Disease In Pregnant Women Research Articles

Periodontal Diseases in Pregnant Women in Prenatal Consultation

Background: The relationship between pregnancy and periodontal health had well documented in the literature. Of many studies of periodontal diseases in the Democratic Republic of Congo, no study had evaluated these diseases in pregnant women during Prenatal Consultation (PC). This study aimed to describe the occurrence and clinical profile of periodontal diseases in pregnant women admitted to the PC at the General Military Hospital of BOBILA. Materials and Methods: It is a cross-sectional and analytical study of pregnant women admitted to the PC from August to December 31, 2018, at the General Reference Military Hospital of BOBILA/Kinshasa City. The data were collected through a survey combined with the stomatological interview. Sociodemographic data, clinical and periodontal indices included Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), and Periodontal Disease Index (PDI) were assessed. The statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS version 20.0 software. The Chi-square tests, Student t-test were used to determine differences in the distribution of variables, and the odd Ratio with a confidence interval (IC) at 95% was used to estimate the degree of association. The results were significant at p < 0.05. Results: Of the 105 pregnant women received at the PC, 83 were included in this study. The age group between 20 - 29 was the most represented, with a predominance of stay-at-home mothers (75.9%) and married cases (73.4%), they had an average economic status (56.6%) and a secondary education level (63.8%). Gingival bleeding (44.6%) was the main complaint of the pregnant. Gestational age was a significant factor associated with gum bleeding (p < 0.005). Most of the pregnant had poor oral hygiene, localized gravidities (69.6%) during the third semester. Conclusion: A significant proportion of women had experienced periodontal diseases during the pregnancy period, mostly in the third trimester, and was associated with a gestational age of pregnant women.

Dental status and prevention of dental diseases in pregnant women

Dental status and prevention of dental diseases in pregnant women

Evaluation of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Pregnant Women Referred to Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz

Evaluation of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Pregnant Women Referred to Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz

EFFICIENCY OF TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN PREGNANT WOMEN

The aim: To study the clinical efficciency of the proposed scheme of gingivitis treatment in women with physiological course of pregnancy. Materials and methods: Clinical approbation of the proposed complex of therapeutic and prophylactic measures was carried out in 32 pregnant women with gingivitis, aged 18 to 35 years. The efficiency of the treatment was assessed by the dynamics of the clinical picture, the index assessment of an oral hygiene and the periodontium condition in each trimester of pregnancy. Results: According to the data of performed observations, the high efficiency of the proposed treatment scheme is shown: 84.4% in the main group versus 46.9% in the control group. It has been clinically proven that the proposed scheme of inflammatory periodontal diseases treatment in terms of therapeutic efficiency exceeds the generally accepted basic treatment. Conclusions:The use of the proposed complex of therapeutic and prophylactic measures in the main group of patients contributed to the elimination of the inflammatory process in the periodontal tissues, suspended the progression of existing diseases, made it possible to prevent the emergence of new nosological forms, improved the condition of the oral hygiene, which makes it possible to recommend it for treatment of periodontal diseases in pregnant women.

Spinal Anesthesia in Patient with Congestive Heart Failure due to Congenital Atrial Septal Defect, and Pulmonary Hypertension Undergoing Cesarean Section Procedure: A Case Report

Introduction. In patients suffering from heart disease, pregnancy is a risk factor for mortality. Heart disease in pregnant women can be in form of rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, or congenital heart disease. This case report is about the successful spinal anesthesia technique in cesarean section (C-section) patients with congestive heart failure due to congenital atrial septal defect, and pulmonary hypertension (PH).&#x0D; Case presentation. A pregnant woman, 24 years old, planned to have an emergency C-section. She complained about shortness of breath for 2 days before admission. Three months ago, the patient started to feel shortness of breath during activity and also complained her legs swelled. She has a history of congenital heart i.e. atrial septal defect (ASD), but not routinely been treated. Her examination showed tachypnea, murmur, bibasilar fine crackles lung sound, and pretibial pitting edema. Echocardiography showed ASD with pulmonary hypertension. Spinal Anesthesia using 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine 7.5 mg and fentanyl 25 µcg was given before surgery. Drugs was injected in L3-L4 level with the upper target was as high as T6. the head position is raised 30 degrees. Procedure went well and the APGAR score was 8/9, Patient was admitted to the ICU for one day and discharged from hospital at the 5 days of hospital care.&#x0D; Conclusion. Spinal single-shot spinal anesthesia with small doses of bupivacaine and adjuvant can be used as an alternative technique in emergency C-section for patients with congestive heart failure due to congenital atrial septal defect, and pulmonary hypertension.

