Diseases In Shanghai Research Articles

Acute effects of outdoor air pollution on emergency department visits due to five clinical subtypes of coronary heart diseases in shanghai, china.

BackgroundAir pollution can be a contributing cause to the development and exacerbation of coronary heart disease (CHD), but there is little knowledge about the acute effects of air pollution on different clinical subtypes of CHD.MethodsWe conducted a time-series study to investigate the association of air pollution (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 10 µm [PM10], sulfur dioxide [SO2], and nitrogen dioxide [NO2]) on emergency department (ED) visits due to five different subtypes of CHD in Shanghai, China, from 2010 to 2012. We applied an over-dispersed Poisson generalized addictive model to analyze the associations after controlling for the seasonality, day of the week, and weather conditions.ResultsWe identified a total of 47 523 ED visits for CHD. A 10-µg/m3 increase in the present-day concentrations of PM10, SO2, and NO2 was associated with respective increases of 1.10% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33%–1.87%), 0.90% (95% CI −0.14%–1.93%), and 1.44% (95% CI 0.63%–2.26%) for total ED visits for CHD. These associations varied greatly by clinical type, with strong effects on sudden cardiac death, moderate effects on acute myocardial infarction and angina, weak effects on ischemic cardiomyopathy, and no effect on occult CHD. The associations were stronger among people aged 65 years or more than in younger individuals and in the cool season versus the warm one.ConclusionsOutdoor air pollution may have different effects of air pollution on 5 subtypes of CHD. Our results might be useful for the primary prevention of various subtypes of CHD exacerbated by air pollution.

Prevalence of human parechoviruses in central nervous system infections in children: A retrospective study in Shanghai, China

Human parechoviruses (HPeV) are associated with central nervous system (CNS) infections and sepsis-like illnesses. However, data from China are not available. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, age, and seasonal distributions and genotypes of HPeV infections in children with CNS related disease in Shanghai, China. Of 776 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from children with CNS-related diseases under the age of 16 years during the years 2008-2011, 68 (9%) were identified to be HPeV positive. The annual prevalence varied remarkably: 1% (2/153) in 2008, 7% (12/177) in 2009, 15% (23/153) in 2010, and 11% (31/293) in 2011. The virus was detected in all age groups of children ranging from 2 days to 13 years and the median age was 14 months. Of the 31 positive samples that were genotyped successfully, 28 were HPeV1 and 3 were HPeV3. This study provided data on the molecular epidemiology of HPeV infections in CNS-related diseases in Shanghai, China and suggest that the screening for HPeV by PCR should be included in the routine viral testing of CSF.

Tropical Diseases Research: Thirty Years and Counting

Tropical Diseases Research: Thirty Years and Counting

Season, Sex, Age, and Education as Modifiers of the Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution on Daily Mortality in Shanghai, China: The Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA) Study

BackgroundVarious factors can modify the health effects of outdoor air pollution. Prior findings about modifiers are inconsistent, and most of these studies were conducted in developed countries.ObjectivesWe conducted a time-series analysis to examine the modifying effect of season, sex, age, and education on the association between outdoor air pollutants [particulate matter < 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone] and daily mortality in Shanghai, China, using 4 years of daily data (2001–2004).MethodsUsing a natural spline model to analyze the data, we examined effects of air pollution for the warm season (April–September) and cool season (October–March) separately. For total mortality, we examined the association stratified by sex and age. Stratified analysis by educational attainment was conducted for total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality.ResultsOutdoor air pollution was associated with mortality from all causes and from cardiorespiratory diseases in Shanghai. An increase of 10 μg/m3 in a 2-day average concentration of PM10, SO2, NO2, and O3 corresponds to increases in all-cause mortality of 0.25% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.14–0.37), 0.95% (95% CI, 0.62–1.28), 0.97% (95% CI, 0.66–1.27), and 0.31% (95% CI, 0.04–0.58), respectively. The effects of air pollutants were more evident in the cool season than in the warm season, and females and the elderly were more vulnerable to outdoor air pollution. Effects of air pollution were generally greater in residents with low educational attainment (illiterate or primary school) compared with those with high educational attainment (middle school or above).ConclusionsSeason, sex, age, and education may modify the health effects of outdoor air pollution in Shanghai. These findings provide new information about the effects of modifiers on the relationship between daily mortality and air pollution in developing countries and may have implications for local environmental and social policies.

