of concrete strains for each patient, a dosage and duration of therapy for achievement of steady remission still remains.