Papillomaviral infection and cervical diseases in pregnant women. Risk factors of social status, reproductive and contraceptive behavior

Aim. To determine the risk factors for human papillomavirus of high carcinogenic risk (HPV HCR) and cervical diseases (CD) in pregnant women associated with the social status, reproductive and contraceptive behavior.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Design: open-label comparative non-interventional cohort study in parallel groups. The total number of patients 330 people, of whom 148 women were negative for HPV and 182 women were positive. They were divided into 4 groups depending on the presence or absence of CD. Methods: analysis of anamnesis data, general clinical, test Kvant-21 to determine HPV, cytological examination, extended colposcopy.&#x0D; Results. The most significant risk factors for HPV HRS infection were identified: history of mycoplasma infection (OR 5.9) and BV (OR 5.3), alcohol consumption (OR 4.0). A history of STIs (trichomoniasis and chlamydial infection), as well as more than 3 sexual partners (OR 2.7) were also significant. The most significant risk factors for CD in HPV-infected women were: age over 35 years (OR 3.8), a history of bacterial vaginosis (OR 3.0), and lack of regular screening (OR 2.4). The coitarche earlier than 16 years old (OR 2.2) also mattered. There were also found factors indicating a low risk of HPV infection the use of condoms (OR 0.3), and a low risk of CD was indicated by age under 25 years (OR 0.2) and regular screening (OR 0.3).&#x0D; Conclusion. HPV infection with HRS and the prevalence of CMC in pregnant women against the background of HPV infection is associated mainly with social risk factors, to a lesser extent with factors of reproductive and contraceptive behavior.

Bilirubin and bile acids in the blood of pregnant women

Ssstrunk (Zeit. F. Geb. u. Gyn., Bd. LXXXIX. H. I) in his studies could establish in pregnant women a 35% increased bilirubin content in the blood, while during childbirth this figure rose to 71%. The author could not notice any parallelism between this phenomenon and the increased content of bile acids in the blood usually observed during pregnancy. S. sees the reason for this phenomenon in the metabolic changes inherent in pregnancy, but not in the stagnation of bile. Among the diseases of pregnant women, the author did not find an increased content of bilirubin in the blood with the "kidney of pregnant women", and with eclampsia. on the contrary, I saw a significant increase in it.

Compromised SARS-CoV-2-specific placental antibody transfer

SummarySARS-CoV-2 infection causes more severe disease in pregnant women compared to age-matched non-pregnant women. Whether maternal infection causes changes in the transfer of immunity to infants remains unclear. Maternal infections have previously been associated with compromised placental antibody transfer, but the mechanism underlying this compromised transfer is not established. Here, we used systems serology to characterize the Fc profile of influenza-, pertussis-, and SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies transferred across the placenta. Influenza- and pertussis-specific antibodies were actively transferred. However, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody transfer was significantly reduced compared to influenza- and pertussis-specific antibodies, and cord titers and functional activity were lower than in maternal plasma. This effect was only observed in third-trimester infection. SARS-CoV-2-specific transfer was linked to altered SARS-CoV-2-antibody glycosylation profiles and was partially rescued by infection-induced increases in IgG and increased FCGR3A placental expression. These results point to unexpected compensatory mechanisms to boost immunity in neonates, providing insights for maternal vaccine design.

Diagnostic information content of indicators of cytokine profile of gingival fluid in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia

