Effect of per Capita Income on the Relationship between Periodontal Disease during Pregnancy and the Risk of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight Newborn. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Carmen Alba Moliner-Sánchez,José Enrique Iranzo-Cortés,José María Montiel-Company,Carlos Bellot-Arcís,Teresa Almerich-Torres,José Carmelo Ortolá-Siscar,José Manuel Almerich-Silla

doi:10.3390/ijerph17218015

Carmen Alba Moliner-Sánchez, José Enrique Iranzo-Cortés + Show 5 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218015

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Abstract

This work analyzed the available evidence in the scientific literature about the risk of preterm birth and/or giving birth to low birth weight newborns in pregnant women with periodontal disease. A systematic search was carried out in three databases for observational cohort studies that related periodontal disease in pregnant women with the risk of preterm delivery and/or low birth weight, and that gave their results in relative risk (RR) values. Eleven articles were found, meeting the inclusion criteria. Statistically significant values were obtained regarding the risk of preterm birth in pregnant women with periodontitis (RR = 1.67 (1.17–2.38), 95% confidence interval (CI)), and low birth weight (RR = 2.53 (1.61–3.98) 95% CI). When a meta-regression was carried out to relate these results to the income level of each country, statistically significant results were also obtained; on the one hand, for preterm birth, a RR = 1.8 (1.43–2.27) 95% CI was obtained and, on the other hand, for low birth weight, RR = 2.9 (1.98–4.26) 95% CI. A statistically significant association of periodontitis, and the two childbirth complications studied was found, when studying the association between these results and the country’s per capita income level. However, more studies and clinical trials are needed in this regard to confirm the conclusions obtained.

Highlights

Periodontal diseases comprise a wide range of inflammatory disorders that affect the supporting structures of the tooth and can lead to both tooth loss and contribute to systemic inflammation; the disease begins and spreads due to the interaction between a dysbiosis of the oral microbiota and a vulnerable host immune system [1,2].The initial stage of this disease is called “gingivitis”, which corresponds to a localized inflammation of the gum, with redness and/or bleeding, due, in most cases, to the deposit of bacterial plaque due to poor oral hygiene
After reading them in detail, 10 were eliminated, as they did not meet any of the inclusion criteria; three of them for not answering our PICO question, and the remaining one for giving erroneous relative risk results
Regarding the reason forplacental-fetal the relationshipjunction betweenor periodontitis and premature delivery can produce these adverse effects inflammatory in childbirth

Summary

Introduction

Periodontal diseases comprise a wide range of inflammatory disorders that affect the supporting structures of the tooth and can lead to both tooth loss and contribute to systemic inflammation; the disease begins and spreads due to the interaction between a dysbiosis of the oral microbiota and a vulnerable host immune system [1,2]. The initial stage of this disease is called “gingivitis”, which corresponds to a localized inflammation of the gum, with redness and/or bleeding, due, in most cases, to the deposit of bacterial plaque due to poor oral hygiene. The severity of periodontal disease depends on host and environmental risk factors, whether modifiable (tobacco and alcohol consumption, for example) or non-modifiable (genetic susceptibility) [1,3]. Public Health 2020, 17, 8015; doi:10.3390/ijerph17218015 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph

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