Differentiating the effects of fine and coarse particles on daily mortality in Shanghai, China

The findings on health effects of ambient fine particles (PM 2.5) and coarse particles (PM 10-2.5) remain inconsistent. In China, PM 2.5 and PM 10-2.5 are not the criteria air pollutants, and their monitoring data are scarce. There have been no epidemiological studies of health effects of PM 2.5 and PM 10-2.5 simultaneously in China. We conducted a time series study to examine the acute effects of PM 2.5 and PM 10-2.5 on daily mortality in Shanghai, China from Mar. 4, 2004 to Dec. 31, 2005. We used the generalized additive model (GAM) with penalized splines to analyze the mortality, air pollution and covariate data. The average concentrations of PM 2.5 and PM 10-2.5 were 56.4 μg/m 3 and 52.3 μg/m 3 in our study period, and PM 2.5 constituted around 53.0% of the PM 10 mass. Compared with the Global Air Quality Guidelines set by World Health Organization (10 μg/m 3 for annual mean) and U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (15 μg/m 3 for annual mean), the PM 2.5 level in Shanghai was much higher. We found that PM 2.5 was associated with the death rates from all causes and from cardiorespiratory diseases in Shanghai. We did not find a significant effect of PM 10-2.5 on mortality outcomes. A10 μg/m 3 increase in the 2-day moving average (lag01) concentration of PM 2.5 corresponded to 0.36% (95% CI 0.11%, 0.61%), 0.41% (95% CI 0.01%, 0.82%) and 0.95% (95% CI 0.16%, 1.73%) increase of total, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. For PM 10-2.5, the effects were attenuated and less precise. Our analyses provide the first statistically significant evidence in China that PM 2.5 has an adverse effect on population health and strengthen the rationale for further limiting levels of PM 2.5 in outdoor air in Shanghai.

The National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention: a new administrative structure for schistosomiasis control

Since more than 5 decades, the overall responsibility for the national programme on schistosomiasis control in China resides at the government level, i.e. Ministry of Health. Day-to-day activities are carried out by independent provincial parasitic institutes situated in the endemic areas. Along with the general economic development and the steady progress in the medical sciences, successful developments in control and research of the parasitic diseases in the country were achieved. This necessitated a corresponding reorganization of the administrative structures which has taken place at several levels. In January 2002, the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention was reorganized and the Institute of Parasitic Diseases in Shanghai became part of this new organization under the name of the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases to better reflect its new role. By assigning all administrative tasks regarding research and control of parasitic diseases under the umbrella of one administrative central laboratory, the new task force for epidemiological surveys and direction of parasitic control programmes is well suited to respond to the daunting challenges of the future. The new institution has only existed for a few years but has already become a well-functioning force with a broad contact net of national and international experts on research and control of parasitic diseases.

Clinical relevance of iceA and babA2 genotypes of Helicobacter pylori in a Shanghai population

To determine the distribution of the iceA and babA2 genotypes of Helicobacter pylori in patients with various gastroduodenal diseases in Shanghai, and to explore the association between genotype and the clinical outcome of infection. One hundred and forty-one strains of H. pylori were isolated from gastric biopsies of 43 patients with chronic gastritis, 47 with duodenal ulcer (DU), 30 with gastric ulcer (GU) and 21 with non-cardia gastric carcinoma. The iceA, babA2, cagA and vacA genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The iceA1, iceA2 and babA2 genotypes were detected in 74.5% (105/141), 15.6% (22/141) and 63.8% (90/141), respectively, of the H. pylori strains studied. Two H. pylori isolates (1.4%) were positive for both iceA alleles and 16 (11.3%) were negative for both. The prevalence of babA2 and its combination with cagA (cagA(+)/babA2(+)) in DU patients was significantly higher than that in GU patients (74.5%vs 50.0% for babA2, P = 0.028; 70.2%vs 46.7% for cagA(+)/babA2(+), P = 0.039). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of babA2 among the other disease groups, and no significant association of the iceA genotypes with the different clinical diseases (P > 0.05). The most predominant genotype of the H. pylori strains isolated from patients in Shanghai are iceA1(+)/babA2(+), and the babA2 genotype may play a different role in the pathogenesis of DU and GU. An association between iceA status and clinical outcome of H. pylori infection could not be confirmed in the present study.

Prevalence of reported heart diseases in Shanghai over 4 decades

Prevalence of reported heart diseases in Shanghai over 4 decades