Relevance. Modern literature and clinical dental practice do not provide enough information about the value of local immunity parameters for early diagnosis of inflammatory periodontal diseases in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia. Conventional anti-inflammatory medications used to treat inflammatory periodontal disease are frequently contraindicated during pregnancy. It is important to make a reasonable choice of safe medications, prevention methods, and treatment at early stages of inflammatory periodontal diseases in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia. The aim of the present study is to determine informative cytokine levels in gingival fluid for early diagnosis of inflammatory periodontal disease and evaluation of effectiveness of “Lysobact” medication in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia (IDA).Materials and methods. Cytokine levels (IL-8, IL-10; IgA, IgG) in gingival crevicular fluid were investigated in 46 pregnant women aged 18-35: among them 16 (n = 16) had mild IDA (D50), 15 (n = 15) didn't have IDA, 15 (n = 15) were non-pregnant controls. «Lysobact» (Reg. #ПN0179/01-2002) was used in pregnant women with IDA; conventional antiinflammatory therapy was used to treat pregnant women without IDA, before and after drug therapy (8-10 days) according to clinical examinations.Results. There was determined diagnostic value of cytokine levels (IgA, IgG; IL-8, IL-10) that are of great importance for early diagnosis, evaluation of the course of the disease and effectiveness of “Lysobact” immunomodulating drug, and that significantly increase in pregnant women with IDA (IL-10 from 0.010 [1.790] to 3.050 [8.550] ng/ml) versus pregnant women without IDA (from 0.001 [1.259] to 2.900 [18.640] ng/ml) in comparison with controls (4.5 [1.13] ng/ml).Conclusion. Clinical laboratory results in pregnant women with inflammatory periodontal disease allowed to determine diagnostic value of gingival crevicular fluid parameters (sIgA, IgG; IL-8, IL-10) that are related to clinical periodontal index levels, and are informative non-invasive method and are of practical importance for early diagnosis of inflammatory periodontal disease and effectiveness of “Lysobact” drug in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia.

Клінічний випадок артеріовенозної мальформації у вагітної жінки

Extragenital pathology during pregnancy and childbirth occupies a leading place in maternal mortality and perinatal pathology. One of the main ways to maintain the health of mother and child is to identify somatic diseases in pregnant women and timely treat them. Nervous system diseases that occur in pregnant women are mainly epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, cerebrovascular disorders, although remain poorly understood, but require immediate decisions to prolong pregnancy, obstetric tactics during childbirth, conservative or conservative surgery. The pathology of cerebral vessels (arterial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations) also remains an urgent problem, despite many years of experience in their diagnosis and treatment. The sudden development of symptoms, severity of clinical manifestations and high mortality in rupture of an aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation of cerebral vessels determine the urgency of this problem and increased interest in its study, especially in pregnant women. Material and methods. The paper presents a clinical case of arteriovenous malformation in a 25-year-old pregnant woman, her treatment and delivery. Results and discussion. Arteriovenous malformation is considered a congenital cerebrovascular pathology, which is accompanied by a sudden rupture of abnormal vessels with the development of hemorrhagic stroke, without specific clinical symptoms and precursors, which complicates lifelong diagnosis. Endovascular embolization during pregnancy saved the lives of women and children. An effective result was obtained after neurosurgical treatment of arteriovenous malformation in a pregnant woman in the second trimester of pregnancy (17 weeks), which allowed to bring the pregnancy to the physiological time of delivery. Taking into account the complex neurological pathology, neurosurgery, which requires the exclusion of a powerful period of childbirth, a pregnant woman gave birth by cesarean section at 38 weeks of pregnancy. Conclusion. An effective result was obtained after neurosurgical treatment of arteriovenous malformation in a pregnant woman in the second trimester of pregnancy, which allowed to bring the pregnancy to the physiological time of delivery. The obtained results indicated the possibility of full-term pregnancy, reduction of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in pregnant women with arteriovenous malformation with timely preventive and curative measures with timely referral of pregnant women to the perinatal center on the basis of a multidisciplinary clinical institution to prevent complications

Infection for the Hepatitis E virus in pregnant women of Córdoba, Argentina

Background: The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important and poorly studied pathogen of worldwide distribution that causes enteric hepatitis. The HEV infection in humans is usually self-limited. However, cases of severe fulminant hepatitis have been reported in pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients. In Argentina, serological evidence of human HEV infection has been described in different geographical regions. In Córdoba, HEV prevalence of 4.4% in general population, 7.3% in HIV + individuals, 5.8% in solid organ transplant patients and 10.2% in hemodialysis patients have been documented. Besides, RNA-HEV detections have been performed and genotype 3 was detected. The aim of this research was to describe the circulation of HEV in pregnant women from Córdoba, know if there were symptomatic cases, analyse risk factors related to the infection, and compare the findings with the non-pregnant control group Methods and materials: A total of 202 serum samples from pregnant women (52 prospective and 150 retrospective samples), and 155 samples from non-pregnant women with the same ages (control group) from Córdoba were analysed for IgG anti-HEV detection. Positive samples were tested for IgM anti-HEV and RNA-HEV. Two samples from pregnant women with acute hepatitis were also analysed for HEV detection. Results: The seropositivity of IgG anti-HEV obtained for pregnant women was 8.4%, higher than the 2.6% obtained in the control group, and association between pregnancy and HEV infection was found (p = 0.023). There were no differences between seropositivity rates according to the trimester of pregnancy, although differences were found among age groups, with the higher prevalence in pregnant women younger than 25 years (16.7%, p = 0.032). From the IgG anti-HEV + patients, 2 presented IgM anti-HEV, although both were asymptomatic. None of these samples were positive for RNA-HEV detection. Conclusion: The present study shows, for the first time, the circulation of HEV in pregnant women from Córdoba, generating data that contributes to improve the surveillance and diagnosis of a virus little known in our environment, and under-diagnosed. These association between pregnancy and HEV infection should alert the local health team to consider this microorganism as an agent of liver disease in pregnant women.

Risk Factors, Clinical Symptoms, Laboratory Findings and Imaging of Pregnant Women Infected with COVID-19 in North of Iran.

Due to the physiological changes in the body during pregnancy, the increased susceptibility to viral infections during this period and also the high prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Guilan province, Iran, this study aimed to evaluate risk factors, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings and imaging of pregnant mothers with COVID-19. In this descriptive study, 70 pregnant women aged 17-41 years with COVID-19 who were hospitalized from early March to late April 2020 were enrolled. Sampling was performed by census and from all hospitals in Guilan. The research instruments included a researcher-made questionnaire, including demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, medical examinations, and paraclinical results. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 16. Frequency and percent were used to describe qualitative variables; for quantitative variables, if they were normally distributed, mean and standard deviation were used, and if they were non-normal, median and interquartile range (IQR) were used. The most severe symptoms recorded in mothers at the time of hospitalization were fever (47%), shortness of breath (16%) and cough (15%), respectively. One of 68 (1%) was in the severe stage of the disease and two mothers (2%) were in critical condition and admitted to the intensive care unit and finally died. Fifty-five of 66 women (83%) had lymphopenia, 22 of 42 (52%) tested positive on PCR, and 30 of 33 (90%) had an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels.Results showed that 15 of 32 patients who gave birth had preterm delivery (46%). The most common manifestations of the disease in pregnant women were fever, cough and shortness of breath, and in some cases muscle pain. The most common laboratory finding in infected mothers was lymphopenia. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth in women included an increase in cesarean delivery.

Clinical characteristics, management, maternal and neonatal outcome among seven severe and critically ill pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by the Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease and the ongoing outbreak has been declared as a Pandemic by the World health organization. Pneumonia is a serious disease in pregnancy and requires prompt attention. Viral pneumonia has higher morbidity and mortality compared to bacterial pneumonia in pregnancy. All efforts are well exerted to understand the newly emerged disease features but still some areas are gray. The treatment is primarily supportive with antivirals, steroids, anticoagulation and antibiotics for secondary bacterial infection. Severe cases require intensive care monitoring with oxygen support, mechanical ventilation. Investigational therapies include convalescent plasma, cytokine release inhibitors and other immunomodulatory agents like interferons. The mortality appears driven by the presence of severe Adult Respiratory Syndrome (ARDS) and organs failure. COVID pandemic is a challenging and stressful socio-economic situation with widespread fear of infection, disease and death. In the specialty of obstetrics and gynecology, studies are being conducted to ascertain the manifestation of disease in pregnant women and the fetal outcome. The aim of our case series is to describe the demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory and radiological findings, feto- maternal outcome of severe and critical COVID pneumonia in pregnant women in Latifa Hospital.

A Critical Review of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) during Pregnancy &amp; Risk of Vertical Transmission in the United States

Since December 2019, people around the world have been affected by a pandemic disease caused by a novel type of betacoronavirus. It can lead to severe contagious respiratory illness. The experts are concerned about the effects of this novel virus on both the mother and their fetuses. This review is to identify strategies for the obstetric management of women diagnosed with COVID-19 and the best neonatal care for their newborns.&#x0D; We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, ELSEVIER and CDC web page and included the articles published from December 2019 through July 2020. Inclusion criteria were original articles published between December 2019 and July 2020 and Meta-Analysis, Reviews and, Systematic Reviews.&#x0D; Regarding vertical transmission, several studies concluded that there is no evidence for intrauterine vertical transmission of COVID-19 from infected mothers to their babies. Pregnant women with COVID-19 might develop more severe respiratory complications. After delivery, women with COVID-19 can transmit the virus to their babies through respiratory droplets during breastfeeding or care, so experts recommend to adopt hygienic measures.&#x0D; The current information shows that COVID-19 infection apparently is not associated with greater severity of the disease in pregnant women than in the general population. However, the data is minimal, and that represents a challenge for the obstetric care providers.

Dendrobine attenuates gestational diabetes mellitus in mice by inhibiting Th17 cells.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common disease in pregnant women with a prevalence from 1.4% to 14% based on the population studied. The number of patients with GDM is increasing annually, and yet, the treatment for GDM remains limited. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential of dendrobine against GDM. For this purpose, a genetic mouse model of GDM was established. GDM mice were orally administered with 20mg/kg dendrobine daily from the beginning of pregnancy to delivery. It was found that dendrobine significantly ameliorated the symptoms of GDM, as evidenced by reduced maternal body-weight and blood glucose levels, as well as increased insulin levels and insulin sensitivity in GDM mice. Dendrobine also remarkably attenuated the impairments to offspring, such as decreased birth-weight and birth size. Moreover, dendrobine reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by T helper 17 (Th17) cells, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-17. Furthermore, we found that dendrobine also reduced the population of Th17 cells in GDM mice. In conclusion, dendrobine could effectively alleviate GDM in mice and might serve as a potential therapeutic drug candidate for GDM patients.

Do the clinical criteria used to diagnose periodontitis affect the association with prematurity?

In recent years, several studies have examined the possible relationship between periodontal disease in pregnant women and preterm birth. One of the difficulties facing these studies is the heterogeneity of the clinical criteria used to define periodontitis. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the degree of association between maternal periodontitis and preterm birth according to different consensus definitions of periodontal disease. In a study of 146 mothers (60 with preterm births and 86 with term deliveries) at the Sant Joan de Déu Maternal and Children's Hospital in Barcelona, a periodontal examination was carried out within 2 days of birth and the presence of periodontal disease was evaluated using the main clinical classifications published in the literature. The prevalence of periodontitis ranged from 25.4 to 52.1%, depending on the criteria used for its definition. Using the most restrictive criteria, pregnant women with periodontitis had a higher risk of preterm birth (OR: 7.49; p < 0.001) and premature rupture of membranes (OR: 2.49; p = 0.017). Premature infants born to mothers with periodontitis presented a tendency toward low weight, adjusted for gestational age (OR: 3.32; p = 0.065). Our findings suggest that the association between periodontitis and preterm birth is influenced by the definitions of periodontitis used.

Effect of per Capita Income on the Relationship between Periodontal Disease during Pregnancy and the Risk of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight Newborn. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This work analyzed the available evidence in the scientific literature about the risk of preterm birth and/or giving birth to low birth weight newborns in pregnant women with periodontal disease. A systematic search was carried out in three databases for observational cohort studies that related periodontal disease in pregnant women with the risk of preterm delivery and/or low birth weight, and that gave their results in relative risk (RR) values. Eleven articles were found, meeting the inclusion criteria. Statistically significant values were obtained regarding the risk of preterm birth in pregnant women with periodontitis (RR = 1.67 (1.17–2.38), 95% confidence interval (CI)), and low birth weight (RR = 2.53 (1.61–3.98) 95% CI). When a meta-regression was carried out to relate these results to the income level of each country, statistically significant results were also obtained; on the one hand, for preterm birth, a RR = 1.8 (1.43–2.27) 95% CI was obtained and, on the other hand, for low birth weight, RR = 2.9 (1.98–4.26) 95% CI. A statistically significant association of periodontitis, and the two childbirth complications studied was found, when studying the association between these results and the country’s per capita income level. However, more studies and clinical trials are needed in this regard to confirm the conclusions obtained.

CircCRAMP1L is a novel biomarker of preeclampsia risk and may play a role in preeclampsia pathogenesis via regulation of the MSP/RON axis in trophoblasts

BackgroundPreeclampsia is a severe disease in pregnant women, which is primarily managed by early screening and prevention. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have increasingly been shown to be important biological regulators involved in numerous diseases. Further, increasing evidence has demonstrated that circRNAs can be used as diagnostic biomarkers. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of circCRAMP1L, previously identified to be downregulated in preeclampsia, as a novel biomarker for predicting the development of preeclampsia.MethodsWe measured the expression of circCRAMP1L, which is reportedly relevant to trophoblast physiology, in plasma samples from 64 patients with preeclampsia and 64 age-, gestational age-, and body mass index-matched healthy pregnant women by qRT-PCR. MTT proliferation and transwell invasion assays revealed the biological role of circCRAMP1L in preeclampsia pathogenesis. RNA immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter assays clarified the mechanism underlying the biological function of circCRAMP1L in TEV-1 cells.ResultscircCRAMP1L circulating levels were significantly lower in patients with preeclampsia (2.66 ± 0.82, △Ct value) than in healthy pregnant women (3.95 ± 0.67, △Ct value, p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for circCRAMP1L was 0.813. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified circCRAMP1L as an independent predictor of preeclampsia. Furthermore, when circCRAMP1L was utilised in combination with its target protein macrophage stimulating protein (MSP), the predictive performance increased, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.928 (95% CI 0.882–0.974), 80.0% sensitivity, and 80.0% specificity. The in vitro results indicated that circCRAMP1L regulates cell proliferation, and invasion via MSP and RON proteins. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of these effects. In vitro, relative to the control group, circCRAMP1L overexpression significantly enhanced cell proliferation; furthermore, trophoblast cell invasion increased proportionally with circCRAMP1L expression. RNA immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter gene illustrated that circCRAMP1L participated in regulation of trophoblast cell by regulating MSP.ConclusionReduced plasma levels of circCRAMP1L may be associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia, and circCRAMP1L may be a novel biomarker of preeclampsia risk.

Change of emphasis in the structure of prenatal infections, or what is SCORTCH? Literature review

Prenatal infections (PI) remain an actual problem. Taking into account the epidemiological data on the increase in the incidence of syphilis in many countries, a review of modern algorithms for diagnosing this disease in pregnant women and newborns has been carried out. Universal screening for syphilis at the first prenatal examination is recommended by WHO and CDC, and is practiced in most countries. The article also presents the characteristics of modern laboratory methods of serological screening of pregnant women for syphilis and their combinations, one of which is primary screening using the treponemal test “total antibodies to syphilis” with confirmation of a positive result by immunoblotting.Given the controversial nature of approaches to the prevention of other PI and their consequences, this review provides current recommendations for countries that screen and actively manage infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and toxoplasmosis (T). Despite the proven significance of CMV as a factor in PI, universal prenatal screening, similar to screening for syphilis is not practiced in any of the countries due to the absence of prenatal treatment with proven efficacy. According to the national protocol of Germany, serostatus (titers IgG, IgM) to CMV are determined in early pregnancy. Confirmation of congenital CMV infection (HCMVI) is a positive PCR result in the amniotic fluid after 20–21 weeks of gestation. The main method of laboratory diagnostics of HCMVI in a newborn is PCR for CMV in urine. The article also presents the main approaches to the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis, which have been practiced in France since the 90s and demonstrate effectiveness.Thus, despite the fact that the use of effective prenatal treatment is not possible for all PI, their diagnosis using a complex of modern laboratory and instrumental methods is critical for the child’s health, since it allows the application of an appropriate algorithm for specific treatment and observation from birth

Cervical diseases in pregnant women. Socio-demographic and clinical-anamnestic risk factors

Introduction. To study the prevalence of human papillomavirus infection, the frequency and structure of cervical diseases in pregnant women and determine the risk factors for their development. Material and methods . Screening for HPV was carried out among 2620 pregnant women. Of these, 682 (29%) had HPV. 182 pregnant women with HPV and 148 without HPV were included in the additional study program and were divided into groups depending on the presence or absence of cervical disease (CWD). The research methods were used: general clinical, the Kvant-21 test to determine HPV and STIs, microscopy of the vaginal discharge, determination of the composition of the vaginal microbiota by the Femoflor 16 method, cytological examination, extended colposcopy. We used the method of logit-regression models to identify risk factors. Results. The prevalence of diseases of the cervix (DC) in HPV carriers was 89.4%. 72.1% of them had inflammatory DC compared to 21.4% in patients without HPV (p < 0.0001). The incidence of intraepithelial lesions was 17.4% versus 2.6%, respectively (p = 0.005). The most significant risk factors for developing DC in pregnant women, in addition to HPV infection of high carcinogenic risk, are: Lack of regular screening for cervical cancer before pregnancy (OR = 34.8), a history of bacterial vaginosis (OR = 15.9), the practice of interrupted sexual intercourse during sexual contacts (OR = 14.6). Factors indicating a low risk of these diseases are: participation in the annual screening of cervical cancer, stable partnerships (one sexual partner, marriage), age under 25, and condom use (OR less than 0.25). Conclusion. The prevalence of DC in pregnant women against the background of HPV infection is high, predominantly inflammatory in nature and associated with certain socio-demographic and clinical-anamnestic risk factors.